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Chapter Notes: Gravitation

Table of contents

What is Gravitation?

Free Fall or Gravity

Mass

Weight

Thrust and Pressure

Archimedes’ Principle

What is Gravitation?
Gravitation is the universal phenomenon where every object in the universe attracts
every other object. This attractive force between any two objects is referred to as the
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"force of gravitation." Although the gravitational force is weak and typically requires
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substantial masses to be observed, it acts over long distances.

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Gravitation and Gravity

Universal Law of Gravitation

According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the force of gravitational attraction
between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

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Try yourself: What is the formula for the force of gravitational attraction between
two objects?

a. Force = G * mass1 * mass2 / radius2

b. Force = G * mass1 + mass2 / radius2

c. Force = G * mass1 * mass2 * radius2

d. Force = G * mass1 + mass2 * radius2

View Solution

If M and m be masses of two objects separated by a distance d, the gravitational force of

attraction between them is given by: F = G x (m1 x m2) / d2

where G is a constant, known as the universal constant of gravitation.

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The universal constant of gravitation G is numerically equal
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attraction between two objects of unit mass each separated by unit distance.
The value of G is 6.673 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2.
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G is called a universal constant because its value does not depend on the nature
of the intervening medium or temperature or any other physical variable.
As the value of G is extremely small, the gravitational force between ordinary
terrestrial objects is so small that it cannot be detected. However, the force of
attraction acting on an object due to Earth, the force of attraction between Earth
and the moon, and the force experienced by planets due to the gravitational
attraction of Sun can be easily felt and measured.

Example 1: Suppose we have two objects: Object A with a mass of 5 kilograms and
Object B with a mass of 10 kilograms. The distance between the centers of these
objects is 2 meters. We'll assume the gravitational constant, G, to be approximately
6.674 × 10-11 N m2/kg2.

Solution:

Using the Universal Law of Gravitation, we can calculate the gravitational force between
these objects:

F = (G * (m1 * m2)) / r2

F = (6.674 × 10-11 N m2/kg2 * (5 kg * 10 kg)) / (2 m)2

F = (6.674 × 10-11 N m2/kg2 * 50 kg2) / 4 m2

F = (6.674 × 10-11 N m2) / 4

F ≈ 1.6685 × 10-11 N

Therefore, the gravitational force between Object A and Object B is approximately

1.6685 × 10-11 Newtons.

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Try yourself: Which of the following pairs of objects will experience the greatest
gravitational force?

a. Object X with a mass of 100 kilograms and Object Y with a mass of 200
kilograms, separated by a distance of 1 meter.

b. Object P with a mass of 50 kilograms and Object Q with a mass of 100

kilograms, separated by a distance of 2 meters.

c. Object M with a mass of 200 kilograms and Object N with a mass of 400
kilograms, separated by a distance of 3 meters.

d. Object R with a mass of 150 kilograms and Object S with a mass of 300
kilograms, separated by a distance of 4 meters.

View Solution

Importance Of The Universal Law Of Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation successfully explained several phenomena which
were believed to be unconnected:

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The motion of the moon around the Earth
The motion of planets around the Sun
The tides due to the moon and the Sun
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Free Fall or Gravity

The force of gravitational attraction exerted by the earth on an object is called
the “force of gravity’'. Force of gravity acting on an object of mass m situated on
Earth’s surface or near it is given by

where M = mass of earth and R = radius of Earth.

The acceleration produced in a freely falling object on account of the force of
gravity is known as the acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by the symbol ‘g’.

Gravitation Formula
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To Calculate Value of g
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The value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Earth is given by

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The mean value of g on the surface of Earth is found to be 9.8 ms

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Here's how the value of g is calculated.

Calculation of acceleration due to gravity

Motion of Objects under the influence of Gravitational Force of the

Earth
Value of g varies from place to place. On surface of earth value of g is more at poles than
at the equator. Again value of g decreases as one goes away and away from the earth.

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Free Fall Motion

When an object falls towards the earth under the force of gravity alone, we say
that the object is in free fall. A freely falling object experiences a constant
acceleration of g (=9.8ms-2) during its downward motion. However, if an object is
projected vertically upward with a certain velocity, its velocity goes on
decreasing due to gravity, till it comes to rest and then starts falling vertically
downward under gravity.
The three equations of motion viz, (i) v = u + at, (ii) s = ut + 1/2 at2, and (iii) v2 -
u2 = 2as are true for motion of objects under gravity. For free fall, the value of
acceleration a = g = 9.8ms-2.
If an object is just let fall from a height then in that case u = 0 and a = +g =
+9.8ms-2.
If an object is projected vertically upwards with an initial velocity u, then a = -g =
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becomes zero (i.e. v = 0). In such a case

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Try yourself: Which of the following statements is true according to the universal
law of gravitation?

a. The force of attraction between two objects depends on their masses

and the distance between them.

b. The value of the universal constant of gravitation depends on the

nature of the intervening medium.

c. The gravitational force between ordinary terrestrial objects is easily

detected and measured.

d. The value of the universal constant of gravitation is 9.8 m/s^2.

View Solution

Also read: Short Notes - Gravitation

Mass
The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia. Mass of an object is constant and
does not change from place to place. Liked this document?
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Mass and Weight

Weight
The weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth.
Weight W of an object of mass m will be W = mg. Weight is a force acting
vertically downwards. It means that it is a vector.
As weight of an object is a force, its SI unit is newton (N).
An object of mass m = 1 kg has thus a weight of W = 1 x 9.8 = 9.8 N.
At a given place weight of an object is directly proportional to its mass t.e.,
(at a given place). Due to this reason at a given place, we may use the
weight of an object as a measure of its mass.

Weight of Object on the Moon

Mass of an object remains the same everywhere but weight of an object changes
from place to place. For an object of mass m weight W is dependent
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Hence

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Try yourself: Question: Which of the following statements about weight is true?

a. Weight is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.

b. Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object.

c. Weight is a constant property of an object and does not change.

d. Weight is the same as mass.

View Solution

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Thrust and Pressure

The normal force acting on a surface, due to the weight of an object placed on the
surface, is called ‘thrust’. As thrust is a sort of force hence its SI unit is “a newton”
(N).

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Thrust

The thrust on unit surface area is called pressure.

Pressure

Thus, pressure on a given object is the normal force acting on its surface per unit
surface area.
SI unit of pressure is N m-2 but it is also called pascal and denoted by symbol Pa.
∴ 1 pascal (1 Pa) = 1 N m-2
Same force acting on a smaller area exerts a larger pressure. It is due to this
reason that a nail or a pin has a pointed tip and knives have sharp edges.
Given force acting on a larger area exerts a smaller pressure. It is due to this
reason that foundations of houses are made broad, base of dams is made broad,
sleepers are laid below the railway line and so on.

Pressure in Fluids
Fluid is that state of matter which can flow. All liquids and gases are fluids.
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Pressure in Fluids

As fluids have weight, they exert pressure on the base and the walls of the
container in which they are kept.
In a fluid, pressure applied at any one place is transmitted equally in all
directions.

Buoyancy
Whenever an object is immersed in a fluid, it experiences a force in the vertically
upward direction due to that fluid. This force due to a fluid acting in upward
direction is called ‘force of buoyancy’ or ‘buoyant force or up thrust.

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Buoyancy

Magnitude of force of buoyancy acting on an object depends upon

(i) the volume of an object immersed into the fluid, and
(ii) the density of the fluid. Due to force of buoyancy the net weight of an object
becomes less than its normal weight.

Try yourself: What is the SI unit of weight?

a. Newton (N)

b. Kilogram (kg)

c. Pascal (Pa)

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Also read: Short Notes - Gravitation

Why Objects Float Or Sink When Placed On The Surface Of Water?

The ability of an object to float or sink when placed on the surface of water is
determined by its density and the density of the water. Density is a measure of how
much mass is contained in a given volume.

Floating and Sinking on Surface of

Water

When an object is placed in water, it experiences two main forces: buoyancy and
gravity.

Buoyancy is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid (in this case,
water). It is caused by the difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the
object. The greater the volume of water displaced by the object, the greater the
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buoyant force. According to Archimedes' principle, an object will experience an
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upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the water it displaces. If the buoyant
force is greater than the object's weight, it will float. If the buoyant force is less than
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Gravity, on the other hand, is the downward force pulling the object toward the
center of the Earth. The weight of the object depends on its mass and the
acceleration due to gravity. If the weight of the object is greater than the buoyant
force, it will sink. If the weight is less than the buoyant force, it will float.

In summary, whether an object floats or sinks in water depends on the comparison

between its weight and the buoyant force exerted by the water. If the object's weight is
greater, it will sink. If the buoyant force is greater, it will float.

Archimedes’ Principle
A Greek scientist Archimedes discovered a principle regarding buoyant force (or
the loss in weight of an object when immersed in a fluid).

Archimedes' Principle

According to Archimedes’ principle “whenever an object is immersed fully or

partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of
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Alternately, according to Archimedes’ principle “there is always a loss (decrease)

in weight of an object when it is immersed fully or partially in a fluid and the loss
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in weight is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of
given object”.
Archimedes’ principle has many applications. Design of ships, submarines,
lactometer and hydrometer are some of the applications of Archimedes’
principle.

Try yourself: Archimedes' principle states that:

a. The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid

displaced by the object

b. The buoyant force on an object is equal to the volume of the fluid

displaced by the object

c. The buoyant force on an object is equal to the mass of the fluid

displaced by the object

d. The buoyant force on an object is equal to the density of the fluid

displaced by the object

View Solution

Relative Density (Old Syllabus) Liked this document?

Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. Its SI unit is kg m-3.
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Relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of water.

Relative density is a unit-less quantity.

We know that an iron nail immersed in water sinks but a wooden piece remains
floating on water. It is found that objects having density less than that of the
liquid, in which they are immersed, float on the surface of fluid. On the other
hand, if density of the object is more than the density of the fluid in which it is
immersed then the object will sink in that fluid.

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1. What is gravitation?

Ans. Gravitation is the natural phenomenon by which all objects with mass or energy are
brought toward one another. It is the force that attracts two objects towards each other.

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