Valentina Mei-Yin Chen PLUS ENGLISH GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICEValentina Mei-Yin Chen GRAMMAR PLUS ENGLISH GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICEGrammar Plus B: Editorial coordination: Simona Franzoni Editorial department: Michela Bruzzo ‘Art Director: Marco Mercatali Page design: Enea Ciccarelli Page layour: Federico Borsella Picture Editor: Michela Bruzz0, Giorgia D'Angelo Production Manager: Francesco Capitano Cover design: Paola Lorenzetti © 2015 EU Srl PO. Box 6 {62019 Recanati Italy Tel. +39 071 750701, Fax. +39 O71 977851 [email protected] wwwelilaspigaedizioni.it ‘Acknowledgements Photos: Shutterstock No unauthorised photocopying, Al rights reserved. 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(italy) 15.83.0600 ISBN 978-88-53615312BEG Se geesoneune 16 18 9 20 a 22 2B 25 26 a 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 a a2 Present simple or Present continuous — | Past simple or Past continuous Used to 1 Would .. Present perfect simple; Present perfect simple or Past simple .. Duration form: Present perfect continuous or Present perfect simple sane Past perfect simple .. Past perfect continuous ...... Future tenses Future continuous; Future perfect Adjectives: position, order, formation with nouns. ‘Adverbs: formation and position in a clause Articles: the, a / an, zero article Quantifiers Comparatives and superlatives (1) nnn Comparatives and superlatives (2) . So and such; How and What a...; quite ‘Modals (0: obligation ‘Modals (2): permission, possibility and ability Modals (3): deduction; compound forms Zero and first conditionals; time clauses Second, third and mixed conditionals Dish 5 if ONY enone svn ‘The passive (1) st The passive (2) Causatives Verb patterns Reported speech (1) ..nermnennennmnennn Reported speech ( Relative clauses sen Linking words (1) Linking words (2) Word order: direct / indirect object; position of other clauses Subject and object questions ‘Question tags; So / Neither / Nor do I, use of auxiliaries Prepositions Prepositions with nouns, adjectives and verbs Collocations ... Phrasal verbs (1). Phrasal verbs (2) Word formation: adjective suffixes Word formation: noun suffixes Word formation: verb prefixes and suffixes ‘Word formation: privative prefixes and suffixes csc . for emphasis General Revision Audio ScriptsUNIT ml Present simple or Present continuous 11 You / We / They work. He / She / It works. He / She / It doesn't work. Do! / you / we / they work? Does he / she / it work? Yes, | do. / No, he doesn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES + regular or repeated actions / events: Itrains heavily in March and April. + permanent situations and general facts Water freezes at 0°C. + scheduled events (trains, shops, TV programmes, etc): What time does the bank open today? + state verbs (opinion, preference, feelings, memory, knowledge, state or appearance): He enjoys travelling. + narrating fictional stories: Oliver Twist runs away and goes to London. + everyday routine: What do you usually do at the weekend? ‘afways, usually, habitually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, never, every day, twice a week Note! ‘Verbs expressing physical perception (see, hear, smelt, taste) are often used with ean: Tean’t see John anywhere, it’s to crowded Can you hear me? Lean’t smell anything: Ihave a cold. 11 You / We / They don't work. I'm / You're / We're / They're working. He's / She's / It's working. I'm not / You / We / They aren't working. He / She / It isn’t working. ‘Am I/ are you / we / they working? Is he J she / it working? Yes, | am. / No, she isn’t. USAGE AND EXAMPLES + things happening now: Irisn’¢ raining at the moment. actions taking place around the present I’m not going 10 school today: temporary actions: What are you doing these days? changing situations: The world population is increasing. future arrangements: Ellen’s having lunch with us tomorrow. asking about one’s plans: Where are you going next summer? ‘now, at the moment, these days, today, tonight, tomorrow, this afternoon, next weekend Note! ‘The Present continuous is used with abways when it expresses irritation about something happening too often: You're always losing the car keys, Dave! Why és Ellie always taking my things without asking? Thate it when she does that. + Some state verbs may have different meanings so sometimes you can use them in the continuous form. Compare the examples: z have Do you see what I mean? (understand) Idon’t think this is my book. (opinion) 8 think This roastbeef tastes delicious. (state) Jack is very talkative. (a personality trait) Jack is being very talkative today: (he usually isn’t) She has a brother. (relative or possession) She's having a walk with her brother (have = action) Are you seeing Lucy tonight? (see= meet) What are you thinking about? (mental activity) You look sad. What's wrong? (appearance) What are you looking at? (voluntary action) I’m tasting the wine to see if it's sour: (action)1 What are the 8 speakers doing? Match the sentences (1-8) to the correct functions (a-h) 1 Cy Are you seeing Jane tomorrow? asking about preference 2 a You don't like French cuisine, do you? talking about temporary situation 3 Cts getting dark, isn’t it? Let's go home. 4 What time does the train to Bristol leave? € talking about a scheduled event 5 CJ Tom isn’t very reliable. He's always making excuses. 4 describing a changing situation 6 [1 Inthe film the protagonist survives an air-crash e narrating a fictional story and spends four years on a desert island. f describing what's happening 7 (1 This week she isn’t going to the office yecaisestn'sil: 8 complaining about a bad habit 8 (J The plane is taking off. Turn off your mobile. h asking about someone's plans Underline the correct present tense. 1 Why does the dog smell /is the dog 5 Adam looks /is looking like his brother a smelling you? lot. 2. This pullover feels / is feeling so soft. They hate / are hating going to the theatre. I think / ‘m thinking of moving away. What do they look / are they looking for? Sorry, we have / ‘re having lunch: can you 8 Be quiet please, | try /‘m trying to study. call back later? o aw Write the correct present tense of the verbs in brackets. 1 They (usually / not / walk) 6» What (Tom / do)? to school. ~ He's an engineer. 2. Just a second. | (finish) my 7 Why (they / drive) on the homework. left in Britain? 3. How (your sister / go) to 8 (you / have) a second? work every day? No, sorry, (work. 4 In my country it (not 9 Why {you / always / snow) very often leave) the door open?! 5 My pen (not / work). Can 10. Who (Anne / wait) for? | borrow yours, Robert? 1 (not/know). 4% Listen to the interview and write the boy’s answers. Tell me about your city. How do you usually goto school? What do you think of horror movies? What are your hobbies? What do your parents do? What are your plans for the summer? ‘What are your subjects this year? What's the weather like in your country? eu eHeeNne TUNA snonuquod juasasg 10 ajdunts quasargsnonupuod yuasa1g 0 ayduns wasag LINN 5 Build sentences using the correct present tense verb. What colour ! you I like? What colour do you like? 1 she/ usually / work / the law firm / but / this week / she / work / home. 2. Terry / not / eat / much / these days. / she / have / any problems? 3° Peter / not / remember / names well. 4 We / take / the bus to work this week / but / normally / we / walk. 5 you / often / go / to the theatre / in the evening? 6 How often / she / play / basketball? 7 this year / we / go / holiday / June / but / we / go / usually / August. 8 the sun / shine / but / 1 not / have / time / to go to the beach. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs from the box in the affirmative, negative or interrogative form, be do have leave leave hope need think © work write Dear David, 1a) to you because I (2) tw ask a favour of you. 12) for France tomorrow afternoon but everybody at home © ‘0 nobody can take me to the airport. My plane (5) ata quarter past three but passengers (6) to be there an hour before departure. a you you can drive me to the airport? 18) you (9) anything tomorrow but don’t worry if you (10) busy: I'll ask someone else. Speak to you soon. 7 4 ¥ You overhear two friends looking at a family photo album and commenting on the people they see in it. Say which photo they are talking about. ae a IS e wpUNIT Past simple or Past continuous EH Lived 1 He chatted. 1 He / She / It was living / writing ‘You / We / They were chatting / going. I went / He wrote. I didn’t go / We didn't chat. 1 He / She / It wasn't living / writing He didn't live / They didn’t write. ‘You / We / They weren't chatting / going. Did you write..? / Did he jump..?. Was I/ he / she / it living / writing Were you / we / they chatting / going..? "Short answers Yes, | did / No, he didn't. Yes, | was / No, they weren't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES USAGE AND EXAMPLES + anaction / event that happened at aknown —_* an action / event that was in progress at a ‘or specific moment in the past or for a past period of time: Ir was raining when | arrived in Brussels. Itrained a lot in Brussels last week ‘Imet Lucy while I was studying at Oxford. + a chronological sequence of actions that What were you doing yesterday at 10? ‘happened in the past: As Iwas walking in the park, [noticed three He got in, started the car and drove away. squirrels on the grass. Frequent key expressions (past time) —==_requent key words expressing duration) when, yesterday, last night, in the past, 3days.ago, while, as, when in 1967 PAST SIMPLE or PAST CONTINUOUS ‘The Past continuous and the Past simple are often found in the same sentence to express the relationship between two past activities. Study these examples: Jane was sleeping when the thieves broke in. (the thieves interrupted Jane’s sleep) The phone rang while we were having dinner. (the phone rang during dinner) Note! * Be and modal verbs do not take auxiliary ‘did / didn’t’ in negative and interrogative forms of the Past simple. + The Past continuous is not used with state verbs. (see Unit 1) |snonuquos seg 10 ajduuis ised & LINN. Underline the correct past tense in each sentence. 1. She ran / was running out as soon as she 4 Did it rain / Was it raining at 6 this morning? heard / was hearing the fire alarm. 5 Mr Redford stood / was standing next to 2 Where did you go / were you going when his son in the large room. Everybody was / I saw you? were being quiet. 3. The plane landed / was landing on time 6 What time did Mary leave / was Mary and all the passengers got / were getting off leaving the house? Write the correct past tense of the verbs in brackets. it (not / listen) to the 71 {not / ook) so | (not / see) the teacher so! (not / hear) the car crash. instructions to the exercise. 8 (ack / be) at home at 4? 2 He (walk) into the room No, he (rive) to Dallas at and (start) shouting that time. 3. Sorry, the line is bad. 1 9 you (not / can) hear what you said. ee) Ellie at university? Yes, but | 4 it (snow) (not / disturb) her because when the car (break) down? she (study) in the library 5 Yesterday | (not /have) lunch = 10 hear) two people because | (have) stomachache. speaking in the other room, but | don’t 6 What Terry / do) last know what they (talk) summer? about. Fill in the blanks with the correct past tense of the verbs in brackets to complete the following. text. Tim finally back home after a 2-day nightmare. Things (1) (tard to go wrong on the morning 12) (leave), when | (3) (realise) | couldn't find my passport anywhere. tt was 10 when Hinally (4) (find) iit (5) (lie) under the bed and t™m stil wondering how it (6) (end) up there Anyway, | (7) (rab a taxi and of course 1 (8) {get stuck in one ofthe biggest trafic ams Ive ever seen. As (9) (get) out the of cab | 10) (stumble) and ay (ll) into a puddle while everybody (12) (stare) at me. It was obviously too late: the plane (13) (move) on the runway and ready to take off. (14) (0) back tothe check-in counter and the agent (15) (tell me thatthe next plane was the nextday. 4 ¥ Listen to the recording and fill in the blanks with the Past simple or Past continuous of the verbs from the box. babysit keep look (x2) open ring rush see sleep stand tell_wear Last night | had a dream that | (1) ny litle sister at my place when someone (2) the doorbell, 18) the door and (4) ‘wo strange-looking men who (5) on their hands: one of them (6) a down outit while the other (7) like an ape and (@) teling silly jokes trying to make me laugh. They () me they (10) for their biack and white kitten and when | said I hadn't seen it they (11), ‘upstairs where my sister (12) Then | woke up.UNIT Used to / Would Ea | used to go. I didn’t use to go. Did | use to go? You used to go. You didn’t use to go. Did you use to go? He / She / It used to go. He / She / It didn’t use to go. Did he / she /it use to go? We used to go. "t use to go. Did we use to go? You used to go. You didn’t use to go. Did you use to go? ‘They used to go. They didn't use to go. Did they use to go? Yes, / you /he / she / it / we / you / they did. No, I/ you / he f she / it/ we / you / they didn’t. USAGE AND EXAMPLES + Used to is found in sentences describing a past habit, or situation that is no longer true: it ean be used for both actions and situations or states. Study these examples: used to be very shy but then I met my best friends Lisa and Carol. My brother goes to the theatre every two weeks but he didn’t use to like it as a teenager. What did you use to do when you were in elementary school? + Would can also be used to describe regular habits or activities of the past and it can often substitute used to. It is normally only used in the affirmative. When I was younger I loved walking in the park near home. Every morning, before going to work, Twould go (used to go) for a stroll with my dog and enjoy the quiet. USED TO or WOULD + Remember that would cannot be used to describe states or situations. See the examples below: ‘My brother used to be very touchy as a child. Every time he got a lower mark than me he would stop (or: used to stop) talking to me for a few days. ‘My grandma was a great woman. She didn’t use to be very talkative but she would always give you a hand if you needed help. 1 Do these sentences refer to past habits / situations that aren't true now (A) or not (B)? 1 used to get up late on Sundays when | was younger. 2. I got up at 7 last Sunday. 3 Where were you working in the 1980s? 4 My sister didn't use to wear jeans but now she loves them. 5 My sister wasn't wearing jeans when she came over. 6 Did you use to be a bright student at school? 7 When it rained we would take out a board game and play all afternoon 8 used a lot of flour to make this cake. 9° What would you like to do? 10 often invited them over but they would always say no. Ooo00000000> Dboooooooo00s ©€.INN inom 101 pasn 2 10 Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences using used to. 1 loved heavy metal when | was in high school 2 We were friends but | don’t know where he lives now. 3 What subjects did you like when you were in high school? 4 | didn’t go out very often in the past, ‘There were fewer cars 10 years ago. It wasnt so warm in October when | was a child. aw Underline the correct tense in the following sentences. 1 I saw / used to see my brother a lot but 4 Lucy would have / used to have long hair then we fell / used to fail out over an inheritance, 2 Emma wouldn't / didn’t use to write poems but then she met / used to meet Greg and would start / started being romantic. 3. I would hate / used to hate dark chocolate as a teenager. 5 | lived / would live in Rome from 1990 to 2005. | went / used to go to St Peter's Cathedral every month 6 Did you use to be / Would you be shy when you were little? asa child, but | can't live without it now. # ¥ Listen to the an extract from ‘Eveline’, Dubliners by James Joyce and complete it with the verbs from the box. used to be used to play passed used to keep used often to hunt used to play saw built bought heard played seemed Few people () ‘The man out ofthe last house passed on his way home; she (2) his footsteps lacking ‘along the concrete pavement and afterwards crunching on the cinder path before the new red houses. One time there @ afield therein which they 4) every evening with other people's children. Then @ man from Belfast 6 the field and (6) ‘houses in it — not like their tle brown houses but bright brick houses with shining ‘oof. The dildren ofthe avenue (7) {together in that field ~ the Devines, the Waters, the Dunns, tle Keogh the ippl, she and her brothers and sisters. Ernest, however, never (8) he was too grown up. Her father (9) ‘them n out of the field with his blackthorn stick; but usual litle Keogh (10) ‘ix and callout when he (I). her father coming Stil they 12) tohave been rather appy then. Her father was not so bad then, and besides, her ‘mother was alive. That was a longtime ago; she and her brother and sisters were all own up her mother was dead, Tizzie Dunn ‘was dead, too, andthe Waters had gone back to England, Everything changes. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb from the box using the Past simple or used to / would, Write both used to and would if both of them can be used. -be(x3) be ableto call enjoy fast ~— forget. «get «give. «gor take © I was already so fond of movies! I used to/ ‘She ___ scuba diving but one day some would go to the cinema every weekend. sharks attacked her so she __ it up. 1 Dad___ bald when he was 25, of course! «5 George __very sporty: every morning he 2 We___ to speak German but we soon ___up early and run 10 km. ___it because we never used it. 6 My grandfather every Sunday: he 3) When | was at university !__my believed it___ good for his health. ‘grandma after every exam!UNIT Present perfect simple; Ca Present perfect simple or Past simple Ihave worked / You have lived / She has attended / They have played. Ihave been / You have spoken / He has written / We have run / They have had. 11 You / We / They haven't lived He / She / It hasn't done. ese iri studi Has he / she /it given ..? Yes, |/ you / we / they have. No, I / you / we / they haven't. Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she /it hasn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES ‘The Present perfect is used for actions or events happening from the past until now. In particular: + when focusing on the experience so far (time of the past action is unimportant or not mentioned): T've done my homework, Mum! + when the past action has a result in the present situation: Have you seen my glasses? (I'm looking for them now) + when we talk about a recent event or action: The road is closed. There's (=has) just been an accident. - Have you met him lately? + often with the adverbs: never, ever, already, yet Have you ever eaten frogs? (asking if that has or hasn't happened) The film’s already begun. - Has the train left yet? No, it hasn’t left yet + when the time period isn’t over yet (this year / today / so far) and a number indicates progression: I’ve read five books this year. (but I may read more books before the year ends) How many novels has Stephen King written? (he is still wor ist) + with expressions like: It’s the first/second time...; with superlatives as in: it's the best book ... This is the third time I've met her today. - It's the worst film I’ve watched {Ive cut my finger. (when is irrelevant) | cut my finger while cooking. (ime expression) The train has just arrived. (very recently) The train arrived a few minutes ago. (time expression) Spielberg has made a lot of films. (he's alive) Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. (he's dead) h no, 've lost my passport {I'm stil loking fori) lost my passport but I found it. (completed) (it's 11am) I've done three exercise this morning (it's 3 pm) | did three exercises this morning. Have you been to Brazil? (experience so far) When did you go to Brazil? time expression) Note! ‘When talking about a past experience the opening sentence is usually Present perfect simple However, if you keep talking about it, you switch to Past simple. Study the example: A: Have you ever been to that restaurant? B: Yes, I have. (opening sentence = focus on experience) A: Did you like the food there? B: Yes, it was delicious. (focus on specific time) ‘When using the Present perfect of go you use gone when someone is still where he/she went and ‘been when the person is back. Compare the situations: Where's Anna? She's gone to the doctor's. / Anna's been to the doctor. He said she's fine. |ajduys yseg 10 ajdunts yoapiad quasaug ‘oqduus ayiad asad y LINN 12 Underline the elements that suggest the use of Present perfect or Past simple in each sentence. © Tony has been to Japan twice this year. 5 Angela's gone to the centre. She'll be back 1 Thad a sandwich half an hour ago. soon. 2 | stil haven't decided what to do. 6 Reagan made a few films before becoming 3. Milly's made 25 phone calls today. the US President. 4 Myson broke his ankle while running. Underline the correct tense in each sentence. 1 Their train has left / left a few minutes ago. 6 This month they've been / went to the 2 When have you sold / did you sell your car? cinema twice. 3 We've spent / spent all the money. We're broke. 7 How many times have you fed / did you 4 What time has the film started / did the feed the cat yesterday? film start? 8 I have seen / saw Jennifer at school. She 5. Asa child | haven't liked / didn't like reading looked happy. Build the sentences with the correct tense using the expression in brackets. 0 Tom / meet your parents? (ever) Has Tom ever met your parents? 1 My mother J ski. (never) Jack J win the match. (last Sunday) ‘Amanda and her parents move here. (in 2005) When / you / buy the new scooter? ‘Anybody / call / the police? (yet) 11 do this exercise / twice. (already) Danny / leave the house. (a few hours ago) How many cars / you / have? (so far) @yonaun 4°} Listen to the recording and CIRCLE what George has bought. Then UNDERLINE what Tina has finished preparing. shrimp mayonnaise eggs lasagna meatballs cheese white wine Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1. still have to finish my homework. (finished) I yet. 2 Itstarted raining a minute ago. (just) It raining 3. Do you still have to have breakfast? (yet) Have you 2 4 We've never seen a real whale before. (fist) This is the ‘a whale. 5 His other books are all better than this. (written) This is the . 6 Lucy went to Bristol but she’s back now. (has) Lucy 10 Bristol For each sentence choose A, B or C. 1 __ Bill anywhere? Roger's looking for him. A have you seen B did you see C were you seeing 2 Tracy tothe dentist Can you call later? A went Bhas been —C has gone 3. How many jobs __ so far? ‘Ahave you got B did you have C have you had 4 I've __ been to Canada twice this year. A never B just C already 5 Grandpa __ here 25 years before retiring Aas worked —_B worked C did work 6 1 __allmy homework this afternoon. Ahavedone —B did C made = suitable for Cambridge English: Fst exam preparationUNIT Present perfect continuous Ol or Present perfect simple {'ve been working / They've been travelling / He's been reading / I's been snowing. You haven't been waiting / He hasn't been eating. Have you been sleeping? / Has she been writing? Yes, 1/ you / we / they have. No, I/ you / we / they haven't. Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she /it hasn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES + The Present perfect continuous is used for actions or events that started in the past and are still continuing in the present. + In sentences containing a duration form you typically find the following key words: how long (in questions), since (+ starting point) and for (+ duration of the action) For longer duration there are expressions like long, all day, all night, etc. How long has it been raining? ‘My husband has been working all day. We've been doing Maths exercises for hours. Susie’s been teaching French since 2005. + The Present perfect continuous tense is also used when we focus on an action or event that has just stopped but its signs are visible now after lasting for some time; it also indicates that the action has been intensive. Study the examples: Your eyes are red. Have you been erying? (action going on for a while) Where were you?! I've been looking for you everywhere! (intensive action) + This tense is NOT used in negative sentences, with state verbs (have, be, know, etc) or for very long periods. In these cases you use Present perfect simple with the same function: Thaven’t smoked since I had pneumonia, (because the action has NOT happened) How long have you known Farrah? (know is a state verb) Lucy's lived here all her life. (she spent all her life here, it’s not a temporary situation, she still lives here) + However, when the action is only negative in part you can use the continuous form: study the examples: Don’t worry, Thaven't been waiting long. (I HAVE been waiting, but not for long) Tom hasn't been eating much since you left. (he HAS been eating but not much) {'ve been reading this book all day. I've read 20 pages of this book today. (ocus on intensity and duration: how long) (focus on result: how much or how often) He's been saving money for a scooter. He's saved some money for the scooter. (focus on action in progress) (focus on completed action) Why are you so wet? I've been washing the dog. I've washed the dog. It’s clean now. (focus on the side effects of the action) (focus on result) 3aqduns yoayiad yuasaig 10 snonupuod joapied Wwasad § JINN How long has it been snowing? How long is it since it started snowing? How long have you known Peter? How long is it since you (frst) met Peter? We've had this car for 10 years. It's (been) 10 years since we bought / got this car. You must use how fong is it..? when you ask about duration with negative verb forms. Study the examples: How long is it since you stopped smoking? (not: How long haven't you smoked?) How long is it since you (last) went to Paris? (not: How long haven't you been to... 2) 1 Build sentences using the Present perfect continuous and since, for or how long. Ann / sleep / 3 o'clock ‘Ann has been sleeping since 3 o'clock. _ Brad / learn Japanese / he went to Tokyo. 1/ collect / beer cans / 5 years Dad / drive J this morning, Yuja Wang / play the piano /she was 6. ‘They / work / for this company? 11 think about you / all day. onawnso 2 Underline the correct alternative. 1 How long have you lived / did you live in 7 Why are you crying / have you been Paris before moving to Italy? crying? I'm not. I've been cutting / I've cut 2. She hasn't been working / worked since onions she had her baby. 8 Max has repaired / has been repairing 3. I have known / have been knowing Greta the antenna: the TV has been working / is for many years. working now. 4 Has Bill been cooking for / since 8 am? 9 Yumi has loved / has been loving Coldplay 5 Tom hasn't had / hasn't got a job for 2 years. since she has been / was a child. 6 How many films have you been seeing / 10 | haven't watched / haven't been watching have you seen this year? TV for / since a week. 3 Write the correct tense of the verbs from the box below to complete the following sentences: choose between Present perfect simple and continuous. do hate hide run make (x2) meet repair talk wash 1 We to each other since we 6 Why are you so dirty? I the fell out 10 years ago. car. 2 We our neighbours twice 7 I'm out of breath because | this morning. 8 What Jack 3 the cat since I last saw him? under the sofa all night? 9° You a lot of mistakes in 4 How many films Woody tests lately. Allen 10 Dad your bike. It’s in the 5. They arent friends: in fact they __each garage other since they first met. 144 Putatick (V) next to the right sentences and a cross (X) next to the wrong ones. Correct the mistakes. | haven't been listening to this CD for ages. Has it rained? There are a lot of puddles. ‘The kids have been playing computer games all day. I've been having lots of problems recently. How long has it been cold? Harry's been fond of jazz music since years. I've been liking that girl since | met her. Trevor has been reading half of his book. @usHRUNe ooo0o00000 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 I started studying Mandarin ten years ago. (have) 1 ten years. 2 When did you stop working there? (since) How long stopped working there? 3. The last time I saw him was in 2001. (not) have 2001 4 She got married a year ago . (has) She a year. 5 [haven't had a cold for 2 years. (had) It's 2 years a cold 6 Emma's been working from home for a month. (started) i's a month working from home. 7 When did you buy this car? (bought) How long is this car? 8 When did Karla first meet Aidan? (long) How Aidan? 9 I haven't played the guitar for ages. (stopped) It's been ages the guitar. 10 | bought this computer in 2012. (have) i 2012. 6 4b Listen to the dialogue and complete the notes with the missing parts using the verbs in the box below in the correct Present Perfect tense and FOR or SINCE, when necessary. be grow change know live (x2) meet work 1. Dave and Rebecca each 6 Rebecca she had her second other primary school. child 2 They 25 years. 7 Dave in London 3. Rebecca much. a year. 4 Dave a beard, 8 Dave divorced 5 Rebecca in Brighton all her life. 2ore. 7 Read the following biography and underline the correct alternative in brackets to complete it. inton ‘Cnt’ Eastwood, Jr is an American actor, filmmaker, and politician. He (1) (has risen ~ rose ~ has been rising) to international fame with his roles in Sergio Leone's ‘spaghetti westerns’ andin the five fms where he (2) (played ~ has played ~ has been playing) Hary Callaghan, Besides working as an actor, Eastwood (3) (directed ~ has directed ~ has been directing) over 30 films, including westerns, ‘action fms, and dramas since 971, ‘A the beginning of his carer, Eastwood (4) (was ~ has been - was being) frustrated by many directors’ habit to re-shoot the ‘same scenes over and over again. When he becan directing, e red to avoid any aspects of cirecting he (5) (was considering ~ had considered ~has been considering) useless as an actor. Asa result, Eastwood (6) (is~ was ~has been) now renowned for his efficent fim directing and ability to reduce fiming time and to keep budgets under control, Despite being associated with firearms in his movies, Eastwood (7) (és supporting ~ supported - has been supporting) gun control since the 170s, when he (8) (daimed ~ has claimed ~ has been claiming) all guns shouldbe registered, 15 ajdus yoayrad quasazg 10 snonunuod japed wasad § LINUNIT | 6 Past perfect simple | had worked / You had lived / She had attended / They had played. | had been / You had spoken / He had written / We had tun / They had had. hadn't studied / It hadn't rained / We hadn't stopped / You hadn't met / They hadn't put. Had | enjoyed / Had you known / Had she left / Had you read / Had they learnt ..2 Yes, | you / he / she /it / we / you / they had. No, I/ you J he / she / it / we / you / they hadn't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES * The Past Perfect Simple is normally used in sentences where the main tense is Past simple but we take a flashback to something that happened before that event. In this case, the order of the tenses in the sentence does not usually reflect the real order of the events. 1) Past perfect simple 2) Past simple Now — When we got to the station our train had left, so we had to wait for another one. (the train left BEFORE their arrival, but the information comes in the second part of the sentence) + Italso expresses duration of a past situation from a certain moment or a certain period of time up toa more recent past moment. + Tt can also express how many times something occurred before another past event. + In general it is the past form of Present perfect simple (have done ~* had done). Study the examples: Past perfect simple + > + Past simple Now x \ We had been there for three hours when they arrived. She hadn’t seen Rob since his wedding when she heard from him again. + The Present perfect simple is often used with the expression by the time, which has a similar meaning to when. By the time we arrived, the party had started. 11 Put the verbs in brackets in the Past simple or Past perfect simple. 1 We (not / be) able to get in we {not / study) enough because we (lose) the key. 5. That was the first time Sally 2. Fortunately when I (get) to the (ee) him but she all) in love cinema the film (not start yet. with him immediately. 3 How long (you / have) the car «6 When they (find) our luggage when you (have) the accident? we (be) in Paris for a week 4 We (not / pass) the test because Mie‘2. Write the Past simple or Past perfect simple of the verbs from the box to complete the following sentences, be (x2) come eat expect finish fail feel forget go have hear leave make meet marry order receive see spend try want 1 She __ (already) 3 husbands when she__Jack. «5 Mum __really upset when | dropped the 2 When! ___ their postcard !_(not) cake she __: she __hours decorating it from them for 20 years. 6 Thefilm (not) yet when we ___ the 3° When we __to make a call the battery cinema, ___flat because we __to recharge it 7 1___ (not) her for a long time sol 4 We __ both really hungry because we to recognise her when we __ in the street. __— (hot) anything since breakfast, so we 8 1 tobea singer but when my dream ____ some pizza. true |___(not) as excited as |__. 3 4} Listen to the an extract from Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and complete it with the correct past tense of the verbs from the box. behold breathe continue cover _—fill_-—create— desire fi select work patter. rush see. seem = be deprive It was on a dreary night of November that |(1)___ the accomplishment of my toil. It was already one inthe morning; the rin (2) __dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished ight, |G) the dll yellow eye ofthe creature open: it (4) __hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its imbs. [J How can | describe my emotions at this catastrophe [| (5)__ his features as beautiful, Beautiful! - Great God! His yellow skin scarcely (6) the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair(7) __ofa lustrous back, and flowing; his teeth of apeariy whiteness; but these lmuriances only formed a more hortid contrast with his watery ‘eyes, that (8)__almost ofthe same colour as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his hrivelled ‘complesion and straight back lps. 119) __ hard for nearly two yeas, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. Fr this (10) __ myself of rest and health | (11) __ it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that! (12) __ [1 breathless horror and disgust (13) __my heart. Unable to endure the aspect ofthe being 1(14)__,1(15)_out ‘of the room, (16) __ along time traversing my bed chamber, unable to compose my mind to sleep A GEV choose A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. 11__a very lucky person but the other day, while 12 __back from school, 13__the earring 1 4_ ‘two months before. On the way back home it suddenly 5 raining hard sol __under a tree to find shelter because 17__ my umbrella at school. While | 8 for the rain to stop, | looked up and 9__ the earring dangling from a branch: I'll never know how it 10 _ there! 1 A wasnever —B_wasmnever being have never been Didn't have been 2 A came B_ was coming C have come D had come 3 A found B_ was finding C have found D had found 4A lost B was losing have lost D had lost 5A started B was starting has started D had started 6 A rushed B was rushing have rushed D had rushed 7 A left B was leaving have left D had left 8 A waited B_ was waiting have waited D had waited 9 A saw B_ was seeing C have seen D had seen 10 A ended B_ was ending C have ended D had ended 7 aqduns papadisead 9 JINN.UNIT | 7 Past perfect continuous 1/You / He/She /It/We/ Yous 1/You/ He/She /It/We/ You! Had 1/ you / he / she / it/ we / they had been working. they hadn't been working. ‘you / they been working? Yes, I/ you / he / she / it / we / you / they had. No, I/ you / he / she / it/ we / you / they hadn't. * For fully negative sentences we normally use Past perfect simple (compare with the rules of present perfect simple - Duration form, Unit 5) USAGE AND EXAMPLES + The Past perfect continuous is the past of have been +ING form (see Unit 5) and it expresses the duration of an action in the past. + Itmay also indicate that @ past action was carried out intensively or vigorously. + As with the other progressive tenses, the Past perfect continuous is not used with state verbs (opinion, preference, possession, etc) ‘She has been working here for three months. She had been working for three months when (focus on action in progress now) she won the lottery. (action in progress at a I'm exhausted. I've been working hard. given moment in the past) {the visible sign of exhaustion is in the present) J was exhausted. I'd been working hard. (the impact of the intense action was on a particular past situation) Compare the Past perfect continuous with the other past tenses: Past perfect had been studying in Rome for three years when | met him. (focus on duration) continuous was tired because | had been studying. (focus on intensive past action) Past simple | studied in Rome for 3 years. focus on past event as a finished action) Past continuous! was studying in Rome when | met Edward. focus on the past action in progress) Past perfect 1 could speak italian because | had studied in Rome. focus on an action that simple happened before another past action) 1 Match the two parts of the sentence and build the second part using the Past perfect continuous + since or for when necessary. 0 [i] | was exhausted because J had been walking all day. he / feel sleepy / the morning. 1 [] Susie won the lottery after =i she work on radioactivity / years. 2 [) Allthe roofs where white: ¢ 1/ drive / three hours. 3 (1 Myeyes were red and swollen because AVI walk / all day. 4 [] When Marie Curie discovered radium e it snow / all night. 5 [] When | stopped f she J buy tickets / 25 years. 6 C1] He went straight to bed because glloy is2 Fill in the blanks with the verbs from the box in the correct tense choosing between Past perfect simple, Past perfect continuous, Past simple and Past continuous. be (x2) break bring finish go have (x2). run begin wait work 1 Jane a headache because she 5 Iwas out of breath because | ‘on her computer all day. 6 By the time we arrived, the film 21 that car for 15 years before it already down. 7 Although | a lot of clothes 3 How long you | had to buy a coat because it when the bus arrived? freezing cold. 4 When | met George | divorced 8 We out after we for 3 years. our homework. 3 Choose A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. Dear Emma, t the Muse concert in Milan 0 A great, but I'm really farious with Jack. I (1) to meet him at the station early yesterday morning because we (2) __ to travel four hours to get to Milan. 1.) _to gee tickets for thar gig for months, and I didn’t want to miss i. By the time I finally (4) __ to leave without him I (5) him over fificen messages and I (6) __ for almost two hours. Besides, [ (7) ___to meet my cousin from Milan in front of the stadium where the concert was held. ‘When I (8) __ to the theatre, my cousin (9) __ already __up the tickets and he (10) __ for us near the entrance. He was cross because he (11) for more than an hour. You know I love Jack and he's like a brother to me, bur this time I'm really angry. He (12) __ me all day but I don't want to speak to him for the time being, 0K was B had been € has been D was being 1A arranged B had arranged C was arranging D had been arranging 2 A needed B had needed € had been needing —_D were needing 3 A tried B was trying C had been trying D have tried 4 A decided B had been deciding C had decided D was deciding 5 A texted B had texted C had been texting was texting 6 A was waiting B waited € have waited D had been waiting 7A was having B had C had had D have had 8 A had got B had been getting C was getting D got 9. A had been pi B had picked € has picked D was picking 10 A was waiting B had waited C has waited D waited TA waited B has waited has been waiting ‘Dad been waiting 12 A called B >was calling € has been calling Dis calling 4 4 VListen to the account of Robert Falcon Scott's two expeditions to Antarctica and say if these statements are True (T) or False (F). Correct the false ones. 1 Robert Scott was the first Antarctic explorer to reach the South Pole. On the first expedition Scott and his crew had been travelling on a dog sled, when they had to give up because they were ill. On his second expedition Scott travelled by ship and by dog sled. ‘When Scott arrived at the South Pole on January 18, he found Amundsen was there, too. By February 17 several men had already died. ‘When Scott and the remaining crew set their last camp before dying, they had been travelling for 2 months. ouew on S oO ooOoOO OA O go0oo a7 snonunuos yapadised JINNUNIT EE Future tenses Pll go / She'll work. You won't do/Itwon't rain. Will they write / Will he have? Yes, 1/ you / he / she/ it / we / they wil. ‘No, I/ you / he / she / it / we / they won't. USAGE AND EXAMPLES + predictions about future events and future facts Twill be 18 in 2017. Iwill be able to drive then. There won't be any petrol left in 2150. + promises or offers to do something Don’t worry, [ll eall you soon. + when you ask someone to do something (requests) Will you close the window please? I'm cold. + when you decide to do something now This T-shirt is really nice. 1M take it. + when you think that something will happen, but you aren’t 100% sure. (vith expressions like I (don’t) think / T hope / I’m (not) sure / maybe / perhaps / probably) Maybe there will be a strike next week. [think Pll go for a walk this evening. Note! In TIME CLAUSES and IF CLAUSES referring to the future we normally use Present simple: these clauses are typically introduced by when /as soon as /until / after /if /as long as / unless. Study the examples: I'll be able to go out if Lfinish my homework. Will you call me as soon as you arrive? I'm going to jump / You're going _I'm not going to give / She ‘Are you going to have..? / Is it to do/ He's going to meet. isn't going to read. ‘oing to snow...? Yes, | am / Yes, he is / Yes, they are. No, I'm not / No, we aren't / Yes, + When you talk about things that will happen very soon, as a consequence of a present situation: It’s already Spm and the meeting is at 5.15. We're going to be late. This lesson is very boring. I'm going to fall asleep. + When you talk about your intentions for the future: I’m going to have a long trip around the world one day. Note! ‘This tense isn’t normally used with go or come. You use the Present continuous instead. PRESENT SIMPLE, + The Present simple is used for the future when talking about scheduled events (trains, planes, shops, TV programmes, events, etc): What time does the bank open tomorrow? The film starts at 7 this evening. MO 20PRESENT CONTINUOUS + The Present continuous is used when you talk about future arrangements and plans What are you doing tonight? I’m leaving for Liverpool next Sunday. ‘Next summer we're going to London. I’m not going out this weekend because I have to work. 1 What are the 10 speakers doing? Match the sentences (1-10) to the correct functions (a+). ew aHaUNe 9 10 CG. In'50 years’ time there won't be any oil left. C1 Does the show finish at 11:30 tonight? C1 How old will you be in 20507 Oi ttyou don’t understand, I'll explain it again CZ Will you stop talking? Cl We're out of eggs. I'll go and get some. Ci Are you seeing Emma tonight? There will probably be fewer cars in the future. What are you going to do after university? Mum's going to be angry. We're late again. 2. Underline the correct alternative. 1 2 It's 0°C. It will /'s going to snow. I'm so thirsty. Will you make / Are you ‘making me some tea, please? I'm going to go / going to the beach tomorrow. ‘When will you be / are you being able to deliver it? ''m sure it wll rain / is raining this afternoon. have / ‘m going to have a party for my 18” birthday. asking about a future fact guessing probable future situations asking someone to do something talking about future intentions offering to do something for someone talking about a scheduled event predicting something will happen soon deciding to do something now talking about arrangements ‘making future predictions 7 We won't pass the test unless we will study / study harder. 8 Are you having / Do you have lunch with Dad next Saturday? 9 I don't like these shoes. Ill throw /‘m throwing them away. 10 Maybe we will have / are having to take the test again. 1 Our train is leaving / leaves at 5.45 pm. 12 We're taking / take the 5,45 train to Brighton. 3. Write the correct future tense of the verbs in brackets (Present simple - Present continuous - will be going to). They (not / be) able to leave until their passport (be) ready. My sister (be) 16 next summer: she (give) a big party and she (probably / invite) you, too. Prices are going up so fast these days: it (be) hard to live in the coming years. I've got a temperature so | 0) to school tomorrow. 1 (not let) you go to tomorrow's concert if you (do) that again. (not / 6 The weather forecast says it (snow) next weekend 7 Ohno! We've broken Mum’s favourite vase. What (we / do) now? 8 I haven't cleaned the windows yet, but 1 (do) that this afternoon. 9 When (ack and Sally / get) married? Next Saturday. 10 (Carol J be) in town this Saturday? - Yes, (see) her in the afternoon. | think we (0) for a drink at the pub near her office. 2 sasuayammg g JINNLINN sasuay arming 4 4°¥ Listen to the phone conversation between Farrah and Brenda and say if these statements are true (1) or false (F). Farrah and Brenda are making arrangements to go to Brad and Lisa's barbecue party Perhaps Farrah won't be able to go the barbecue party. Farrah agrees to meet Brenda in the afternoon. Brenda has already planned to go shopping with somebody else. Farrah and Brenda will have a pizza together after going shopping. Farrah is going to Germany with Rob. ouaune oooo0o00- oooooo07 5 Fill in the gaps with A, B or C. 1 They __to Tokyo tomorrow morning. A are flying B fly € will fly 2 offered him this job. I think he _ it. A takes B will take C is taking 3. I promise | your secret to anyone. A don’t tell B ‘mot telling won't tell 4 Take your umbrella with you. it_. A will rain B rains C's going to rain 5 Maybe they _ cards this evening A are playing B will play C play 6 She _ till Thursday. A will probably stay B probably stays C is probably staying 6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 What are your plans after dinner? (you) What are after dinner? 2 l expect the weather to change soon. (going) The weather soon. 3. Please, put them on the scales. (will) ___ them on the scales, please? 4 What is the weather forecast for tomorrow? (be) What is like tomorrow? 5. My intention is to become a doctor. (be) Vm a doctor. 6 If he doesn’t take some rest he won't get better. (unless) He won't get better 7 Read Tracy’s email to her friend and complete it with the suitable verbs from the box in the correct future tense (Present simple - Present continuous - will - be going to). arrive be beable drive call get (x2) have have to last leave pick send sleep take off, e0e 2 Dear Paola, How are you doing? I'm so excited that | (1) to visit aly at last I've always wanted to see your country and \can hardly believe |(2) tomorrow. My plane(3) at7.30501(4) set out realy ealy. As Dad (5) me toJFK Airport, 1(6) plenty of time before departure. The trip(7)___ around 7 hours. It(8) abit boring but 1(9) probably or listen to music during the fight. | have one more thing to ask you before | leave: (10) you ‘me up from the airport in Rome? Don't wor if you can't: if you (11) me your address (12) a cab to your home. Ok, hope you 13) back tome before tomorrow. Anyway, I(14) youas soon as (15) in Rome See you tomorrow! Best wishes, Tray 22UNIT Future continuous; Future perfect bl “Affirmative | rl be waiting. Weill have arrived. ‘Negative | He won't be sleeping. She won't have finished. “Interrogative will it be snowing? Will they have graduated? Yes, 1/ you / he / she / it / we / you / they will No, I/,you / he / she /it/ we / you / they won't. * Do not use this tense with state verbs —* / will be in Paris by this time tomorrow. (not: | will be being...) USAGE AND EXAMPLES + Both the Future continuous (will be doing) and the Future perfect (will have done) are used when we project ourselves forward into the future. Now Future perfect Future continuous By this time tomorrow I will have passed my exam and I will be flying to New York. (Lam imagining my situation by this time tomorrow: the exam will be over and the action in progress will be flying to New York) + These two tenses are often used with future time expressions with by (like by the time, by then, by thisinext time) FUTURE CONTINUOUS + The Future continuous refers to an action or event in progress at a certain moment in the future. This time next Friday we'll be lying in the sun on a sandy beack in the Caribbean. + Ttis often used when talking about events that will happen if everything goes as planned or talking about trains and planes arriving or leaving from stations and airports: I'll be going to the swimming pool three times a week this semester, so I won't have much time for rugby. The 6,45 train for York will be leaving from Platform 6. + It can be used when you guess that something is happening now. Don't call Ellen now: she'll be having a shower. + Tt can also be used to ask about future plans, in a polite, tactful way Will you be having dinner with us tomorrow Mr Jameson? FUTURE PERFECT + The Future perfect refers to an action that will already be over at a certain moment in the future. The book must be taken back by Thursday. - Don’t worry: by then we'll have already returned it. + The Future perfect simple is used when we talk about one’s achievements at a certain moment in the future. Thope I'll have finished university by 2017. + We can also use this tense to guess what must already have happened now. Let's call a taxi. Our bus will have left by now. 36 LINN ‘snonupuos ammng papiad ammng FUTURE IN THE PAST + When we want to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future we usually use the modal verb would + Base form. The Future in the past follows the same basic rules as the Future Simple, but would is used instead of will. Compare the examples: Future simple: 1"! be late for lunch. Future in the past: / knew I would be late for lunch. (in the past I predicted something that would happen at a later moment) Future simple: According to the weather forecast it'll rain tomorrow Future in the past: According to the weather forecast it would rain the day after. (describing wat was a prediction in the past) + Ttis also possible to use other Future in the past forms like was/were going to or was/were about to, Study these examples It was going to rain when we decided to come back home. (describing an imminent event at a iven moment in the past) Twas about to leave but the phone rang. (1 was on the point of doing something soon afterwards) + The Future in the past is often found in reported speech (see Unit 27 for more information) He said he would try to get in touch as soon as possible. 1 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1] When he begins his new job, (By the time you get to the restaurant 1 Don't worry. This time next week C1 Don't disturb him now: (t's 2pm 1 Next Sunday my parents The kids will be steeping Ci t's still dark outside: he'll be studying for his exam. Terry'll have finished having lunch by now. will have been married for 50 years. by the time you get back home. everybody will still be sleeping he'll be earning enough to buy a Ferrari we'll have found a solution to the problem. they'll be having dinner. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2. Look at the train timetable and complete the sentences with the Future continuous or the Future perfect. =) DEPARTURES NNT) Destination Tine Pato aa Tene Paton NEWCASTLE 9:00 17 aaa CaP a a ee Ak ME ee) PRESTON 1012 9 0 The 9.00 train to Newcastle will be leaving 4 The train to Manchester when from Platform 17. the Glasgow train is arriving, 1 The train to Newcastle at 9.02 5 The 10:05 train from Glasgow at 2 AL9:12 the train from Leeds at Platform 7, Platform 12. 6 The train from Preston at 3. The train to Sheffield at 9:45, Platform 9 at 10:15. 243 4b Listen to the conversation between Cindy and Tracy and say if the following statements are true (1) or false (F). 7 Cindy will be doing her homework on Friday. ia Tracy will be watching a movie on Friday after dinner. Qa Cindy will have finished working on her History test by Saturday afternoon. a Tracy and Mick will be having dinner close to the cinema. a Cindy will be leaving later than Tracy because she lives near the cinema Oo Tracy and Mick will already be there when Cindy arrives. oO onan Ooooo07 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 I think I'll be on my way home by that time. (going). I think | by that time. 2 I'm sure the kids are doing something wrong. The kids will they're too They're too quiet. (be) quiet 3. ‘I know I'll regret this one day’ thought Tom. (knew) Tom that one day. After the course we how to breathe properly. Dave arrived in Sydney now. Mum brought a few sandwiches because be hungry later. During the course we'll be learning how to breathe properly. (learnt) 5 | suppose Dave has already arrived in Sydney. (will) 6 Mum brought a few sandwiches because she expected us to be hungry later. (would) she Julia is going on a 3-day school trip. Look at the itinerary and complete the sentences with the correct future tense of the verbs from the box. be go have land leave listen travel visit sud 42 to Bentin 7.00am departure from Madrid Airport AtTI5 on Tuesday Julia __just___ from Madrid. 10.00am anval in Brin At 9.55 on Tuesday she in Berlin. afteroon: Pergamon Museum (On Wednesday evening she 2 museums evening: dinner a hotel aid ant gallery, Seiet, On Wednesday she in Berlin for two days. morn: Jewish Museum . fete bastaepiae On Wednesday evening she to classical music. afteroon: New National Gallery On Thursday she lunch near the cvsing oc Bate Pisa Brandenburg Gate. wrsday At 9pm on Thursday she for two hours. sch aed eatyaferson brndesbur te | ® AtIO.5 pm on Thursday she home from the 7pm: fight back airpor. 10pm: arrival in Maciid Underline the correct Future in the past form. 1 Why are you back already? | thought you were about to / would go to the swimming pool before dinner. 2. Iwas going to / would leave when he finally turned up. 3 It was realy tring. | didn't realise the fitness lesson was about to / would go on for an hour and a half. 4 Meg was determined: she was going to / was about to be a doctor and she would / was about to save hundreds of lives. | was about to / would give my speech when a man at the back of the audience stood up. We were going to / would start the lesson when the fire alarm went off. ow 25 oapad amyng ‘snonuquos ammy @ LINN‘UNIT EC Adjectives: position, order and formation with nouns POSITION OF ADJECTIVES + Most adjectives can be used both in attributive position (before a noun) and in prediecative position (after a verb). I've got blue eyes (attributive) + My eyes are blue (predicative) + However, there are a few adjectives that can only — or mostly — be found either in atributive position (before nouns) or in predicative position (after verbs). Here is list of the most frequent ones. Attributive position (before nouns) Pri e position (after verbs) ‘elder / eldest brother, sister My brother’s older than me. live animals feel alive. ‘mere idea, mere child They were asleep. asick boy The boy was ill. + compound adjectives like: red-haired, + other adjectives like: awake, alone, afloat. middle-aged, two-legged, man-eating, breath-taking, smoke-free ORDER OF ADJECTIVES + When several adjectives come before a noun, the ones referring to opinion come first, then we use the adjectives for its physical deseription. After these come the adjectives that specify origin, ‘material and purpose of the noun. + There should be no more than 3-4 adjectives before a noun, + Study the following scheme and examples. 1 z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ae ee cee a cee te ly = = This short ck woolen tie The prety ‘im onde woman Our now Spanish nights Jockie's Jong striped contin Three Indian ory gurnes Afew encient old coins Apoirof cheap plosic reading glosses EXAMPLES I've just seen your wonderful little wooden house by the lake. She was wearing a long black leather coat and a hat. Inthe locker there was a pair of old grey football boots. Where’s my light blue silk blouse, Mum? The cat broke my ancient blue and white Chinese vase. NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES + You can often find nouns used as adjectives in attributive positions, which indicate the purpose of the noun they refer to. Some common examples are words like tennis racker, table cloth, ear keys, ‘garage door. When used as an adjective, the noun is mostly singular even though it has a plural ‘meaning (example: shoe shop = a shop selling shoes). + When you form hyphenated adjectives containing nouns and numbers, the noun in the compound word is always singular, as in a ten-dollar note, a 4-year-old boy, a 15-hour flight. MO 26Underline the correct alternative. 1 My son is older / elder than my daughter. 2 Tom isa very alone / lonely man: he doesn't have any friends. 3 Jeff has bought an American / amazing black sports car. 4 Cindy is such a(n) alive / lively gir ‘Are those the sick / ill puppies that need a vet? 6 I really love your new spotted / short cotton dress. Choose A, B or C to fill in the blanks with the correct order of adjectives. 1 He was wearing a(n) sweater. A ditty old flannel B flannel old dirty © old dirty flannel 2 Maria is going to marry a_man. ‘A young French handsome B handsome young French € French handsome young 3 Isawa___ film last night. ‘Anew Korean moving B_ moving new Korean © Korean moving new 4 The keys are ina ___box ‘A. brown little cardboard B cardboard brown little little brown cardboard 5 The men were sitting around a___table. A glass square long, B_ square long glass € ong square glass 6 Ineed to buy anew pan. A frying large steel B large steel frying C steel large frying Complete the definitions below with the correct hyphenated or noun adjective. 1 Aman that is 25 years old is 2 man. 2 Aboy with dark hair is a boy. 3. Analligator that eats men is a alligator. drink. book. 4 A drink with no sugar is a 5. A.book with 400 pages is a 6 A memory that lasts long is @ memory. GED complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 Her blonde hair is curly and long. (got) My best friends are both 18. (two) My trip lasted three days. (on) All my friends were asleep at two. (of) My dining table is two feet long. (have) onaun The handsome man | spoke to had blue eyes. (a) She's hair. I spoke to man. I've got best friends. went trip. None at two. 1 table. 4° Listen to the definitions of 10 common compound adjectives and match them to their synonyms on the left, C narrow-minded Oi high-spirited Oi well-educated Co well-behaved CO absent-minded CO quick-witted Cl brightlystit Oi strong-willed densely-populated 10 [1 outdated woramauna polite careless old smart crowded intolerant illuminated cultured enthusiastic stubborn 27 sunou Him woryemoy pure sapr0 ‘wonysod ssaanalpy OE LINAUNIT | i1| Adverbs: formation and position FORMATION OF ADVERBS + Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives and clauses, providing further information such as frequency, manner, degree, etc. + Adverbs are often formed by adding the suffix -LY to an adjective or less frequently to a noun, with a few spelling alterations in some cases: usual / surprising / unexpected / hour no alteration _—_usually / surprisingly / unexpectedly / hourly probable / simple / gentle / true eis dropped probably / simply / gently / truly ‘happy / noisy / easy / shy yo ily happily / noisily / easily / but: shyly (monosyliable) ‘automatic / heroic / public ic» ically automatically / heroically / but: publicly (exception) + When an adjective ends with -ly you must use the adverbial phrase in a (adjective) way / manner: Sriendly > ina friendly way / silly -* ina silly way + Some adverbs have the same structure as adjectives. The main ones are late, early, daily, hard, live, long, high, low, right, wrong, fast, close, wide. + In some cases these adverbs/adjectives may have other same-rooted adverbs with different meanings. Here are the most frequent pairs: late Am I ate? (not on time) lately —* J haven't seen him lately. (recently) hard > I studied hard yesterday (a \ot) hardly ~* I hardly studied yesterday (almost not) close + The school is quite elose (near) closely + Study this example closely (in detail) + There are 3 main positions for adverbs: initial position (at the beginning of a clause), mid-position (before or around the verb) and end-position (at the end of a clause), + Several adverbs can be placed in more than one position, but never put an adverb between the main yerb and a direct object. POSITION OF ADVERBS place ‘there, around, outside, nearby, somewhere, upwards, abroad “+ My brother often travels abroad. mostly at the end of the clause time yesterday*, tomorrow*, now’, today", later, yet, early, soon —+ Thaven't met Jack yet, but I saw Alice yesterday. mostly at the end of the clause (* = beginning, too) already, just, still, ever —+ Have you ever seen him? No, I've never seen him. between auxiliary and the Past participle frequency hardly ever, never, always, sometimes, usually, often* —+ Ithardly ever snows in winter here. —+ usually go by bus, but sometimes I walk, before the main verb, after be or auxiliary and modal (* = beginning, too) occasionally, frequently, normally (end or before verb) +1 go 10 the opera occasionally (or: I occasionally go...) end of the clause or before the main verb 28degree certainty viewpoint and comment manner Note! Adverbial phrases with so /very /really/ quite /rather + adverb are usually placed at the end of the clause. + Idon't go to the theatre very often extremely, quite, very, really, so, slightly, almost, nearly, too* + It’s too late, and I’m quite tired. (‘too" means ‘excessively’ —+ I'm 18 years old, too (“too" means “also") right before the adjective or adverb they modify. * When too means ‘also’, itis placed at the end. enough (after adjective or adverb, before noun) + You aren't tall enough to play basketball. + Have we got enough flour to make pizza? after adjective or adverb but before nouns. surely, of course, probably*, maybe, perhaps + Perhaps there will be a strike on Monday. + Ll probably leave tomorrow. (or: Probably I'll leave...) + Surely you can speak English. mostly at the beginning (* = before main verb, too) obviously, unfortunately, luckily, personally, clearly + Obviously, my brother was lat. ~+ He was elearly embarrassed. —+ Dogs are definitely my favourite pets. ‘Viewpoint adverbs are usually at the beginning with a comma, or before the ‘main verb (or after be), well, fast, hard, badly, quickly, heavily, sofly, loudly, fluently # She can run fast. (after intransitive verb) —+ Walter speaks English fluently. (after object) + [did well in the test. (after verb, before preposition) ‘These adverbs are mostly placed at the end of a clause, after the object or after intransive verbs. happily, gently, quickly, angrily, quietly, selfishly, generously * He closed the door gently. + He gently closed the door. (more formal) These can either go at the end of the clause but also before the main verb.** “When the clause with the adverb is followed by another short clause the position of the adverb may slightly change the meaning of the sentence. Compare these sentences: + I quietly asked him to leave. (quietly refers to asking, more formal) —+ Lasked him quietly to leave. (quietly refers to asking) —+ Lasked him to leave quietly. (quietly refers to leaving) 1 Write the adverb or adverbial phrase from the adjectives and nouns below. 1 full particular practical early lonely dy onaun 7 subtle 8 sudden 9 busy 10 hour 11 month 12 organic 29 ‘sqeapy TE LINN uopysod pue woneus0y‘sqeAPY IE LINN uopysod pue uoneuti0y 2. Underline the adjective / adverb / adverbial phrase to complete the following sentences. 1 2 ana Anine has a very soft / softly voice. Your daughter dances lovely / in @ lovely ‘manner. They didn’t answer very polite / politely. They came back home quite late / lately I'm slight / slightly taller than you. You're driving too fast / fastly: slow down. 7 8 9 10 Ican hard / hardly see anything The girl ran towards her father happy / ‘happily. Sam is near / nearly there. He's a particular / particularly clever boy. 3. Look at the sentences and put a tick (/) where the adverbs in brackets must be placed. 1.0) do [] my homework in the afternoon C1 (rarely) You (7) speak [7] English [_]. (very well) The teacher took [all the children [1] (outside), 3 4 5 He [_] has (_] been to Korea [_] twice. (already) I've [J finished () the book (_}. (almost) There aren't [J eggs C1: we must buy a few (1. (enough) 4. Say if the adverbs in italics refer to time (1), frequency (F), viewpoint (V) or manner (M). This train is hardly ever on time. Actually, | can't swim. Don't worry. We'll be back soon. The kittens ate all the fish greedily. | go to the theatre occasionally. He surely tried to get a discount. My German aunt seldom comes to the USA. Today it’s a bit windy. Stupidly, | left my umbrella at home. Vl think about it tomorrow. He quickly put the money in his pocket. The kid waited for his mother patiently 5 Choose A, B, C or D to complete these sentences. 2 30 My children go out with their school friends A quite rarely B hardly ever I think this film is. Aboring enough _B quite boring We can walk there. It's very. Alosely B close You didn't work __ to pass the test. Aso hard B hardly enough You won't need this spare battery. ‘Amaybe B of course Don't get me _. I quite like it Abadly Bbad Don't be afraid. You can speak _. Afreely B free 1__met her parents. Asiill haven't B haven't still TRVM ooaa ooada ooaa ooaoa ooada ooaa ooaoa ooaoda ooaa ooaoa ooaoa ooo0d C seldom D never C almost boring D boring too C nearby D nearly C so hardly D hard enough C probably D already C wrong D wrongly C surely D clear Cyet haven't —_D haven't yet6 4°> GHEY Listen to the 4 conversations and choose A, B or C to answer the questions below. 1 Jenny hasn't seen much of Rob because ‘A [he's been working hard for his exams. B Che's going to do other things for a while. C TJ he's hardly studied anything for his exams. 2. The lady explains that ‘AL she has had a baby girl lately. B Ly she had a baby gil late in her life. C Cy she was always late when her daughter was a baby. 3. The man says that ‘ALJ he watched the whole tea making process carefully. B L] he was close to Mrs Watanabe as she demonstrated how to make tea. C Cy the Japanese lady closed the ceremony by pouring some tea into the cups. 4 The two friends ‘AL will have to leave home soon. B [1] will have to leave home early. C (1 will have to leave home fast. 7 Study these sentences, which are both grammatically possible, and choose the one that has the ‘most suitable position for the adverb. 1 a [1] He told me to get ready quickly 3 a C1 She gently asked me to wake the because we were already late. baby up so as not to make her cry. b [J He quickly told me to get ready b [1] She asked me to wake the baby up because we were already late. gently so as not to make her cry. 2 a C1 I told him frankly that | was fed up 4 aL Personally, I'd rather you spoke to with the job. him. I's a confidential thing. b CJ Frankly, | told him that | was fed up b LJ I'd rather you spoke to him with the job. personally. i's a confidential thing. 8 Look at the picture and complete its description with the correct adverbs from the box. cheerfully clearly just loudly maybe perhaps probably slightly These boys and girls are (1) students. 2) they/te going to school or 8 theyve (4) finished their lessons and they're going home. They're all smiling (5) so they/re (6) faving fun | think thatthe gil on the left, whois (7) taller than the boy next to her, is laughing (8) ci ‘sqeapy TE LINN uopisod pue uoneu0UNIT iy Article: the - a/an - Zero Article A/AN This article is used to indicate an unspecified thing or person. It is only used before singular, countable nouns. You use A before + consonants and words starting with Y: a dog ~ a hotel —a window —a yacht ~ a young man + words starting with U or E, when the sound is /iu:/: a unit — a European country ‘You use AN before * vowels: an arm —an umbrella —an elephant - an illness * unsounded H* : an hour —an honourable man ~ an heir —an honest citizen AJAN is also used in some phrases when you talk about + jobs: I'm an architect — Are you an engineer? — He isn’t. teacher. + some health problems: I have a headache — a cold — a cough — a temperarure + expressing wonder: What a lovely dress! — what an incredibile holiday! + freque ZERO ARTICLE cy: once a week — twice a year— three times a month + You use no article before uncountables and plural nouns when you are talking about a category in general * You also use no article with abstract nouns (subjects, types of art, sport and activities) in general. THE * This article is used for definite things, when you are talking about a specific situation or something you have already mentioned. + You pronounce it [Biz] before vowels. + You can use it with both countable and uncountable nouns. really like dogs. (that kind of animal) Water is 70% of a human body. (the substance in general) The dogs are in the garden. (I know which dogs) Can you pass the water, please? (the bottle of water on the table) When you talk about a specific type of thing in ‘general but this is indicated by an adjective. 20th-century art is very interesting. lakes: Lake Michingan single mountains: Mount Everest islands: Sardinia countries (general): Great Britain - Holland - South Korea languages: French bridges, castles and churches: Tower Bridge planets: Mars - Venus - Neptune play sports: play football - play tennis titles + names: Queen Elizabeth places where you do specific activities: at / to school - church - work - in / to hospital - bed adjectives + nouns in general: young people numbered things: Room 12 - Chapter 4 Other nouns: Parliament and Congress, Man (in general, human being) television - space - World War 1! When a noun is followed by of or a relative clause making it a specific thing or person. The art of the 20th century is very interesting. rivers, seas, oceans: The Seine - The Mediterranean ‘mountain ranges: the Alps ‘groups of islands: the Hebrides plural countries or with words like Union, Republic, Kingdom: the UK - the Netherlands peoples: the French ‘museums, cinemas, theatres, hotels: The Odeon the Sun - the Moon - the Earth play instruments: play the piano - play the violin titles in general: the queen - the president places in town: at /to the station - airport - butcher's the cinema adjectives meaning categories of people: the young with ordinal numbers: the first chapter ‘other nouns: The English Parfiamen- the environment - the sky the sea- the air the cinema - the radio = the theatre - the Addams - the Second World War a 321 Underline the correct words in each sentence. My daughters go to a/ the gym once a/ the week ‘The washing machine is a / an / the useful appliance. This is the story of an /a/ the young man who marries a / an / the witch. Have you seen a / the new neighbour yet? Yes, she’s a / the very nice lady. My sister is @ / the doctor: she works in a / the hospital where she was born. ‘When you have a / the headache and a / the temperature, you usually have a / the flu. Can you clean a / the living room? You left / the terrible mess in there. What a / the great coincidence: we were born on a / the same day! 2 4°} Read the following titles of plays and films and underline the articles that are pronounced [0id. Then listen to the recording to check your answers. 2 3 4 “The Phantom of the Opera’ “Gone with the Wind" “The Heiress’ "The Young Victoria’ 3. Write THE or X (- nothing) in the spaces. aw 9 10 __ cars in that garage belong to __girls who live next door. Do you like _ French movies? Move books off __ chair and sit down. __whale is the biggest sea mammal living on __ earth. For tonight's party we need beer, _ coke, and __water. Where's ___wine I bought yesterday? My favourite food is __ Parmesan cheese. Men and __women have similar abilities and needs. Do you play _rugby? He has a large bowl of milk and cornflakes for __ breakfast. 5 6 7 8 5 16 ” 18 “The Usual Suspects’ “The Elephant Man’ “The Addams Family’ “The Taming of the Shrew’ I've got to go to__university tomorrow. I prefer__cinema to__ theatre, but | usually watch __films on _TV. ‘Are you reading __ newspaper? like to stay at__ cheap hotels but | stayed at__ Sheraton when | travelled to __ China. ___plane crashed above __ Rocky Mountains. Man's greatest discovery is __ chocolate. Ireally hate horror films. ___ literature of __ 20" century is more interesting than Victorian literature. 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. Have you met Mr and Mrs Simpson? (the Simpsons) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jack's really fond of English History. (England) ‘The French are really proud of their language. (people) [ike the kitten in picture 3. (the) Tigers are in danger of extinction. (is) ‘The young are often accused of exaggerating their troubles (people) My grandfather was killed during World War I. (the) She gave me some useful advice. (suggestion) Have you met Jack really loves . of their language. {ike the kitten in endangered species. often accused of exaggerating their troubles. My grandfather was killed She gave me 33 apnsy 019 - uno - ayy ssoPNIY BE LINNUNIT BE} Quantifiers 4 Scarcity or a small quantity An unknown quantity Alarge quantity 34 Quantifiers are words that we use to determine the amount of something or a number of things expressed by a noun. ‘Some quantifiers can only go with countable nouns (books, children, apples), whereas other irs are only used with uncountable nouns (milk, strength, money), There is also a third group which can be used with both types of noun. + no / not any + plural countable and uncountable + none of + plural countable and uncountable ( = not any) + hardly any + plural countable and uncountable ( = almost no / none) + very few / just a few + plural countable (= hardly any) + few + plural countable (= not many) + too few + plural countable + very litle / just alittle + uncountable (hardly any) * little + uncountable (= not much) + just a bit (of) + uncountable (more colloquial) + too litle + countable I have no free time this week. OR: I don’t have any free time this week. ‘None of my friends is coming to Brussels with me. (= no friends) There are very few things I care about. OR: there are just a few things I care about. Few people can speak Gaelic. (OR: not many people can speak Gaelic) There's just a little time left. (OR: There is hardly any time left) I've got too litle patience. (OR: | haven't got enough patience) We need just a bit of luck + some (in affirmative sentences and with offers and requests) / any (in que: plural countable and uncountable few + plural countable + a number of / several + plural countable little + uncountable + enough + plural countable and uncountable (a sufficient quantity) We need some eggs and some flour. OR: We need a few eggs and a litle flour) There are a number of reasons for this. OR: There are several reasons for this. Puta little salt in the soup. OR: Put some salt in the soup. You don’t eat enough vegetables. /| don’t want to buy more coffee: | have enough. + alot of / lots of / plenty of / loads of (colloquial) + plural countable and uncountable + many + plural countable (mostly in negative and interrogative sentences) + too many + plural countable (= more than many) + most + plural countable and uncountable (= the majority of) + most of is used when it is followed by a pronoun, possessive, demonstrative, etc + a great deal of + uncountable (= a lot of) ‘+ much + uncountable (only in negative and interrogative sentences) + too much + uncountable (= more than much) Now that I'm retired | have plenty of free time. ‘Most people like chocolate. / Most of my relatives live in Taiwan. You need a great deal of patience to be a teacher. I don't drink much water, because I'm never thirsty. (OR: I drink little water...)OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY + When we talk about two things we use both (of), either (of), neither (of). The preposition of is used only when the noun is preceded by THE, demonstratives and possessives: both (of) (= the two of them) -* The purple one is lovely but I quite like both colours. neither (of) (not any of two) -* Neither of my twin sisters is blonde. either (of) (=one or the other) ~* Would you like pizza or lasagna? Either. + Either can also be used in negative sentences to mean neither: Tsaw both these films but I didn’t like either (= 1iked neither) ‘When we want fo express the totality of something we use all, every + compounds with every, each and whole, but there are differences in the usage of these quantifiers. + All (of) G plural countable or uncountable) is used as an adjective or as a pronoun as follows: the totality of or as -+ All (of) my friends love wind-surfing. AU of them hate football. everything / the only thing that > AU I want is food. I’m starving! (in this case it must be followed by a sentence specifying it, not alone: you say: ‘Is everything all right?” Is all all right?) + Every (+ singular countable) can be used to mean the same as all + plural. Compare these examples I've downloaded every track on this website OR: I've downloaded all the tracks on this website. + Everything is a pronoun referring to things, everybody and everyone refer to people: Everybody helped to make the costumes for the show, so everything was ready by 7 pm. + Bach (+ singular countable) can mostly be substituted by every, but it stresses every single thing ‘or person in a group rather than the total amount as a whole. However when we talk about a small quantity, ‘every’ isn’t normally used; you can only say ‘each of”, not ‘every of (but you can say “every one of” if the number is bigger) Each time I see this film I cry. OR: Every time I see this film I cry. (“All the times’ is possible, but ‘more colloquial) know each person in this room personally. (a limited number of people) Each of my siblings has their own room. + Whole (+ singular countable) is normally preceded by an article or a possessive and it often ‘means the same as “all + singular countable’ We spent the whole day at the shopping centre. OR: We spent all day at the shopping centre. Underline the correct quantifier in each sentence. 1 Would you like some / any apple juice? 6 There isn’t some / enough time to visit the 2 Wedon’t have much / many homework to do. Tate Gallery today. 3. There are usually lots of / a few books in a 7 There is hardly any / GEE Listen to a student comparing and contrasting two pictures and complete the following description with the quantifiers you hear. ‘Are these homes like the ones in your country? Which of these two houses would you rather live in? Well (1)__ these houses ae realy beautiful Actually | can't see (2)__ differences between them: (3) __ have pointed roofs a wonderful garden with (4) _ space and (5)___ plants and tres around. | suppose (6)__ them isin an Italian ity, because (7)__people vein lat in my county and (8)_can afford to vein large houses, because we don't hhave (9) __spacein towns. in the country its abit diferent, though... anyway, I think would love to lve in (10) __of these homes, but maybe I slightly prefer the one onthe right, because the lawn infront of the house is larger. 4. Complete these sentences with each, every, all or whole. 1. She had a large diamond on of her 5 I spent the weekend doing the earlobes. laundry. 2 Not verbs are regular. 6 of the paintings in this room has 3 citizen over 18 has the right to vote. something unusual in it. 4 Ididn’t do the exercises because 7 time we decide to play tennis trains. had no time. 8 She spent her life studying lions. 5 Look at the picture and the recipe for a cake. Complete the sentences with the missing parts. Ingredients: 200 gr. butter 300 gr flour 300 gr sugar 50 strawberries S eggs 1 sp. baking powder Lisp. vanilla extract Tt. milk all both enough few little lot much neither none plenty some (x2) There's(1)__of butter, but there aren't (2)__ eggs so we have to buy a (3) ‘We've got (4) flour and (5) ‘sugar, but we need a (6) more of . We also need to buy a (8) ‘of strawberries because we have (9) = ‘We have milk, but nat too (10), So we have to buy that as well We also need vanilla extract and baking powder because we have (Il) ‘Well, Il. go and get (12) the necessary ingredients. 366 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1. We spent all day at home last Sunday. (the) There is very little sugar in this pie. (any) All my relatives hate peanuts. (likes ) I didn’t have many CDs in 1987. (used) Both my brothers work abroad. (of) Souaun You can choose this seat or this one. (of) 8 Emily Dickinson lived there all her life. (whole) | looked for both, but I found neither one. (not) We spent There's at home last Sunday. in this pie. peanuts. 1 Ds in 1987. in my country. looked for both, but I You can choose seats. Emily Dickinson spent there. of them 7 Choose A, B, C or D to complete the sentences below. 1 Don't worry, we have __ petrol in the tank. 2 There were __ boys: the room: most were inthe garden. 3 __money was stolen from the bank. __ my friends live in Australia now. You need __ effort to do this exercise: is so easy. __ of my parents likes fruit Puta drop in _ eye before sleeping. They sent two passwords but __ works. 4 5 6 7 [couldn't find __ information on the website. 8 9 10 __ cloud has a silver lining. 1 __ people find this exercise impossible, but | don't. 12 __ of these museums has security staff. 13 We goto the same resort __year. 14 __time I go out with them I have fun. ‘Amuch B plenty of Canumber of D many Aafew Byeryfew Cany Dro Aloads Bseveral Cmuch Dag deal of AMost of BNone — CNeitherofD Few Aafew Balittle Clittle Dafew ANoneof BEither CNeither — D Both Amuch Bmany Cro D some every Beach Call D both either Bnone —Chardly any _D neither A€very BEach CAL D most ‘AMuch BMost — CEvery =D Any ‘Every B The whole C Each Dall Rall Bmostof Callof —_Deeach Abvery Ball C The whole D All of 8 Complete the following English proverbs with the quantifiers from the box and match them to the correct explanation of their meaning. all both every few 1 [Ifthe blind lead the blind, shall fal into the ditch. 2 C1 Politeness costs , but yields 3 C1 Hfyournun after two hares, you will catch 4 CA friend to is a friend to so cooks spoil the broth. 6 C] When children stand quiet, they have done harm. 7 Ci Give ‘man thy ear, but thy voice, 8 (1 One scabby sheep will mara flock. much neither none too many —_ whole Silent children are are usually up to something. b- When a lot of people work on something they end up doing it badly. © Being friends with everybody is impossible. d_ When you can't decide between two things you'll lose both. @ If you can’t do something do not teach someone else or neither will benefit from it. f You'd better listen a lot and speak very litle. 8 Being polite is free, but it can help you gain alot. fh One negative element may spoil all the ‘good ones. 37 sraynuend: TINAUNIT Ev Comparatives and superlatives (1) + Comparatives demonstrate superiority, equality or inferiority of element over another. They can affect adjectives, adverbs, quantities or actions expressed by verbs. Ifthe second element is ‘mentioned it is introduced by THAN (majority or minority) or AS (equality). + one-syllable adjectives: ‘+ adjectives of 2 or more syllables: tall taller slim—» slimmer nice-* nicer boring» more boring tired ~* more tired + adjectives ending with -y take “er (y —> i): + two-syllable adjectives with final -ow, -e, pretty prettier lovely -» lovelier -tle,-ple may take both -er or more: + one-syllable adjectives with fir shallow -» shallower / more shallow dry —» dryer - shy -» shyer (no change) clever -> cleverer / more clever + Adverbs only take the form more + adverb (than), regardless of the ending or length: 1 did the exercise more quickly than usual. + With fast, hard, early, late, long, close however, the comparative is formed with the suffix (EDR: 1 did the exercise faster than usual. + With nouns and verbs the comparative is simply more + noun (than) or verb + more (than): ‘My dog eats more meat than fish. / | work more than | sleep. + With adjectives and adverbs we use the + We use less (than) for all classes of words; structure is as + adjectiveradverb + as: ‘when comparing plural nouns we use fewer 1'm studying as hard as I can. (than). + In the negative form the first element can also Our train is less crowded than usual. be intruduced by SO: He spoke less convincingly than the previous time. Tom isn't so talkative as his sister. 1 drink less coffee than | used to. + With nouns and verbs you use the structure as. There were fewer cars than now. (60) much + as; when comparing plural nouns + Minority comparatives are not used frequently ‘you must use as/so many + as: We usually make this type of comparison using | don't sleep as (so) much as | should. not as/so + as: We have as many CDs as DVDs. 1'm notas slim as you. = I'm less slim than you) + Superlatives compare one element to all the other ones in a category. They take either the suffix -est (est) or the word most and they are typically preceded by the. Study these examples: adjectives —* Tom is the youngest in his fomily, Carol is the shyest, I'm the most outgoing. adverbs —» Rebecca studied the hardest in high school. + When we compare a superlative to the rest we use the prepositions in (a class or place) or of (a group): —» He's the cleverest boy in the class. OR: He's the cleverest of the students. + Superlatives with the least are not used very frequently: -> Its the least interesting film of all. good /well better the best Who is the best singer of the year? bad/badly worse the worst That's the worst book I've ever read. far farther /further the farthest / don't want to go any further than this. the furthest Is Sydney the farthest city you've been to? 381 Complete the sentences with the correct comparative of the adjectives or adverbs from the box. Use than when necessary. busy bad early far fluently heavy hard interesting popular softly well wide 1 Lead is silver. 9 I liked ‘It but | found ‘Dolores Claiborne’ 2. Rivers are creeks. : 3. He used to be lazy, but he works now. 10 Jeans have been ___ any other type of 4 Lusually get up at 7, but tomorrow Ill get clothes for over 50 years. up_. M1 Can you speak _? The children are 5 Which one is Australia or japan? sleeping. 6 We speak English Spanish, 12 I'm sure my grandmother can cook _ 7 Unfortunately, 'm at Science __ her. any chef that cooks weird dishes on TV. 8 Sheila's she used to be as a student. Build the sentences with the comparative or the superlative form. Tokyo / crowded city / world? In May Ithe climate / dry 1 in November. ‘Who / young: you / your brother? Mona Lisa / popular painting / by Leonardo da Vinci. It V exciting trip / 1 / ever J have, Cindy / pretty / the other girls in the class. Monday / bad day / week. 8 Which / hard subject / school? Nouewne 4° b Listen to Grace and her mother Meg talking about what life used to be like in the past. Are these sentences right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct the wrong ones. 1 When Meg was 16 it wasn’t as easy to get 6 Meg's generation of teens felt miserable in touch with people as it is now. (] Teenagers used to be freer than now and they could see their friends more often. [] Today's teens don't do as much sport as they did in the past. ] Grace thinks that being a teenager now is better than in the past. [] ‘When Meg was 16 she didn't realise that those years were the best period in her life. (] because they had less pocket money so they didn't feel independent. L] Meg wasn't always so interested in what she studied at school. ["] Unlike her classmates, Grace already knows what she's going to do when she leaves school. [1] Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word in brackets. You must use between 2 and 5 words. 1 There didn't use to be as many cars as now. (than) ‘There used now. 2 Gwen didn’t do the exercise as fast as me. (quickly) I did Gwen. 3. My room is noisier than yours. (not) Your room is mine. 4 My dog eats more than my cat. (as) My cat doesn't eat___my dog. 5. He's one of the friendliest people I've met. (few) There are as him. 6 Randy's the shyest of my friends. (shy) None of my friends Randy. 39 () saanepadns pue seaneredwoy yt JNAUNIT Bo Comparatives and superlatives (2) MODIFIERS OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES + We use intensifiers or mitigators to emphasise or reduce the difference expressed by ‘comparatives and superlatives. + a lot, a great deal, much, far are used to intensify the comparative 1'm much taller than my sister. We had a great deal more money after we sold our car. have far less free time now that ! work. + faris preferable when followed by ‘ess’, fewer’ ora plural noun. Much is not used with plural nouns: Thave much more luggage than when I left. (not: have much more suitcases...) There are far fewer people at the stadium today. + even is also used to underline the different degree expressed by the comparative. The secondo Hunger Games film is even better than the first. + by faris used to emphasise the difference expressed by a superlative: That was by far the best holiday I'd ever had. + slightly, a litle, a bit are used to reduce the difference expressed by the comparative: We'll start @ bit later than usual, ok? Ihave a little more patience than | used to. He's feeling slightly better than yesterday. + not nearly as is used to intensify a difference expressed by the comparative of equality: 1'm not nearly as clever as you. (= You are much more clever than me) + just is used to emphasise similarity before as or like and means ‘exactly like’: I think men talk just as much as women. (exactly like) I'd like to buy @ bigger bag, just like the one I saw in the magazine. + nearly or almost are used to show that the qualities are similar but not the same: 1'm almost as tall as my dad now. (or: 'm nearly as tall as my dad now) MORE AND MORE... | LESS AND LESS... + When the comparative is repeated twice it means that the difference expressed by the comparative is increasing: T'm more and more interested in oriental art, (= V'm increasingly interested in it) It was late June and days were getting longer and longer. Today's overprotective parents are making their kids less and less capable of facing problems. As winter approached there were fewer and fewer flowers in the garden. THE + COMPARATIVE... THE + COMPARATIVE + This structure is used when two changes are closely connected by a cause-effect relationship. The change may be parallel or inversely related: The more you learn, the wiser you get. (parallel improvement) The less I work, the less satisfied I feel. (parallel decrease) The less I sleep, the more irritable I feel. (inverse relationship) + The verbs in this structure are often omitted if they can be understood by the context The more slowly you drive, the fewer the chances of an accident. I'm going to invite as many friends as possible. The more, the better 40