CHAKS SOLUTIONS

Pure Mathematics Exercise 3

6042
Marking guide
BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T (CHAKS)
+263771580933

Answer all questions [55 marks]

1) Find the possible values of 𝑘 such that 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑘 is a tangent to the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 16 = 0 [3]

Suggested answer

𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 16 = 0
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑘

𝑥 2 + 𝑥(3𝑥 + 𝑘) + 16 = 0
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 16 = 0
4𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 16 = 0

For a tangent to curve 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0

(𝑘)2 − 4(4)(16) = 0
𝑘 2 − 256 = 0
𝑘 = ±16

2) The binomial expansion of (1 + 𝑝𝑥)𝑛 ,where 𝑛 > 0 , in ascending powers of 𝑥 is

1 − 12𝑥 + 28𝑝2 𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 3 + ⋯
i) Find the values of 𝑞 , 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 [6]

Suggested answer
The general expansion of binomial
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 3
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
2! 3!

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 (1 + 𝑝𝑥)𝑛 , 𝑛=𝑛 , 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑥
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)
⇒ (1 + 𝑝𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝𝑥) + (𝑝𝑥)3 + ⋯
2! 3!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 3 3
= 1 + 𝑛𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑝 𝑥 +⋯
2 6

2 2 3
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 3
1 − 12𝑥 + 28𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + ⋯ = 1 + 𝑛𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑝3 𝑥 +⋯
2 6

Comparing coefficients of 𝑥 , 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 3

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)
𝑛𝑝 = −12 𝑝 = 28𝑝 𝑝3 = 𝑞
2 6

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2
⇒ 𝑝 = 28𝑝2
2
⇒ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) = 28(2)

𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 56 = 0

(𝑛 − 8)(𝑛 + 7) = 0

𝑛=8 𝑛>0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)
𝑛𝑝 = −12 𝑝3 = 𝑞
6

8(8 − 1)(8 − 2) 3 3
8𝑝 = −12 (− ) = 𝑞
6 2
−12 3
𝑝= =− − 189 = 𝑞
8 2

ii) Hence state the range of value of 𝑥 for which the expansion is valid

Suggested answer
3 8
(1 − 𝑥)
2
3
⇒ |− 𝑥| < 1
2
2 2 2
⇒ |𝑥 | < ⇒− <𝑥<
3 3 3

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 3) The polynomial 4𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 3 − 𝑏2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑏𝑥 − 2 is exactly divisible by 2𝑥 + 𝑏
i) Show that 3𝑏3 + 7𝑏2 − 4 = 0 [2]
𝑏
If 2𝑥 + 𝑏 is factor of a 𝑓 (𝑥 ) , 2𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2

Then
𝑏
𝑓 (− ) = 0
2
𝑏 4 𝑏 3 2
𝑏 2
𝑏
4 (− ) − 12 (− ) − 𝑏 (− ) − 7𝑏 (− ) − 2 = 0
2 2 2 2

𝑏4 3𝑏3 𝑏4 7𝑏2
+ − + −2=0
4 2 4 2
3𝑏3 7𝑏2
+ −2=0
2 2
3𝑏3 + 7𝑏2 − 4 = 0 as required

ii) Hence find the possible values of 𝑏 [5]

Suggested answer

3𝑏3 + 7𝑏2 − 4 = 0
𝑓 (−2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 + 2 is a factor

3𝑏2 + 𝑏 − 2
𝑏+2 3𝑏3 + 7𝑏2 + 0𝑏 − 4
−(3𝑏3 + 6𝑏2 )
𝑏2 − 0𝑏
− (𝑏2 + 2𝑏)
−2𝑏 − 4
−(−2𝑏 − 4)
− −
𝑓 (𝑏) = (𝑏 + 2) (3𝑏2 + 𝑏 − 2)
𝑓 (𝑏) = (𝑏 + 2) (3𝑏2 + 3𝑏 − 2𝑏 − 2)
𝑓 (𝑏) = (𝑏 + 2)[ (3𝑏(𝑏 + 1) − 2(𝑏 + 1))]
𝑓 (𝑏) = (𝑏 + 2) (3𝑏 − 2)(𝑏 + 1)

𝑓 (𝑏) = (𝑏 + 2) (3𝑏 − 2)(𝑏 + 1) = 0

2
𝑏 = −2 𝑜𝑟 − 1 𝑜𝑟
3

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 4) The line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 and the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 meets at point 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄
i) Find the length of 𝑃𝑄 [4]

Suggested answer

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3

2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 = 0
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 5 𝑜𝑟 − 1

At points P
𝑦 = 2(5) − 3 = 7

P(5 ; 7)

At points Q
𝑦 = 2(−1) − 3 = −5

Q(−1 ; −5)

𝑑 = ඥ(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

|𝑃𝑄| = ඥ(5 + 1)2 + (7 + 5)2

= 6√5

ii) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment 𝑃𝑄 [4]
Suggested answer

𝒍 =? P(5 ; 7)

𝑴(𝒙 ; 𝒚)

Q(−1 ; −5)

Midpoint point M
−1 + 5 −5 + 7
𝑀(𝑥 ; 𝑦) ⇒ [( ) ;( )]
2 2

(2 ; 1)
PAGE 4 CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]
 The gradient of the line PQ
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑚1 =
𝑥1 − 𝑥2

7 + 5 12
𝑚1 = = =2
5+1 6

The equation of the perpendicular bisector of line segment PQ

𝑦 − 𝑦1 1
=− 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑄
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑚1

𝑦−1 1
=−
𝑥−2 2
2𝑦 − 2 = −(𝑥 − 2)
2𝑦 − 2 = −𝑥 + 2
2𝑦 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0

5) The first three terms of a geometric sequence are 2𝑥 , 𝑥 − 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 5 respectively . Find the
possible values of 𝑥 [4]
Suggested answer

The general term of a G.P is given by 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

𝑇1 = 2𝑥
𝑇2 = 𝑥 − 8
𝑇3 = 2𝑥 + 5

⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 − 8 = 𝑎𝑟 2𝑥 + 5 = 𝑎𝑟 2

𝑎𝑟 𝑥 − 8 𝑎𝑟 2 2𝑥 + 5
= =
𝑎 2𝑥 𝑎𝑟 𝑥−8

𝑥−8 2𝑥 + 5
𝑟= 𝑟=
2𝑥 𝑥−8

𝑥−8 2𝑥 + 5
⇒ =
2𝑥 𝑥−8

(𝑥 − 8)2 = (2𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥)

𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 64 = 4𝑥 2 + 10𝑥

3𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 − 64 = 0

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 −26 ± ඥ262 − 4(3)(−64)
𝑥=
2(3)

−26 ± 38
𝑥=
6

32
𝑥=2 𝑜𝑟 −
3

𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 2
Geometric mean of consecutive terms 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧
𝑦 = √𝑥𝑧
2𝑥 , 𝑥−8 , 2𝑥 + 5

𝑥 − 8 = ඥ(2𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 )

(𝑥 − 8)2 = (2𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 )

𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 64 = 4𝑥 2 + 10𝑥

3𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 − 64 = 0

−26 ± ඥ262 − 4(3)(−64)

𝑥=
2(3)

−26 ± 38
𝑥=
6

32
𝑥=2 𝑜𝑟 −
3

6) i) Show that the equation of equation of the circle passing through the points (−2; −4) , (3 ; 1)
and (−2; 0) is (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 13 [7]
Suggested answer

(−2; −4)
(3 ; 1)

(𝒙; 𝒚)

(−2; 0)
Note : The distance (radius) from centre (𝑥, 𝑦) to all points is equal

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 Let the distance be 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3
𝑑1 = ඥ(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑑2 = ඥ(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2

𝑑3 = ඥ(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2

Now
𝑑2 = 𝑑3
⇒ ඥ(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = ඥ(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 16 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2
8𝑦 + 16 = 0
𝑦 = −2 … . 𝑖

Also
𝑑3 = 𝑑1
⇒ ඥ(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = ඥ(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1
2𝑦 + 10𝑥 − 6 = 0 … . 𝑖𝑖

𝑦 = −2 … . 𝑖
2𝑦 + 10𝑥 − 6 = 0 … . 𝑖𝑖

⇒ 2(−2) + 10𝑥 − 6 = 0
−4 + 10𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑥=1
Therefore the centre is (1 ; −2)

𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = ඥ(1 − 3)2 + (−2 − 1)2

= √13
Equation of the circle is given by (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2
2
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = √13

(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 13
Accept any correct method

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 ii) The point 𝐴(3 ; 𝑘) lies on the circle , find the possible values of 𝑘 which satisfy point 𝐴 [3]
Suggested answer

(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 13

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

(3 − 1)2 + (𝑘 + 2)2 = 13
4 + (𝑘 + 2)2 = 13
(𝑘 + 2)2 = 13 − 4
(𝑘 + 2)2 = 9
𝑘 + 2 = ±3
𝑘 = 1 𝑜𝑟 − 5

7) i) By sketching a suitable pair of graphs show that the equation

𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 2) = 2𝑥 − 8 has exactly two roots [3]
Suggested answer
𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 2) = 2𝑥 − 8

𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8

𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 2)

In 2

−2 −1 4 x

−8

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8

Since there two point of intersection, therefore the equation has exactly two root

ii) Verify by calculation that one of the root lies between the interval 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 [3]
Suggested answer
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 2) − 2𝑥 + 8 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 2) − 8
PAGE 8 CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]
 𝑓 (4) = 𝐼𝑛(4 + 2) − 2(4) + 8 = 1.791759469
𝑓 (5) = 𝐼𝑛(5 + 2) − 2(5) + 8 = −0.05408985
Since there is a sign change the root lies in the interval 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

iii) Apply the Newton Raphson method once starting with 𝑥1 = 5 obtain a second approximation
giving answer to 4 decimal places [2]
Suggested answer
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 2) − 2𝑥 + 8
1
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = −2
(𝑥 + 2)

Newton Raphson method

𝑓(𝑋𝑛 )
𝑋𝑛+1 = 𝑋𝑛 −
𝑓′(𝑋𝑛 )

𝐼𝑛(𝑋𝑛 + 2) − 2𝑋𝑛 + 8
𝑋𝑛+1 = 𝑋𝑛 −
1
−2
(𝑋𝑛 + 2)

𝐼𝑛(𝑋1 + 2) − 2𝑋1 + 8
𝑋1+1 = 𝑋1 −
1
−2
(𝑋1 + 2)

𝐼𝑛(5 + 2) − 2(5) + 8
𝑋2 = 5 −
1
−2
(5 + 2)

= 4.97087002

= 4.9709 (4 𝑑. 𝑝)

−2 9 𝑛 −3𝑛 + 1 9𝑛
8) Use mathematical induction to prove that ( ) =( ) for 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ [6]
−1 4 −𝑛 3𝑛 + 1
Suggested answer

−2 9 𝑛 −3𝑛 + 1 9𝑛
( ) =( )
−1 4 −𝑛 3𝑛 + 1

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑛 = 1

−2 9 1 −3(1) + 1 9(1)
( ) =( )
−1 4 −1 3(1) + 1

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 −2 9 −2 9
( )=( )
−1 4 −1 4

True for 𝑛 = 1

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘

−2 9 𝑘 −3𝑘 + 1 9𝑘
( ) =( )
−1 4 −𝑘 3𝑘 + 1

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

−2 9 𝑘+1 −3(𝑘 + 1) + 1 9(𝑘 + 1)

( ) =( )
−1 4 −𝑘 3(𝑘 + 1) + 1
−3𝑘 − 3 + 1 9𝑘 + 9
=( )
−(𝑘 + 1) 3𝑘 + 3 + 1
−3𝑘 − 2 9𝑘 + 9
=( )
−𝑘 − 1 3𝑘 + 4

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝

−2 9 𝑘+1 −2 9 𝑘 −2 9
( ) =( ) ( )
−1 4 −1 4 −1 4

−3𝑘 + 1 9𝑘 −2 9
=( )( )
−𝑘 3𝑘 + 1 −1 4

(−3𝑘 + 1)(−2) + 9𝑘(−1) (−3𝑘 + 1)(9) + 9𝑘(4)

=( )
(−𝑘)(−2) + (3𝑘 + 1)(−1) (−𝑘)(9) + (3𝑘 + 1)(4)

6𝑘 − 2 − 9𝑘 −27𝑘 + 9 + 36𝑘
=( )
2𝑘 − 3𝑘 − 1 −9𝑘 + 12𝑘 + 4

−3𝑘 − 2 9𝑘 + 9
=( )
−𝑘 − 1 3𝑘 + 4
Since matrix equation is true for 𝑛 = 1 , 𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 , so by mathematical induction it is
true for all 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+

−2 9 7
Hence evaluate ( ) [2]
−1 4
𝑛=7
−2 9 7 −3(7) + 1 9(7)
( ) =( )
−1 4 −7 3(7) + 1
−20 56
=( )
−7 21

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