SISHK IBDP Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches (Standard Level)

Chapter 16: Techniques of Indefinite Integration (Suggested Solutions)

Big Ideas:
(a) Integration can be seen as the reverse process of differentiation.
(b) Not all functions can be integrated analytically; they require the use of technology.

Essential Questions:
(a) Given the derivative of a function, how do we find the original function?
(b) What extra information do we need to find the unique primitive function for a given derivative?

TOK:
(a) Is it possible for an area of knowledge to describe the world without transforming it?
(b) Can a mathematical statement be true before it has been proven?

Learning Objectives
SL 5.5
Content Guidance, clarification and syllabus links
Introduction to integration as anti-differentiation of Students should be aware of the link between anti-
functions of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥.!#$ + ⋯, derivatives, definite integrals and area.
where 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, 𝑛 ≠ −1.
Anti-differentiation with a boundary condition to %&
Example: If %' = 3𝑥 ( + 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 10
determine the constant term. $
when 𝑥 = 1, then 𝑦 = 𝑥 ) + ( 𝑥 ( + 8.5.

Definite integrals using technology. Students are expected to first write a correct
Area of a region enclosed by a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and expression before calculating the area, for example
+
the x-axis, where 𝑓(𝑥) > 0. ∫( (3𝑥 * + 4) 𝑑𝑥.
The use of dynamic geometry or graphing software
is encouraged in the development of this concept.

SL 5.10

Content Guidance, clarification and syllabus links

$
Indefinite integral of 𝑥 ! (𝑛 ∈ ℚ), sin 𝑥, cos 𝑥, ' and 1
B 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑒' 𝑥

The composites of any of these with the linear Example:

function 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. 1
𝑓 , (𝑥) = cos(2𝑥 + 3) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶
2
Integration by inspection (reverse chain rule) or by Examples:
substitution for expressions of the form: sin 𝑥
B 2𝑥(𝑥 ( + 1)* 𝑑𝑥, B 4𝑥 sin 𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥, B 𝑑𝑥.
cos 𝑥
B 𝑘𝑔, (𝑥)𝑓J𝑔(𝑥)K 𝑑𝑥.

1
 Possible IA Ideas
1. How does the constant term in the quadratic rational function affect the curve of its primitive
function?

Concepts and Skills to be learnt

A Integration as the Reverse Process of Differentiation

B Basic Integration Rules derived from Differentiation Rules
C Integration of Functions of Linear Functions
D Integration of Standard Forms
E Integration by Substitution

2
A Integration as the Reverse Process of Differentiation

Given the derivative of a function, we often need to find the original function.
For example, the derivative of the function “𝑥 ) ” is “3𝑥 ( ”.
Then we say the primitive function of “3𝑥 ( ” is “𝑥 ) ”.

Example 1

Complete the following table. What do you differentiate to obtain each of the following functions?

Function Primitive function Function Primitive Function

1 -
1. 𝑥* 𝑥 12. 𝑒' 𝑒'
5
1 / 1 ('
2. 𝑥. 𝑥 13. 𝑒 (' 𝑒
8 2
2 0 3 *'
3. 6𝑥 / 𝑥 14. 3𝑒 *' 𝑒
3 4
1 ) 1 * $ $
4. 𝑥 𝑥 2 15. 𝑒 )' 3𝑒 )'
2 8
1 1
5. − 16. √𝑒 ' 2√𝑒 '
𝑥( 𝑥
5 5
6. − 17. 𝑒 𝑒𝑥
𝑥) 2𝑥 (
3 1
7. − 18. sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
2𝑥 * 2𝑥 )
2 )
8. √𝑥 𝑥( 19. cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
3

! 3 * 1
9. √𝑥 𝑥) 20. sin 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥
4 2
1 2
10. 2√𝑥 21. 2 cos 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥
√𝑥 3
1 " 3 5 +
11. ln|𝑥| 22. 3 sin 2𝑥 + √𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥 -
𝑥 2 6

Question to think: for each of the above, can you find another answer?

3
B Basic Integration Rules derived from Differentiation Rules

In English, we say if the derivative of 𝐹(𝑥) is 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝐹(𝑥) is the primitive function of 𝑓(𝑥).
In Mathematics, we say:

𝑑
If [𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) , then B 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶, where C is called the constant of integration.
𝑑𝑥

The reverse process of differentiation is called integration.

We can obtain different integration formulae from their differentiation counterparts.

Differentiation Formula Integration Formulae

𝑑 !1$ 1
(𝑥 ) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑥 ! B 𝑥 ! 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 !1$ + 𝐶 (𝑛 ≠ −1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑 1 1
(ln 𝑥) = B 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 '
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 ' B 𝑒 ' 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ' + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 B cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 B sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 ' 1 '
(𝑎 ) = (ln 𝑎)𝑎 ' B 𝑎 ' 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = sec ( 𝑥 B sec ( 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 B sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cosec 𝑥) = − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 B cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cot 𝑥) = − cosec ( 𝑥 B cosec ( 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1
(arcsin 𝑥) = B 𝑑𝑥 = arcsin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 ( √1 − 𝑥 (
𝑑 1 1
(arctan 𝑥) = B 𝑑𝑥 = arctan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥( 1 + 𝑥(

Note that we can differentiate sums, differences and constant multiples of functions, so we can also integrate
in the same way.

4
Properties of Indefinite Integrals
Note:
(a) ò f ' ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + C
ò f( x) × g( x) dx ¹ ò f( x) dx × ò g( x) dx
(b)
d
( ò f ( x ) dx ) = f ( x ) f( x) ò f( x) dx
ò g( x)
dx dx ¹
(c) ò k f ( x ) dx = k ò f ( x ) dx, k is a constant ò g( x) dx
Can you find examples of f( x) and g( x) to
(d) ò f ( x ) ± g( x)dx = ò f ( x ) dx ± ò g ( x ) dx illustrate these?

Example 2

Find the following integrals. Differentiate your answers to see how the integration process works.

𝑥 * − 5𝑥 ) − 6
(𝑎) B(𝑥 ) + 4𝑥 ( − 5𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) B 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
(𝑐) B(√𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) B(2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

Solution:
𝑥 * − 5𝑥 ) − 6
(𝑎) B(𝑥 ) + 4𝑥 ( − 5𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) B 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 4 5 6
= 𝑥 * + 𝑥 ) − 𝑥 ( + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = B W𝑥 ) − 5𝑥 ( − X 𝑑𝑥
4 3 2 𝑥

1 5
= 𝑥 * − 𝑥 ) − 6 ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
4 3

1
(𝑐) B W√𝑥 − X 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) B(2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
$ $ = −2 cos 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
= B W𝑥 ( − 𝑥 #( X 𝑑𝑥

2 ) $
= 𝑥 ( − 2𝑥 ( + 𝐶
3

5
C Integration of Linear Functions

Let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝐹(𝑥) be functions such that

𝑑
[𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) and B 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶,
𝑑𝑥
where C is a constant. By the chain rule,
𝑑
[𝐹(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] = 𝐹 , (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides and rearranging gives
1
B 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶.
𝑎
This result leads to many convenient and useful integration formulae. The following are some examples:
1
B(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)! 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)!1$ + 𝐶 (𝑛 ≠ −1)
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)
1
B 𝑒 2'13 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2'13 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
B cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
𝑎
and many more!

Example 3

Find the following integrals. Differentiate your answers to see how the integration process work.

1 1
(𝑎) B (5𝑥 − 4). 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) B! 𝑑𝑥
3 [(2𝑥 + 5)(
1
(𝑐) B 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) B 3 sin(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 − 2𝑥

Solution:
1 1
(𝑎) B (5𝑥 − 4). 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) B! 𝑑𝑥
3 [(2𝑥 + 5)(
1 1 1 (
= \ ∙ (5𝑥 − 4)/ ] + 𝐶 = B(2𝑥 + 5)#) 𝑑𝑥
3 5 8
1 1 $
= (5𝑥 − 4)/ + 𝐶 = ∙ 3(2𝑥 + 5)) + 𝐶
120 2
3 $
= (2𝑥 + 5)) + 𝐶
2

1
(𝑐) B 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) B 3 sin(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 − 2𝑥

1 3
= − ln|1 − 2𝑥| + 𝐶 = − cos(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
2 2

6
D Integration by Substitution

Integrals of the form ò f ' ( x ) éëf ( x ) ùû dx for n ≠ –1

n
D1
d n +1
éëf ( x ) ùû = (n + 1) éëf ( x ) ùû f ' ( x ) , we have
n
Since
dx
n +1
éf ( x )ùû
f ' ( x ) éëf ( x )ùû dx = ë
n
ò n +1
+C

For example
1 (
B(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 ( + 𝑥)$4 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 𝑥)$$ + 𝐶
11

Example 4

Find the following integrals by the method of substitution. Differentiate your answer to see how the method
of substitution unfolds the chain rule.

(𝑎) B 𝑥(𝑥 ( + 1)- 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) B 9𝑥 ( [𝑥 ) + 8 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 ) 𝑥
(𝑐) B 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) B 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 2𝑥 * 5 − 3𝑥 (

Solution:
(a) (b)
B 𝑥(𝑥 ( + 1)- 𝑑𝑥 B 9𝑥 ( [𝑥 ) + 8 𝑑𝑥

1 $
= B 2𝑥(𝑥 ( + 1)- 𝑑𝑥 = 3 B 3𝑥 ( (𝑥 ) + 8)( 𝑑𝑥
2

1 ( = 2[(𝑥 ) + 8)) + 𝐶
= (𝑥 + 1)+ + 𝐶
12

(c) (d)
2𝑥 ) 𝑥
B 𝑑𝑥 B 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 2𝑥 * 5 − 3𝑥 (

1 −8𝑥 ) 1 −6𝑥
=− B 𝑑𝑥 =− B 𝑑𝑥
4 √1 − 2𝑥 * 6 5 − 3𝑥 (

1
1 = − ln|5 − 3𝑥 ( | + 𝐶
= − [1 − 2𝑥 * + 𝐶 6
2

7
 ó f '( x)
D2 Integrals of the form ô dx
õ f ( x)
d 1 1
For x > 0,
dx
ln x =
x
Þ ò x dx = ln x + C
d 1 1 1
For x < 0, ln ( - x ) = (-1) = Þ ò x dx = ln(- x) + C
dx -x x

ì x, x > 0 1
Since x = í
î - x, x < 0
for all non-zero x,
ò x dx = ln x + C.
f '( x ) ó f '( x )
ô f x dx = ln f ( x ) + C
d
Generalizing, since éëln ( f ( x ) )ùû = , we have
dx f ( x) õ ( )

Example 5
Find the following integrals.
1 x
(a) ó
ô dx ; (b) ó
ô 2 dx .
õ 2x + 7 õ x +3
Solution: (c)

(a) (b)
1 𝑥
B 𝑑𝑥 B 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 7 𝑥( + 3
1 2 1 2𝑥
= B 𝑑𝑥 = B ( 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝑥 + 7 2 𝑥 +3
1 1
= ln |2𝑥 + 7| + 𝐶 = ln(𝑥 ( + 3) + 𝐶
2 2

Example 6

Find the following integrals. Differentiate your answers to see how the integration process work.
3𝑥 ( + 4𝑥
(𝑎) B(𝑥 ( − 3𝑥)+ (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) B ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 ( )*
2𝑥 3𝑥 ( + 6𝑥
(𝑐) B 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) B ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 ( + 4 𝑥 + 3𝑥 (
Solution:
In the following, expressions in green are derivatives of expressions in purple.
3𝑥 ( + 4𝑥
(𝑎) B(𝑥 ( − 3𝑥)+ (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) B ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 ( )*
1 1 )
= (𝑥 ( − 3𝑥). + 𝐶 = − (𝑥 + 2𝑥 ( )#) + 𝐶
7 3
2𝑥 3𝑥 ( + 6𝑥
(𝑐) B 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) B ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 ( + 4 𝑥 + 3𝑥 (
1
= 2(𝑥 ( + 4)2 + 𝐶 = ln|𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 | + 𝐶
= 2[𝑥 ( + 4 + C
8
Example 7
sin 𝑥
(a) By writing tan 𝑥 = , find B tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
cos 𝑥

(b) Evaluate B cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
(𝑎) B tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = B 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏) B cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = B 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

− sin 𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶
= −B 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥

= − ln|cos 𝑥| + 𝐶

1
= ln +𝐶
|cos 𝑥|

= ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶

Example 8

𝑒'
(a) Evaluate B 𝑑𝑥.
𝑒' + 1
1
(b) Hence, evaluate B ' 𝑑𝑥.
𝑒 +1
Solution:
𝑒' 𝑒'
(a) B 𝑑𝑥 = B 𝑑𝑥
𝑒' + 1 𝑒' + 1

= ln|𝑒 ' + 1| + 𝐶

1
(b) B 𝑑𝑥
𝑒' + 1

𝑒' + 1 − 𝑒'
=B 𝑑𝑥
𝑒' + 1

𝑒'
= B W1 − X 𝑑𝑥
𝑒' + 1

𝑒'
= B(1) 𝑑𝑥 − B ' 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +1

= 𝑥 − ln|𝑒 ' + 1| + 𝐷

9
E Integration by Substitution

Suppose we are given an integral ò f ( x ) dx , where f ( x ) is difficult to integrate, we could use a given
substitution equation to simplify the integrand.
dI
ò
Let I = f( x) dx. Then
dx
= f( x).

1 1 1
Assume that x is a function of u (a new variable) e.g. f( x) = 2
= 2
= 2 , where u = 2 x.
4x + 1 (2 x) + 1 u + 1
By applying the chain rule, we have
dI dI dx
= ×
du dx du
dx
= f( x) ×
du
Next, integrating w.r.t. u, we have
dI dx
ò du du = ò f( x) × du du
dx
ò du du
I = f( x) ×

dx
i.e. ò f( x) dx = ò f( x) du
du
dx
Hence, du and dx are equivalent operators.
du

For indefinite integrals

1. Differentiate the given substitution equation to express dx in terms of du .
2. Express f ( x ) as a function of u.
3. Simplify the expression and integrate with respect to the substituted variable, u.
4. Express the result in terms of x.

Example 9 [18M.1.HL.TZ2.8a modified]

𝑑𝑥
Use the substitution 𝑢 = √𝑥 to find B .
√𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
Solution:
1
Let 𝑢 = √𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥.
2√𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
B = 2B
√𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 2√𝑥(𝑥 + 1)

1
= 2B 𝑑𝑢
𝑢( + 1

= 2 arctan 𝑢 + 𝐶

= 2 arctan √𝑥 + 𝐶

10
There are a variety of integrals that can be evaluated by a substitution of a trigonometric function.

Example 10 [17N.2.HL.TZ0.8 modified]

Given that a is a non-zero constant, use the substitution 𝑥 ( = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 to prove that

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎
B = arccos e ( f + 𝐶.
𝑥√𝑥 * − 𝑎( 2𝑎 𝑥
Solution:
Let 𝑥 ( = 𝑎 sec 𝜃.

Then 𝑥 ( cos 𝜃 = 𝑎
𝑎
⟹ 𝜃 = arccos e f
𝑥(

Also, differentiating gives

𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃

⟹ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
B = B
𝑥√𝑥 * − 𝑎( 2 𝑥 √𝑥 * − 𝑎(
(

1 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= B
2 (𝑎 sec 𝜃 )[(𝑎 sec 𝜃)( − 𝑎(

1 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= B
2 [𝑎( (sec ( 𝜃 − 1)

1 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= B
2 [𝑎( (tan( 𝜃 )

1 1
= B 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑎

1
= 𝜃+𝐶
2𝑎
1 𝑎
= arccos e ( f + 𝐶
2𝑎 𝑥

11
Example 11
(a) By using a suitable trigonometric identity, show that
1 1
B cos ( 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + 𝐶.
2 4
2 1
(b) If 𝑥 = sin 𝜃, show that cos 𝜃 = [4 − 3𝑥 ( .
√3 2

2
(c) Hence, by using the substitution 𝑥= sin 𝜃, find B [4 − 3𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥.
√3
Solution:
1
(a) B cos ( 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = B(1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2

1 1
= \𝜃 + sin 2𝜃] + 𝐶
2 2

1 1
= 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + 𝐶
2 4

(b) 2 √3𝑥
𝑥= sin 𝜃 ⟹ sin 𝜃 =
√3 2

(
√3𝑥 1
⟹ cos 𝜃 = h1 − i j = [4 − 3𝑥 (
2 2

2 2
(c) 𝑥= sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√3 √3
1
B [4 − 3𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥 = 2 B [4 − 3𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥
2

2
= 2 B cos 𝜃 W cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃X
√3
4
= B cos ( 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√3

4 1 1
= W 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃X + 𝐶 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑎))
√3 2 4

2 2
= 𝜃+ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
√3 √3

2 √3𝑥 2 √3𝑥 1
= arcsin + i j W [4 − 3𝑥 ( X + 𝐶 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑏))
√3 2 √3 2 2

2 √3𝑥 1
= arcsin + 𝑥[4 − 3𝑥 ( + 𝐶
√3 2 2

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Example 12 [20N.1.HL.TZ0.9 modified]

(a) Evaluate B sin( 𝜃 cos ( 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.

𝜋 4𝑥(1 − 𝑥 ( )
(b) If 𝑥 = tan 𝑢, where 0≤𝑢≤ , prove that sin 4𝑢 = .
4 (1 + 𝑥 ( )(
𝑥(
(c) Using the substitution 𝑥 = tan 𝑢, find B 𝑑𝑥.
(1 + 𝑥 ( ))
Solution:
1
(a) B sin( 𝜃 cos ( 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = B(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)( 𝑑𝜃
4

1
= B sin( 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4

1 1 1 1
= B (1 − cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = \𝜃 − sin 4𝜃] + 𝐶
4 2 8 4

𝑥 1
(b) 𝑥 = tan 𝑢 ⟹ sin 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝑢 = .
√1 + 𝑥 ( √1 + 𝑥 (

sin 4𝑢 = 2 sin 2𝑢 cos 2𝑢

= 2(2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑢)(cos ( 𝑢 − sin( 𝑢)

(
𝑥 1 1 4𝑥(1 − 𝑥 ( )
𝑥 (
= 4W XW X pW X −W X q=
√1 + 𝑥 ( √1 + 𝑥 ( √1 + 𝑥 ( √1 + 𝑥 ( (1 + 𝑥 ( )(

(c) 𝑥( 𝑥( Let 𝑥 = tan 𝑢.

B 𝑑𝑥 = B 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 ( )) (1 + 𝑥 ( )( (1 + 𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑥 = sec ( 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
tan( 𝑢
=B 𝑑𝑢 = (1 + tan( 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
(1 + tan( 𝑢)(

tan( 𝑢 = (1 + 𝑥 ( )𝑑𝑢
=B 𝑑𝑢
sec * 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢
1 + 𝑥(
= B sin( 𝑢 cos ( 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1 1
= \𝑢 − sin 4𝑢] + 𝐶 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑎))
8 4

1 1 4𝑥(1 − 𝑥 ( )
= parctan 𝑥 − i jq + 𝐶 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑏))
8 4 (1 + 𝑥 ( )(

1 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 ( )
= arctan 𝑥 − +𝐶
8 (1 + 𝑥 ( )(

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ End of Chapter 16 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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