Very Short Answer Type Questions: 7.

Name two elements of the

atmosphere which absorb the
1. Which is the only regular source terrestrial radiation.
of energy for the Earth? Answer: Carbon dioxide and water
Answer: The sun. vapours.

2. How are electromagnetic waves 8. State any two factors affecting

classified on the basis of the distribution of temperature.
wavelength? Answer: Two factors affecting
Answer: Electromagnetic waves temperature distribution are
are classified based on wavelength latitude and altitude.
as short and long waves.
9. What is Maritime influence?
3. In which form is the solar Answer: Maritime influence refers
radiation received on the earth? to the influence of the ocean on the
Answer: Solar radiation is received climate of a region.
in the form of short waves.
10. The prevailing winds are one of
4. What percentage of insolation is the factors that affect the
absorbed by the atmosphere? distribution of temperature. Justify.
Answer: The atmosphere absorbs Answer: Prevailing winds can
only 14% of the incoming insolation. bring warm or cold air to an area,
influencing its temperature. For
5. In which form is the insolation example, winds blowing from the
radiated out by the earth? sea tend to have a moderating
Answer: Insolation radiated out by effect on temperature.
the Earth is in the form of terrestrial
radiation. B. Define the following
Geographical Terms:
6. What is atmospheric
temperature? 1. Insolation : Insolation is the
Answer: Atmospheric temperature incoming solar energy received by
refers to the degree of warmth in the Earth's surface.
the air.
2. Heat Budget: Heat budget refers 3. During the day, the atmosphere
to the balance between the amount prevents the Earth from becoming
of energy received and lost by the too hot by not allowing all the
atmosphere. insolation to reach the Earth's
surface.
3. Torrid Zone: The torrid zone is
the region between 23 1/2° North 4. The atmosphere gets the energy
and 23 1/2° South latitude, known radiated by the Earth through
for its high temperatures. terrestrial radiation, which is in the
form of long waves.
C. Read Information and Write a
Single Term: 5. The temperature decreases from
the Equator to the poles because
1. The zone between the torrid and the angle of incidence of the sun's
the frigid zone: Temperate Zone. rays varies, resulting in variations in
solar energy received.
2. The Sun's energy absorbed by the
Earth's surface and radiated out 6. More energy is absorbed in the
into space: Terrestrial Radiation. lower part of the atmosphere
because heat-absorbing elements
D. Give Reason: like carbon dioxide and water vapor
are more concentrated there.
1. Only a small proportion of the
total insolation reaches the surface 7. The air resting over mountain
of the earth because much of it is peaks is cold because even though
reflected, scattered, or absorbed by it's closer to the sun, the density of
the atmosphere and surface. the atmosphere is lower at higher
altitudes, making it less effective at
2. The Earth's surface remains warm trapping heat.
during the night because the
atmosphere acts as a blanket, 8. The interior of a continent has a
preventing the escape of terrestrial higher range of temperature
radiation. because land heats up and cools
down faster than water, leading to
greater temperature extremes.
 2. Which has a higher range of
9. Snow melts quickly on south- temperature, Chennai or Jaipur?
facing slopes because they receive Give reason.
more direct sunlight and warmth, Answer: Jaipur typically has a
whereas north-facing slopes receive higher range of temperature
less sunlight and remain colder. because it is located inland
(continental climate), experiencing
10. The ports along the eastern hotter summers and colder winters
coast of Canada remain frozen compared to Chennai, which has a
because they are influenced by cold maritime climate with milder
Labrador currents, while those on temperature variations.
the western coast of Norway remain
ice-free due to warm Norwegian 3. How does the location of a place
currents. close to the sea and in the interior
of a continent affect the diurnal and
E. Arrange the following in Correct annual range of temperature?
Sequence With respect to the Answer: A place close to the sea
heating of the earth : tends to have smaller diurnal (daily)
and annual (yearly) temperature
(ii) Sunlight passes through the variations due to the moderating
atmosphere and warms the Earth. influence of the ocean, while places
(iii) Infrared radiation is trapped by in the interior of a continent
gases and water vapor. experience larger temperature
(i) Infrared radiation is reflected by variations.
the Earth.
4. How do ocean currents influence
F. Short Answer Type Questions : the horizontal distribution of
temperature?
1. How is Sun's energy produced? Answer: Ocean currents can
Answer: The Sun's energy is transport warm or cold water over
produced through nuclear fusion in long distances, affecting the
its core, where hydrogen atoms temperature of coastal regions.
combine to form helium, releasing a Warm currents warm the nearby
vast amount of energy. coast, while cold currents cool it.
5. State any three factors affecting Answer: Kolkata, being closer to
the distribution of temperature on the sea, has a maritime climate with
the Earth. milder temperature variations,
Answer: Three factors affecting resulting in a lower daily and annual
temperature distribution are temperature range compared to
latitude, altitude, and proximity to Jaipur, which has a continental
water bodies (land and sea climate with more significant
contrast). temperature fluctuations.

6. "Distribution of temperature on 9. "The coasts washed by cold

the surface of the Earth is highly currents such as the California coast
uneven." Justify. of USA experience a cooler climate,
Answer: Temperature distribution whereas the western coast of
on Earth is uneven due to factors Europe has a warmer climate."
like variations in latitude, altitude, Explain.
land-sea contrast, prevailing winds, Answer: Cold ocean currents like
and ocean currents, all of which the California Current cool the
influence how solar energy is adjacent coasts, leading to a cooler
absorbed and distributed. climate, while warm currents like
the Gulf Stream in Europe warm the
7. The latitude at which a place is nearby coasts, resulting in a milder
located affects the temperature of climate.
the place. Explain.
Answer: The latitude of a place 10. Analyze the impact of slope on
determines the angle of the sun's the temperature of a place.
rays, with areas closer to the Answer: The slope of the land can
equator receiving more direct affect temperature by creating
sunlight and higher temperatures, variations in aspect (direction facing
while areas closer to the poles the sun). South-facing slopes
receive slanting sunlight and lower receive more direct sunlight and are
temperatures. warmer, while north-facing slopes
receive less sunlight and remain
8. "Daily and annual range of cooler.
temperature of Kolkata is lower
than that of Jaipur." Explain.
11. "In the troposphere, 1. Diurnal and Annual range of
temperature decreases with temperature:
increasing altitude above Earth's - Diurnal range refers to the
surface." Explain. temperature difference between
Answer: The troposphere is the day and night, occurring within a
lowest layer of the atmosphere, and 24-hour period.
temperature generally decreases - Annual range refers to the
with increasing altitude in this layer temperature difference between
due to the fact that it receives heat seasons, occurring over the course
from the Earth's surface through of a year.
terrestrial radiation. - Diurnal range is a daily
fluctuation, while annual range is a
12. Analyze the impact of distance seasonal fluctuation.
from the sea on the climate of a - Diurnal range is influenced by
place. factors like latitude and cloud cover,
Answer: Places near the sea tend while annual range is influenced by
to have milder and more moderate seasonal changes in solar angle.
climates due to the moderating
influence of the ocean, which can 2. Maritime climate and Continental
help regulate temperature climate:
extremes. - Maritime climate is influenced by
proximity to large bodies of water,
13. "The prevailing winds also leading to milder temperature
influence the temperature of a variations.
place." Explain by examples. - Continental climate is
Answer: Prevailing winds can characterized by greater
carry either warm or cold air masses temperature variations due to the
to a region, affecting its absence of moderating water
temperature. For example, winds bodies.
blowing from the sea during - Maritime climates have smaller
summer can bring cooler air to diurnal and annual temperature
coastal areas, moderating ranges compared to continental
temperatures. climates.
- Coastal regions typically have
G. Compare and Contrast: maritime climates, while interior
areas often have continental (c) How does the atmosphere act
climates. like a blanket?
Answer: The atmosphere acts like
3. Insolation and Terrestrial a blanket by trapping some of the
Radiation: terrestrial radiation emitted by the
- Insolation refers to incoming Earth, preventing it from escaping
solar radiation from the Sun. into space. This greenhouse effect
- Terrestrial radiation refers to the helps maintain temperatures
heat energy radiated by the Earth's suitable for life on Earth.
surface.
- Insolation is short-wave solar 2. With respect to factors affecting
energy, while terrestrial radiation is the distribution of temperature,
long-wave heat energy. answer the following questions:
- Insolation is responsible for (a) Identify the factor responsible
heating the Earth's surface, while for variation in the monthly average
terrestrial radiation is the Earth's temperature of San Diego and
way of releasing heat. Dallas.
Answer: Latitude is responsible for
H. Structured Questions : the variation in the monthly average
temperature of San Diego and
1. With respect to the heating of the Dallas. San Diego is closer to the
earth and its atmosphere, answer equator, receiving more direct
the following questions: sunlight, leading to milder
(a) What is insolation? temperature variations.
Answer: Insolation is the incoming
solar energy received by the Earth's (b) Explain why the Ganga plains
surface, primarily in the form of are very hot during summer.
short-wave radiation from the Sun. Answer: The Ganga plains
experience high temperatures
(b) What is terrestrial radiation? during summer due to their
Answer: Terrestrial radiation is the proximity to the equator, resulting
heat energy radiated by the Earth's in the Sun's rays being nearly
surface into space, primarily in the vertical, and the lack of moderating
form of long-wave radiation. influences like large water bodies.
 (c) How do natural vegetation Answer: (c) Heat budget
cover and soils modify
temperature? 6. ________ of a place determines
Answer: Natural vegetation cover the angle of incidence of the sun's
can lower temperatures by rays.
providing shade and transpiring Answer: (b) Latitude
water vapor, which cools the air.
Dark soils can absorb more solar 7. In general, in the ________
energy and become warmer than temperature decreases with
light-coloured soils. increasing altitude.
Answer: (a) Troposphere
I. Multiple Choice Questions:
8. San Diego and Dallas are at
1. The incoming solar energy approximately the same latitude.
intercepted by the Earth is defined Dallas has a warm climate because
as: of:
Answer: (b) Insolation Answer: (c) Land and Sea Contrast

2. The atmosphere absorbs only 9. ________ vapors are the main

________ of the incoming elements of the atmosphere
insolation. absorbing the terrestrial radiation.
Answer: (d) 14% Answer: (a) Carbon dioxide and
water
3. The Sun's energy absorbed by the
Earth's surface and radiated out
into space is called:
Answer: (a) Terrestrial radiation

4. Which of the following is TRUE

for heating of the earth?
Answer: (c) Both (i) and (ii)

5. The amount of energy received

and lost by the atmosphere is
called: