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Equivalence in French-English Subtitles' Translation of La Vie Scolaire

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 International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and
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Equivalence in French-English Subtitles’ Translation of La

Vie Scolaire
Aimi Samihah Marzukee, Hazlina Abdul Halim
To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v11-i2/14237 DOI:10.6007/IJARPED/v11-i2/14237

Received: 20 April 2022, Revised: 24 May 2022, Accepted: 08 May 2022

Published Online: 16 June 2022

In-Text Citation: (Marzukee & Abdul Halim, 2022)

To Cite this Article: Marzukee, A. S., & Abdul Halim, H. (2022). Equivalence in French-English Subtitles’
Translation of La Vie Scolaire. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and
Development. 11(2), 1763 - 1774.

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Equivalence in French-English Subtitles’

Translation of La Vie Scolaire
Aimi Samihah Marzukee, Hazlina Abdul Halim
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Translating movie subtitles can be challenging, especially in finding the equivalence between
French and English as both languages have their own structure and writing style. However,
equivalence translation can still be achieved by employing the Addition, Deletion and
Category Shift strategies. This study helps translators to tackle the problems in subtitling to
create a ‘natural’ translation despite the distinction between source language (SL) and target
language (TL). Generally, the aim of this study is to explore the dominant strategy used to
achieve equivalence in subtitle translation based on the movie La Vie Scolaire. The qualitative
method is utilized by transcribing the movie subtitles and comparing the subtitle transcription
of the SL (French) and the TL (English). The subtitles that were translated using the Addition,
Deletion, and Category shifts strategy to achieve equivalence translation. The subtitles are,
then, classified according to the respective categories that it belongs to. Findings indicate the
most dominant strategy used by the translator to achieve equivalence is the Addition strategy
that occupies 51% meanwhile the second and third most used strategy is Deletion and
category shifts that occupies 31.3% and 17.7% respectively. Since there is less study that uses
French movie as sample data, it is hoped that more research will be conducted related to
subtitling strategy analysis by employing popular French films.
Keywords: Equivalence Translation, Movie Subtitling, Addition, Deletion, Category Shifts.

Introduction
As one of the applied linguistics domains, translation studies play a significant role in
our life. According to the Cambridge Dictionary Online (n.d.), translation refers to a process
of translating words of a language into another language. Similar with communication
process, subtitling also intends to aid people in understanding the message. In this context, if
the subtitling was done carelessly, the audience may have misunderstood the intended
message. Abdul Halim (2019) defined subtitles as written form of dialogues, in a movie and
television programs, either in a foreign or in the source language, and are forecasted at the
bottom of the screen.
Over many decades, movie subtitles have always been a ‘starter pack’ if one were to
watch a foreign language movie. If we were to be honest, not everyone would want to watch
such a movie without subtitles unless they can understand and speak the same language. On

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another note, many language learners tend to directly translate the foreign language
according to how their mother tongue system works.
Moreover, translating foreign language subtitles especially French to English can be
very complicated and difficult as both languages carry a different language system in terms
of its morphology (system structure in a word), syntax (sentence structure), grammar,
semantic (meaning of words) and so forth. Therefore, the limitations that exist in between
one language and another is a driving force for translators to refine the translation, while
sustaining the meaning of source language (SL) as closely as possible to the target language
(TL) which is known as equivalence in translation; similarity or parallelism between two
different things.
According to Marzukee (2020) equivalence means “a parallel word between two
different languages”. However, achieving equivalence in subtitling is effortful due to language
systems complexity. Translators, thus, may add, delete words or phrases and modify the text
(category shift) to achieve the equivalence in translation.

Literature Review
Translation and Equivalence in Translation
Mohd and Hassan (2008) mentioned that communication can be considered as
effective if it contains the five (5) elements; comprehension, excitement, impact towards
attitude, improvement in relationship and further actions afterwards. Thus, the significance
of translation is not just about aiding people to understand the message, it also involves the
ability of the translator to be able to influence the reader.
Mohd and Hassan (2008) also added that authors write because they want to
influence the reader. Their artworks such as books, articles, novels and so forth has become
the medium of communication to deliver the ideas, opinion, argument, and propaganda. To
imply, translation is important because readers would not be influenced by something that
they do not comprehend. In this context, if the subtitling process was done carelessly, the
audience may misunderstand the intended message.
On the other hand, equivalence is when SL and TL share the ‘sameness’ value in
meaning. Nida (1969) proposed that there are two types of equivalence which are formal
equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The definition of both types of equivalence according
to Nida are as follows:
1) Formal equivalence : the form and content of ST and TT should be compatible
as much as possible
2) Dynamic equivalence : the message of ST should be translated in TT as natural
as possible, thus, an effort is required
(As cited in Panou, 2013).

According to Nida (1969), there are ‘four (4) basic requirements in translation’ that needs to
be followed to achieve the equivalent effect, which are: -
1. Making sense;
2. Conveying the spirit and manner of the original;
3. Having a natural and easy form of expression;
4. Producing a similar response
(As cited in Munday, 2008)

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Koller (1995) proposed that translator who encounters with ‘intra-textual’, socio-
cultural’ and ‘interlinguistic’ problems while translating the ST into TT, can opt to revise the
sentence structure in achieving equivalence translation (as cited in Hatim, 2013).
Baker (2011), however, argued that the term equivalence is always relative as it is
influenced by the cultural and linguistic factors. This is due to non-equivalence problems that
may occur as both SL and TL have different language system. Several strategies that are
suggested by Baker to tackle the non-equivalence problems are as follows:
1) Translation by a more general word (superordinate)
2) Translation by a more neutral/ less expressive word
3) Translation by a cultural substitution
4) Translation by omission

Movie Subtitle Translation

Translating movie subtitle is not something that simply can be created. The nature of
doing movie translation is always tricky and can be very difficult due to the restrictions, for
instance limited time frame that exist in between one language and another. In this case,
translator need to use short yet concise words, as much as possible. If the translator fails to
do so, the viewers may be annoyed when their focus are diverted to the long-translated
subtitle, which may then result in poor comprehension as they are not able to grasp the
meaning properly.
Nedergaard-Larsen (1993) discussed in his book regarding the complexities of
translation when it involves cultural elements. In aiding translator to tackle this kind of
problem, he also illustrated the appropriate strategy that can be used by featuring the four
(4) French films that were translated into Danish.
According to Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997:161), subtitling is “the process of
providing synchronized captions for film and television dialogue” (As cited in Muhammad,
2016).

Translation Shifts in Subtitling

According to Catford (1965) translation shifts indicate “the changes of small linguistic
form that occur between ST and TT.” (As cited in Herawati et al., 2016). Translation shifts
occurs whenever the formal equivalence cannot be achieved. Translators can opt to use this
strategy when the ST and TT appears to be not compatible.
Catford (1965) divided the translation shifts into two major categories; (1) level shift;
(2) category shifts which comprises class shifts, structure shifts, unit shifts and intra system
shift. Below is the definition for each type of category shifts: -

Table 1
Category Shifts and its Definitions
Types of category shifts Definition
Class shift changes of word class
Structure shifts changes of sentence arrangement
Unit shifts changes of language unit hierarchy
Intra system shift changes from singular to plural term (or vice versa)

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Previous Research in Subtitle Translation

Recently, there has been an increasing amount of research in subtitling strategies. One
of the notable research projects was done by (Suwandi and Leonie, 2021). Based on
Schjoldager's theory, this paper emphasizes on the six strategies comprises direct translation,
oblique translation, paraphrase, deletion, addition, and condensation strategies that can be
used to translate the complex sentences in English to Indonesian. The results from this
research shows that 37.1% of the whole data used the text reduction strategy which proves
that translator deleted, condensed, or omit some words due to the difficulties faced while
translating the complex sentences.
This finding is further supported with another research journal that was done
previously in 2018 by Pratama. The paper highlighted on the types of deletion that was
applied in subtitling and the impacts in delivering message to viewers. His analysis is relevant
to the current study that implies deletion in translating movie subtitle is unavoidable as it will
divert viewers’ attention to focus on the movie scenes.
Apart from the deletion and addition strategy, translation shift is also one of the most
common strategies in translation and subtitling. Another relevant research is found by
Herawati et al (2016) where an analysis based on “The Twilight Saga: New Moon” novel was
done focusing in translating English participial adjectives into Indonesian. The category shifts
strategy that includes class shift, structure shift, unit shift and intra-system shift is also used
in translating the novel.

Methodology
Sample Data
This study is done based on the French movie entitled La Vie Scolaire which is also
known as “School Life” in English. This 2019 teen comedy drama depicts the story of a new
school counselor, named Samia who moves to a school in a suburb area in Paris. Even though
she faces many challenges dealing with the rebel students, she tries to help them, especially
when she gets to know Yanis, who is actually an excellent student but due to his family’s
problem, he becomes unmotivated to study and pursue his dream in film career (“La Vie
Scolaire, 2019; Film,” 2022)
Generally, this study will be based on the whole movie of which the duration is one
hour and 52 minutes. This movie contains a total of 1407 transcription lines in French (ST) and
1407 of English subtitles translation (TT).

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

This study is carried out by relying on Nida’s (1969) theory of equivalence where he
emphasizes that there are two types of equivalence which are dynamic and formal
equivalence. Dynamic equivalence signifies that the message of ST and TT should be
compatible whereas formal equivalence can be achieved by making an effort so that the
message of ST can be translated in TT as natural as possible. (As cited in Panou, 2013).
Apart from Nida’s (1969) theory, this study also employed the Catford’s (1965) model
of category shifts. Achieving formal equivalence can be challenging when ST and TT appear to
be not compatible in terms of the writing style and cultural terms, hence, the translator can
also use translation shifts strategy as proposed by (Catford, 1965). According to him,
translation indicates the “the changes of small linguistic form that occur between ST and TT.”
(As cited in Herawati et al., 2016). Apart from that he also has divided the translation shifts

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into two major categories; (1) level shift; (2) category shifts which comprises class shifts,
structure shifts, unit shifts and intra system shift.
The writer, thus, came to a conclusion that achieving equivalence translation means
“modifications” need to be made for certain cases especially when French and English have
their own language system especially in writing style and culture terms that can be
incompatible. In fact, modifications in this study refers to the Addition, Deletion and Category
Shifts strategy that are used to achieve equivalence in translating the subtitles of School Life’s
movie.

Method and Procedure

This study employed a qualitative method where a content analysis is done based on the
transcribed subtitles of the French movie, La Vie Scolaire in which French is the ST, meanwhile
English is the TT. After doing a comparison between both ST and TT transcriptions, only the
related subtitles that used Addition, Deletion and Category Shifts strategy will be tabulated
accordingly for the data analysis.
Furthermore, under each strategy, an extra column on type of sentences (for Addition
and Deletion Strategy) and types of shifts (for Category shifts strategy) were added to
categorize the word.

Data analysis template are as follows

Table 2
Strategy Analysis Template
No. Movie Transcription Subtitle Translation Added / Part of Speech/
(ST) (TT) Deleted Type of
phrases sentences
Addition Strategy
1 Tu peux les faire Can you please leave Can you please Interrogative
entrer? and ask them to leave
come in?
2. s’te plait. Come on, please? Come on Phrasal Verb
Deletion Strategy
1. Je cours pas I’m not Cours (running) Verb
2. Calme-toi, calme-toi Calm down calme-toi Imperative
Types of sentences that were classified in the addition and deletion analysis template
(additional column) are based on four English’s types of sentences which are:
1. Imperative sentence (command)
2. Interrogative sentence (question)
3. Declarative sentence (statement)
4. Exclamatory sentence (exclamation)
For category shifts strategy, an extra column on the types of shifts (Catford, 1965:73) is added
to categorize what types of translation shifts strategy that are used.

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Table 3
Category Shifts Strategy Analysis Template

ST TT Types of Shifts
Musique Music room. Unit shift (word-phrase)
Ses fesses His butt Intra system shift (plural-singular)
Once the data of each strategy is tabulated, the author will count the total of data
from each strategy and its percentage.

Total of Addition / Deletion data

100

Total of the whole data

Figure 1: Formula to count the percentage of each strategy

After the author acquired the percentage of each strategy, a histogram to portray the
dominant strategy used to achieve equivalence will be presented.

Result and Discussion

Finding shows that out of the 1407 subtitles, there are 288 subtitles that used the
Addition, Deletion and category shifts strategy to achieve equivalence in translation.

Analysis of The Dominant Strategy Used to Achieve Equivalence

Chart 1 below demonstrates the strategies used in the film.

Strategies Used to Achieve Equivalence in Subtitle Translations

51
Percentage (%)

31
17

Addition Deletion Category shift

Strategies To Achieve Equivalence

Chart 1: Dominant Strategy Used to Achieve Equivalence

Based on the final analysis of the data, it is found that the most dominant strategy
employed by the translator in achieving equivalence in translation is the Addition strategy
which occupies 51% of the 288 total data. The second most dominant strategy is deletion with
31.3%, while the least dominant strategy is category shift that records 17.7% out of the whole
data.

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Addition Strategy Analysis

Addition is one of the strategies that is used by the translator. In this case, adding
word(s) or phrases is necessary for certain scenes in the movie that need further explanation
so that the audience can understand the context better. The study recorded that a total of
51% of data used addition strategy, which occupies 147 out of 288 data identified.

Table 6
Addition Strategy Analysis
No. Movie Subtitle Added phrases Part of Speech/
Transcription (ST) Translation(TT) Type of
sentences
1 Voici Dylan et Moussa. this is Dylan your monitors. Noun
and Moussa,
your monitors.
2. Hé, accompagne-moi, Come on, walk Come on Phrasal Verb
meto class
3. Eh, Oh Yanis pas de ça stop that right stop that Imperative
avec moi. now, none of that right now
with me.
For Sample 1 (Voici Dylan et Moussa), the phrase your monitors is added in the subtitle
translation to indicate that Dylan and Moussa are the monitors. In the movie transcription,
the word ‘monitors’ were not mentioned, as in the previous scene, Madame Zibra has
introduced the team of the School Life Office that includes Dylan and Moussa. However, the
translator decided to add the phrase because the audience may have missed it or forgotten
the roles of Dylan and Moussa.
For Sample 2 (Hé, accompagne-moi) which is transcribed as (Hey, walk me to class) in
TT, the translator added the phrasal verb Come on to emphasize that Yanis wants Fodé to
walk him to his class.
In translating Sample 3 (Eh, Oh Yanis pas de ça avec moi), the translator added the
imperative sentence stop that right now to illustrate that in the scene Madame Zibra wants
Yanis to stop fooling around. According to the author’s opinion, apart from delivering the
message, translating subtitles also needs to deliver the emotion that the character portrays
in the movie.

Deletion Strategy Analysis

Deleting word(s) or phrase(s) in translating movie subtitles is also required especially
when there are repeated words or pointless phrases that do not need to be included in TT. In
this study, there are 90 subtitles that utilized the Deletion strategy which implies the
percentage is 31.3%.

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Table 7
Deletion Strategy Analysis
No. Movie Subtitle Deleted Part of
Transcription(ST) Translation(TT) word/phrases Speech/ Type
of
sentences
1. C’est quoi? Je I don’t get it C’est quoi? Interrogative
comprends pas (What is it?)

2. Mais si... si, c’est un This is a nightmare Mais si... Conjunction

cauchemar (But yes…)

3. Le lundi matin, on On Monday Oh oh les Exclamatory

va commencer à 9h morning, you start garçons!
par couture. Oh oh at 9:00 am with (Oh boys!)
les garçons! sewing.

In Sample 1, the translator only translated the sentence Je comprends pas (I don’t get
it) as it is already enough to imply that Madame Zibra does not understand when her
boyfriend told her that he could get him up to six years in prison. The interrogative sentence
C’est quoi? thus, is considered as an unnecessary information.
Meanwhile, Sample 2 shows that the phrase Mais si... is deleted as the translation This
is a nightmare is already enough to deliver Samia’s frustrated feelings in the scene. Therefore,
the translator might consider the phrase as unnecessary.
In Sample 3, the translator removed the exclamatory sentence Oh oh les garçons! as
it is also unnecessary to be translated which signifies deleting it would not impact the
audiences’ comprehension and, though deleting the phrase does not temper the overall
meaning, the pragmatic meaning of frustration or anger will not be portrayed through the
deletion.

Category Shifts Strategy Analysis

Category shifts or Translation shifts strategy is used when achieving formal
equivalence seems impossible due to the incompatibility of ST and TT in terms of writing style
and cultural meaning. Result shows that a total of 17.7% (51 subtitles) used the category shifts
strategy in translating the movie.

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Table 8
Category Shifts Strategy Analysis
ST TT Types of shifts

au Mcdo? Can we have a McDonald's? Unit shift

(word-
phrase)
Certifié par la street Street certified Class shift
(Verb-Adjective)

C’est du français ou des Is this French or math? Intra system

maths? shift (singular-
plural)
J’en peux plus I can’t take it anymore Structural
shift (SOV-
J’ en peux I can't take it SVO)
plus Subject anymore
object verb adverb Subject modal verb verb object
adverb

In the first sample, the translator used the unit shift strategy to translate the ST into
TT. According to the table above, the line au Mcdo? is translated into Can we have a
McDonald's? which indicates that there is a change of linguistic form from word to phrase.
In contrast, the second example portrays that the translator utilized the class shift
type. The word Certifié is a French verb, which corresponds to English passive form. In the ST
(Certifié par la street) means certified by the street in direct translation. However, the
translator decided to translate it into Street certified that belongs to a different word class
which is Adjective.
Apart from that, the translator also used the intra system shift type in translating the
movie. Based on the third example on the table, the phrase des maths in French is plural but
becomes singular as in math when it is translated into TT. The translation can be in math
(American form) or maths (British form). In this case, however, the translator chose to use
the British form.
The last sample of data (J’en peux plus) used the structural shift type where there is a
change of sentence arrangement. Based on the table, the structure arrangement of ST (J’en
peux plus) is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), but when it is translated into TT (I can’t take it
anymore), the structure was changed into Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Furthermore, this is
considered as the most suitable strategy in translating the above line as it produces an
equivalence translation that can be understood by the audience.

Conclusion
Equivalence is one of the most notable theories in the translation domain. It was used
in every type of translational work, especially in novel and film subtitle translation. Despite
the incongruences in writing style between the ST (French) and TT (English), equivalence in
translation can still be achieved by using Addition, Deletion and Category Shifts strategy.
In this study, it is found that the most dominant strategy that was utilized in achieving
equivalence translation in the “School Life” movie is the addition strategy. This implies that

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there were many times where the translator felt the need to add words or phrases so that
the viewers could understand the dialogue and story line better. This is mainly due to the ST
and TT are different in language and culture (Abdul Halim, 2022). Apart from that, it is also
identified that French uses less words in communicating with each other, yet it can still be
understood among them. However, when the translator wants to translate the subtitles, most
of it requires him to add words or phrases so that the audience, especially those who do not
speak French, can understand the story line.
Based on the movie, the writer identified that French uses less words in expressing
their opinions and communicating with each other, yet it can still be understood among them.
However, the result of this study portrays that the most dominant strategy utilized in
achieving equivalence translation is the Addition.
Despite the numerous previous research and studies in the movie subtitling, there are
still loopholes that need to be filled in. Firstly, although there are several studies that were
done related to equivalence translation, there is, however, less study that uses French movie
as a sample data. In fact, most of the studies conducted that the author has found are related
to subtitling strategy analysis of English movies to Indonesian.
To conclude, this study is intended to facilitate those who work in the industry for
instance, the translators, subtitlers and those who are keen in broadening and enhancing the
understanding of the theory in equivalence translation. Furthermore, junior subtitlers or
those who have just embarked in the industry may use the study as a reference on how to
tackle the translation from French to English subtitles when they are in charge of any French
movies at work. Along with that, the writer also hopes that more study and research in
translation domains that employ popular French films or novels as samples will be done in
future.

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