NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (NUTECH)

ILE PRESENTATION
BASIC ELECTRO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted To:
Lec. Aneeqa Ramzan
Syed Shehryar Ali (Lab Engineer)
Submitted By:
1. Muhammad Kamran (F20601037)
2. Muhammad Umair Saqib (F20601039)
3. Talha Ahmed (F20601052)
4. Fazal Nadeem (F20601054)

Part 1: Generator Function & Applications

Generators:

Generators are useful devices that provide electrical power during a power cut-
off and prevent discontinuity of day and night affairs and activities or disruption in
operations in different conditions and places. All a generator does is to convert
the mechanical energy provided from an external source, to electrical energy to
provide enough energy for other appliances. It works based on the Faraday law of
electromagnetic induction.

Working Principle of generator:

 The operation of an electrical generator depends on the faraday law of
electromagnetic induction.
 That says if conductor is put into the field then the voltage induces in that
conductor. In the case of the generator, the conductor is rotor of a generator
and the field is provided by the stator of generator.
 We can use Fleming rule to find the direction of the voltage induced that
conductor. That explains that if we arrange our right-hand first finger, second
finger, and thumb in a such a way that these are at 90 0 to each other, and we
suppose that motion of conductor is along the thumb, first finger is in the
 direction of field then the second finger will show the direction of voltage
induces in the conductor.
 The working principle both ac and dc generators is similar but the difference is
that at in dc generator commutators are used to provides a dc output.

Construction of Generator:

There are numerous parts of the generator are used in construction of a generator
but the most important parts are rotor and stator.

1. Magnetic frame or yoke

 The outer structure of a generator is known as a yoke, it provides safety to the
generator from the external environment. It is constructed with steel or cast iron.
 With providing strength to internal structure it also holds the stator windings that
provide flux to a machine.
Figure 1 : Magnetic Frame

2. Windings
There are two types of main windings are used in any generator either dc or ac
first one is armature winding that is wound on the rotor of the motor and the
second one is stator winding that wound on the stator of the generator.

 Rotor

1. The rotor is of a generator that is rotating part over which armature

windings are wound. In some dc generator instead of windings on rotor
permanent magnet rotor is used.
2. In ac machines there are two main types of the rotor is used first one is the
wound rotor and the second one is squirrel rotor.
Equivalent circuit of Generator:

In the given figure, you can see the equivalent circuitry of the generator linked
with the load. In the given figure you can see some parameters that are described
here.
 VG is the open circuit voltages of a generator.
 RG is the interior resistance of the circuit.
 VL value of voltage when load connected.
 RL is the value of resistance offered by the load

DC Generator:
 Dc generator is a type of electrical generator that produces a dc voltage at its
output terminals. Its construction is similar to the dc motor and we can use the
dc motor as a generator also.
 There are some sub types of dc generator like shunt generator, series
generator, compound generator, etc.

 For an understanding of the working of this generator, we take an example of

a loop rotating in a magnetic field and compare with the practical generator.
 If we rotate a loop in a magnetic field of a permanent magnet then the voltage
will induce in the loop.
 This is also according to the faraday law that says that if we rotate any
conductor in a field than voltage will induce in that conductor due to flux
variation in the conductor.
 If we compare a loop rotation in a field with the practical dc generator then we
will come to know that the rotating part is the rotor of generator and field is
providing at by the magnet at the stator or windings of the stator .

AC Generator
 Ac generator is a type of electric machine that transforms mechanical energy
into ac electric energy. Nowadays mostly ac generator is used in our
commercial and industrial applications.
 There are 2 main types of ac generator first one is a synchronous generator
and the second one is an induction generator that is also known asynchronous
generator.
 In local and some commercial uses induction generator is used while in a
generation and in a wind turbine synchronous generator is used.
 With the type of rotor design, the ac generator is further divided into types
first one is the wound rotor and the second one is the squirrel rotor generator.

Difference between AC and DC Generator:

Applications of Generator:

These are some common applications of generators that are describe here with
the detailed:

Power station

 The power station is also called powerhouse it is a place where electrical

energy is produced. At these powerhouses, more than one generator are
installed for the production of 3 phase electrical power.
 Due to relative movement among the field of stator and rotor of generator
voltage are produces.
 The prime mover is used to rotates the rotor of the generator, mostly used
prime mover are coal, fuel, gas, hydel, etc.

Roadway vehicles

 In vehicles, a generator is used to provide power to their different

components and recharging of batteries.
 Till 1960s dc generators were used but with the invention of rectifies ac
generators are also used in different vehicles.

Bicycles

 In bicycles generator used to provide power to their lights and charging of

batteries. Mostly there is 2 main kind of generators are used for bicycles
first one is bottle dynamos that control the tire of the bicycle.
 The other type of generator is hub dynamos that are directly linked to the
bicycle’s drive train.

Sailboats

 In sailboats generator used is gets mechanical power from the water or air.
It used in boats to provide energy to their batteries and some lighting
instruments.
 Electrical scooter

 Generators are also used in a scooter to provide power for their operation

Visit to Nutech Generator Room :

Part 2. Domestic and Industrial Wiring

Domestic Wiring:
The electric power line enters our house through three wires namely the live
wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire. To avoid confusion w follow a color
code for insulating these wires.

The red wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral. The earth wire is given
green plastic insulation.

 The live wire has a high potential of 220 volts whereas the neutral wire has
zero potential. Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the
neutral wire is 220-0= 220 volts.
 The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it
is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth
connection is made to the electric meter and then to the main switch.
 In our homes, we receive supply of electric power through a main supply
(mains), either supported through overhead electric poles or by
underground cables.
 The live wire and neutral wire, coming from the electric pole.enter a box
fitted just outside our house which has a main fuse (F1). The fuse is
connected in series with the live wire.
 The fuse(F1) has a high rating of about 50A. Thus it prevents any damage
such as fire to the entire electrical wiring entering the house due to short-
circuit or overloading.
 ‘The two wires then enter the electricity meter which records lithe
electrical power consumed by us in kilowatt-hour (kWh). This meter is
installed by the electric supply Department of our city.
 These two wires coming out of the meter are then connected a main switch
which is placed in a distribution box. Another fuse (F2) is placed in series
with the live wire in this box for the sake of consumer safety.
 There are two separate circuits in a house namely lighting circuit and power
circuit.

Sub Circuit in Domestic Wiring:

It is Broadly classified into two categories:

(1) Light and Fan Sub-circuit:

The sub-circuit of the electrical installation feeding supply to various light

points, i.e. lamps, ing cable, Light switches, tubes etc. and to fan points is
termed as light and fan sub-circuit respectively.

(2) Power circuit:

The part of the complete installation that supplies appliances like hot plate,
electric iron ,small single-phase motors of washing machine, refrigerator
etc. is generally called the power sub circuit.
Industrial Wiring:
Is the process of powering by electricity and in many contexts,the introduction of
such power by changing over from an earlier power source.

Even the smallest interruptions can cause huge losses to all industries served in
terms of productivity and profitability. So availability of quality power is most
important for industries.

 It should produce sufficient illumination on the working plane.

 It should provide uniform distribution of illumination.
 It should avoid glare and shadows.
 It should be easy to clean.
Basic of Industrial Control Panel:
Each motor takes a high current at the starting which may be 5 to 7 times full load
current of the motor.

Hence, to limit the voltage drop in the cable as well as to limit huge starting
current, a separate starting device, called starter is used for each motor. Starter i
located after the motor switch. In domestic Installations, single earthing is
sufficient but in workshops or factory, double earthing is necessay from the extra
safety point of view.

Let's take a look at some specific guidelines as:

1. Type&size

2. Supply conductors

3. SCCR

4. Grounding

5. Maintenance etc.
Conclusion:
The electric motor, generator, and transformers all work on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. The electric motor converts electrical energy into
mechanical work. The electric generator works in the opposite way of an electric
motor.

Whenever a coil is rotated between the poles of a magnet, an induced current is

set up in the coil, whose direction is given by Fleming’s right-hand rule. The
principle of working of a generator is such that the flow of electric charges can be
induced by moving an electrical conductor in a magnetic field.

In today’s advanced and technological upbringings, the power of electricity has

become more than a human necessity. People use electricity for heating, cooling,
refrigerating, using a computer, and many more.

Single-phase power simultaneously changes the supply voltage of an AC power by

a system. More often, single-phase power is known as “residential voltage,” since
it is that most homes use.

1. Single-Phase Power generates electricity to residential homes and domestic

supplies, since most appliances require only a small amount of power to
function, including fans, heaters, television, refrigerator, and lights.
Three-phase power provides three alternating currents, with three separate
electric services. Each leg of alternating current reaches a maximum voltage, only
separated by 1/3 of the time in a full cycle.

1. Run larger loads easily. Commercial and Industrial loads prefer a three-
phase power supply since it requires more heavy electronic loads.
References:
https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-a-generator/
https://www.generatorsource.com/
How_Generators_Work.aspx
https://chintglobal.com/blog/single-phase-vs-three-phase/
#:~:text=the%20same%20circuit.-,Conclusion,need%20a
%20three%2Dphase%20connection.
https: https://www.electronicshub.org/electrical-systems-
and-methods-of-electrical-wiring///electrical-engineering-
portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/automation-
control/industrial-control-wiring-guide