INTRODUCTION TO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Objectives
At the end of the learning session, the student must be able
to:
o Define matter
o Describe the physical states of matter
o Differentiate pure substances from mixtures
o Identify elements
o Classify metals and Non-Metals
o Determine the properties and changes of matter
 Lesson Outline
1. Definition of matter 5. Metals and Non Metals
2. Physical States of matter 6. Properties of Matter
3. Substances and Mixtures A.Physical
4. Elements B.Chemical
A.Distribution 7. Changes of matter
B.Names A.Physical
C.Symbols B.Chemical
 Introduction
Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the
properties and behavior of inorganic compounds,
which include metals, minerals, and organometallic
compounds. This field of chemistry is used to study
and develop catalysts, coatings, fuels, surfactants,
materials, superconductors, and drugs.
Matter Defined:
o Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
o It can be invisible.
o Matter appears to be continuous and unbroken, but it is
actually discontinuous and made up of tiny particles called
atoms.
 Physical States of Matter
SOLID
Shape Definite - does not change. It is independent of its
container.
Volume Definite
Particles Particles are close together. They cohere rigidly to each
other
Compressibility Very slight-less than liquids and gasses

Attractive Attractive forces are strongest in a solid.

forces – These give a solid rigidity.
A solid can be either crystalline or amorphous. Which one it
is depends on the internal arrangement of the particles that
constitute the solid.

*Amorphous: without shape or form

 Physical States of Matter
LIQUID
Shape Not definite - assumes the shape of its container.
Volume Definite
Particles • Particles are close together.
• Particles are held together by strong attractive forces.
• They can move freely throughout the volume of the liquid.

Compressibility Very slight–greater than solids,

less than gases.

Attractive Attractive forces are weaker in liquids than in solids.

forces – They are sufficiently strong so that a liquid has a definite volume.
 Physical States of Matter
GAS
Shape No fixed shape
Volume Indefinite
Particles • Particles are far apart compared to liquids and solids.
• Particles move independently of each other.
Compressibility • The actual volume of the gas particles is small compared to the volume of
space occupied by the gas.
– Because of this a gas can be compressed into a very small volume or
expanded almost indefinitely.

Attractive • Attractive forces in a gas are extremely weak.

forces • Particles in the gaseous state have enough energy to overcome the weak
attractive forces that hold them together in liquids or solids.
• Because of this the gas particles move almost independently of each other.
 Substances and Mixtures
❑Matter refers to all of the materials that make up the universe
❑Substance: A particular kind of matter that has a fixed composition and
distinct properties. Examples: Ammonia, water, oxygen
❑Homogenous Matter: Matter that is uniform in appearance with uniform
properties throughout. Examples: ice, soda, solid gold
❑Heterogenous Matter: Matter with tow or more physically distinct phases
present.
Examples: ice and water, wood, blood
❑Phase: A homogenous part of a system separated from other parts by
physical boundaries. Example: In an ice water mixture ice is the solid phase
and water is the liquid phase.
❑Mixture: Matter containing 2 or more substances that are present in
variable amounts. Mixtures are variable in composition. They can be
homogeneous or heterogeneous

❖Homogenous Mixture (Solution): A homogeneous mixture of 2 or

more substances. It has one phase.
➢Example: Sugar and water. Before the sugar and water are mixed each is a separate
phase. After mixing the sugar is evenly dispersed throughout the volume of the water.

❖Heterogenous Mixture: A heterogeneous mixture consists of 2 or

more phases.
➢Example: Sugar and fine white sand. The amount of sugar relative to sand can be
varied. The sugar and sand each retain their own properties.
Classification of matter: A pure substance is always
homogeneous in composition, whereas a mixture
always contains two or more substances and may be
either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Comparison of Mixtures and Compounds
Mixture Compound
Composition Maybe composed of Composed of two or more
elements, compounds or elements is a definite, fixed
both in variable composition proportion by mass.
Separation of By physical or mechanical Only by chemical change
components means

Identification of Components do not lose A compound does not

components their identity resemble the elements from
which it is formed
o Symbols of Elements: An element symbol stands for
• the element itself
• one atom of the element
• a particular quantity of the element

o Rules governing symbols of the elements are:

1. Symbols have either one or two letters
2. If one letter is used it is capitalized
3. If two letters are used, only the first is capitalized
 ▪

Metals and Non-metals

❖Metal is an element that has the characteristic
properties of luster, thermal conductivity,
electrical conductivity, and malleability.

❖Nonmetal is an element characterized by the

absence of the properties of luster, thermal
conductivity, electrical conductivity, and
malleability.
 Metals Nonmetals
1. High electrical conductivity that decreases with 1. Poor electrical conductivity (except
increasing temperature carbon in the form of graphite)

2. High thermal conductivity 2. Good heat insulators (except carbon

in the form of diamond)

3. Metallic gray or silver luster* 3. No metallic luster

4. Almost all are solids† 4. Solids, liquids, or gases
5. Malleable (can be hammered into sheets) 5. Brittle in solid state
6. Ductile (can be drawn into wires) 6. Nonductile
❖Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between
metals and nonmetals. Examples: boron, silicon, germanium.
Arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium
 Compounds
A distinct substance that contains two or more elements
combined in a definite proportion by weight and can be
decomposed chemically into simpler substances–that is, into
simpler compounds or elements. Atoms of the elements that
constitute a compound are always present in simple whole
number ratios. They are never present as fractional parts.
 Properties of Matter
✓A property is a characteristic of a substance.

✓Each substance has a set of properties that are

characteristic of that substance and give it a
unique identity.
 Physical Properties
The inherent characteristics of a substance that
are determined without changing its composition.

Examples: taste, color, physical state, melting

point, boiling point
 Chemical Properties
Describe the ability of a substance to
form new substances, either by reaction
with other substances or by
decomposition.
 Physical properties of Chemical Properties of chlorine
chlorine

• 2.4 time heavier than air • It will not burn in oxygen.

• Yellowish green in color • It will support the combustion of
• Disagreeable odor certain other substances.
• Melting point -101C • It can be used as a bleaching agent.
• Boiling point -34.6C • It can be used as a water disinfectant.
• It can combine with sodium to form
sodium chloride.
Physical and Chemical Changes of Matter
❖Physical Change: Changes in physical properties (such as
size shape and density) or changes in the state of matter
without an accompanying change in composition. Note that
no new substances are formed.

➢Examples:
– tearing of paper
– change of ice into water
– change of water into steam
– heating platinum wire
❖Chemical Change: New substances are formed that have
different properties and composition from the original
material. Chemical reaction is always involved.

➢Examples:
Change Accompanying observations
Rusting of Iron Shiny bright red metal changes to reddish brown rust
Burning of sulfur Yellow, solid sulfur changes to gaseous, choking sulfur
dioxide
Boiling an egg Liquid white and yolk changes to solid
Combustion of gasoline Liquid gasoline burns to gaseous carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and water
Digestion of food Food changes to liquid nutrients and partially solid
wastes
 Conclusion
Matter can be classified according to physical and chemical
properties. Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass. The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
State Shape Volume Particles Compressibility

Solid Definite Definite Rigidly cohering tightly Very slight

packed
Liquid Indefinite Definite Mobile; cohering slight
Gas Indefinite Indefinite Independent of each other High
and relatively far apart
A physical change involves the conversion of a substance
from one state of matter to another, without changing its
chemical composition. Most matter consists of mixtures of
pure substances, which can be homogeneous (uniform in
composition) or heterogeneous (different regions possess
different compositions and properties).
Pure substances can be either chemical compounds or
elements. Compounds can be broken down into elements by
chemical reactions, but elements cannot be separated into
simpler substances by chemical means. The properties of
substances can be classified as either physical or chemical.
Scientists can observe physical properties without changing
the composition of the substance, whereas chemical
properties describe the tendency of a substance to undergo
chemical changes (chemical reactions) that change its chemical
composition.
Physical properties can be intensive or extensive. Intensive
properties are the same for all samples; do not depend on
sample size; and include, for example, color, physical state,
and melting and boiling points. Extensive properties depend
on the amount of material and include mass and volume. The
ratio of two extensive properties, mass and volume, is an
important intensive property called density.
 References
• Frederick A. Bettelhein, William Brow, May K. Campbell and Shown
O. Farrell, 8th edition, Copyright 2007, Introduction to General
Organic and Biochemistry. Australia, by Brooke/ Code.

• Hein, M., Best, L., Pattison, S. and Arena, S. (2009). Introduction to

General, Organic and Biochemistry (9th Ed). New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.

• Stoker, H. (2010). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry. (5th ed.)

Australia: Brooks, Cole, Cengage Learning
 ASSIGNMENT
1.Enumerate different methods
to separate mixtures. Briefly
discuss the principle of each
method.
•
LABORATORY
GROUPS
 LAB GROUPS
GROUP 1
ABRAHAM, ELYZA CRIZ GAYOLA
ALBEZA, ADRIAN FIELDADRIAN FIELD
ALCARDE, JASIRAH GWEN REDELOSA
AMORA, PRIM ROSE PALMA
AMPOLITOD, KYLA H ANGELA SITAL
AQUILINO, ALTHEA LOYOLA
BANDIOLA, NICA ANGELINE ALCALA
BARADAS, JEAKHYL GOLES
 LAB GROUPS
GROUP 2
BASTARECHE, TREXIE DOLAR
BATISLAONG, RHODIE CHRIS JHUNE LILIO
BENITO, ASHLEY NICOLE OBELLO
BIADNES, JOILEN FAUNILLAN
BOBIS, CHRISTIAN ACE GALVEZ
BORLING, KIMBERLINE ALBA
BOSE, JULIANA NICOLETTE CONTINEDO
BUENBRAZO, MARIA LEWELYN ABDULLAH
 LAB GROUPS
GROUP 3
BUSTAMANTE, JAY-R
CABUGUAS, JUSTINE BEIGN FUSCABLO
CANILLO, WIL RUDOLPH CAPULONG
CASTILLON, BRYLLE PRIMO DALIDA
CATUNAO,MIRA MARL FORRO
COLANTRO , JULIENE NATT
DALIDA, KENDRICK MYER HAMILADAN
DE JONGOY, JARAH LLANES
 LAB GROUPS
GROUP 4
DEDUQUE, ARVY SOBREJUANITE
DEFINO, DIANNE CLAIRE BULLOS
DESEO, ANGELYN CONEJAR
DEZA, STEPHEN JAMES BAYLON
DIAMOS, JULES ANDREI ESCARO
DUMAAN, EUNICE ONG
EDZA, ERICK JORDAN
ESMAEL, DATU YHUSEP TUANADATU
 LAB GROUPS
GROUP 5
ESTABILLO, ASHLEY LEGASTE
FERRER, PRECIOUS HANNAH LEJESMA
FORRO, LEO MARK DEDAJE
GATINAO, JULES PALOAY
GONLIBO, EJ KYLE MENDOZA
GONZALES, GARLENE PEARL BRIOL
GORECHO, JEFFREY GARCIA
HALAGHAY,BENJ ENRICK RENIEDO
 LAB GROUPS
GROUP 6
HASAN, HASANDRA AZIS
HISO, BECCA BEA MAXIAN
JOLERO, MARJORIE BAUTISTA
LABRADOR, ZIAH MANCENERO
LEGARIO, REIMAR JAMIN
LUMOGDA, MA. DAFODILL PARCIA
MAJADUCON, LUISA DOROTHY PSALM CANLAS
MAMARIL, JANETTE FLOR BARELA
 LAB GROUPS
GROUP 7
MENOR, MARYELLA BIANCA RODOLFO
MONTEALTO, FRANK MICHAEL GANIA
MORALES, ETHEL MAE CELIS
ORPALES, FRENZEE MAE PINZON
PACLEB, AIYANNA LISZKA CABRELA
PALAO, HANNA LEI NONO
PANES, MICHAEL DEAN ANDERSON CORDERO
PEREN, SHAYNE CATAGUE
POLIQUIT, FRANCES CAMILLE FALCIS
LAB GROUPS
GROUP 8
POSANSO, RYAN GEROME DIONO
POTENCIANO, JENN KLEINSTEFANO
QUEZADA,JOANA BARRIOS
RICABAR, ANGEL MITZI LOUISE .
ROMERO, REA MARYLL CABALFIN
ROQUE, MARIONE JAY BUTASLAC
SABIDO, JORGE LUIS DEANON
SULLA, MAXINNE ANGELA SALLE
TAGO, KENRHYZA UMAL