Chapter 18 Name:

Practice Test Date: Per:

1. Reactions that may proceed in a forward or reverse reaction are called reversible reactions. They eventually
reach a point where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate . This point is called
equilibrium . Once the reactions reach this point, the concentrations of reactants and products become
constant , but rarely equal.

2. An equilibrium expression is a ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium . Its value is represented by

the symbol Keq . The ratio is expressed by placing the concentrations of products of the reaction in
the numerator and the concentrations of reactants in the denominator. The coefficients from the
balanced equation are used as exponents . Because their concentrations never change at a given temperature,
solids and liquids are not included in the equilibrium expression .

3. Write the equilibrium expression for each of the following unbalanced equations. [S8] doesn’t appear
a. H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g) c. S8(s) + 8O2(g)  8SO2(g) because it’s a solid
[HCl]2 [SO2]8
Keq = Keq =
[H2][Cl2] [O2]8
b. N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) d. NH4NO2(s)  N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
2
[NH3]
Keq = Keq = [N2][H2O]2
[N2][H2]3

4. From the data provided below, calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction. [NH4NO2] doesn’t appear
a. H2(g) + Cl2(g)  HCl(g) ; [H2] = [Cl2] = 1.0 x 10-2; [HCl] = 1.0 x 10-4 because it’s a solid

[HCl]2 [1.0 x 10-4]2

Keq = Keq = = 0.0001
[H2][Cl2] [1.0 x 10-2][ 1.0 x 10-2]

b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g) ; [N2] = 4.4 x 10-2; [H2] = 1.2 x 10-1; [NH3] = 3.4 x 10-3

[NH3]2 [3.4 x 10-3]2

Keq = Keq = = 0.152
[N2][H2]3 [4.4 x 10-2][ 1.2 x 10-1]3

5. To check if reaction has reached equilibrium a reaction quotient , represented by the symbol Q , may be
calculated. If Q < Keq , then the reaction will continue to proceed forward, if Q > Keq , the reaction
will proceed in reverse, and if Q = Keq , the reaction is at equilibrium.

6. For the reaction N2O4 (g)  NO2 (g), Keq = 0.2. At a particular time, the following concentrations are measured; [N2O4] =
2.0 M, [NO2] = 0.2 M. Is this reaction at equilibrium? If not, in which direction will the reaction proceed?
N2O4 (g)  2NO2 (g)
[N2O4] = 2.0 M , [NO2] = 0.2 M
[NO2]2 [0.2]2 Keq = 0.2 Q < Keq, so the reaction will proceed to
Keq = Q= = 0.02 the right (forward).
[N2O4] [2.0]

7. For the reaction 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g), the equilibrium concentrations of the sulfur oxides are [SO 2] = 1.60 and
[SO3] = 2.70. What is the concentration of oxygen when the Keq = 1.87 for the reaction?
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
[SO2] = 1.60 M , [O2] = ? M , [SO3] = 2.70 M , Keq = 1.87
[SO3]2 [SO3]2 [2.70]2
Keq = O2 = O2 = = 1.52 M
[SO2]2[O2] [SO2]2Keq [1.60]21.87

Revised: 2022-05-13
Chapter 18 Name:
Practice Test Date: Per:

8. Name the 3 stresses that may be applied to a chemical equilibrium to cause it to shift.
temperature pressure or volume concentration

9. Describe LeChatelier’s Principle.

When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress (a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure), the
equilibrium will shift in the direction that tends to counteract the effect of the stress.

10. For the reaction below, mark whether the stress listed will cause the reaction to move forward or in reverse.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(l)  ZnCl2(l) + H2(g); ∆H = -235kJ
a. Increase Heat e. Increase [ZnCl2] i. Decrease [H2]
b. Increase Pressure f. Increase [HCl] j. Decrease Pressure
c. Increase [H2] g. Decrease [HCl] k. Decrease Heat
d. Increase [Zn] h. Decrease [ZnCl2]
a. Forward reaction is exothermic c. Reverse to consume added H2. i. Forward to replace H2.
(heat is a product), so increase in d. Forward to consume Zn. j. Forward.
heat drives reaction in reverse. e. Reverse to consume ZnCl2. k. Forward.
b. Reverse reaction requires less f. Forward to consume HCl.
volume (no gases produced), so g. Reverse to replace HCl.
reaction driven in reverse. h. Forward to replace ZnCl2.

11. What is the common-ion effect? Shift in equilibrium that occurs because the concentration of an ion that is part of the
equilibrium is changed. For example, if you dissolve MgCl 2 in water, this is what happens:

MgCl2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Ions of both Mg2+ and Cl- would be floating around in the water. If you then add a second solution that has NaCl
[NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)], the added Cl- would cause the above reaction to shift in reverse and MgCl 2(s) would
precipitate out of the solution. The “common ion” affects the equilibrium of one of the reactions (LeChatelier’s
Principle).
12. Solution formation also reaches a dynamic equilibrium . The formation of a solution can be described using a
dissociation equation. In these equations, the reactant is always a solid and the products are always
aqueous ions . The solubility of a substance can be described using a solubility product expression,
which is just an equilibrium expression for a dissolution reaction. In these expressions there will never be a
denominator . Like Keq, the value of Ksp is temperature dependent.

13. Write the balanced dissociation equations for the following salts.
a. CaCl2 CaCl2(s)  Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) c. NaI NaI(s)  Na+(aq) + I-(aq)
b. (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 (s)  2NH4+(aq) + SO42-(aq) d. Al(NO3)3 Al(NO3)3(s)  Al3+(aq) + 3NO3-(aq)

14. Qsp is called the solubility product . If Qsp > Ksp, the solution is supersaturated . If Qsp < Ksp, the
solution is unsaturated . If Qsp = Ksp, the solution is saturated .

15. Write the dissociation equations and solubility product expressions for the following:
a. SrSO4 b. Al2(SO4)3
SrSO4(s)  Sr2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Al2(SO4)3(s)  2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42-(aq)
Ksp = [Sr2+][SO42-] Ksp = [Al3+]2[SO42-]3

Revised: 2022-05-13
Chapter 18 Name:
Practice Test Date: Per:

16. A sample of PbBr2(s) is added to pure water and allowed to come to equilibrium at 25 oC. The concentration of Pb2+ is
0.0118M at equilibrium. What is the value of Ksp for PbBr2? (6.60 x 10-6)
PbBr2 (s) ↔ Pb2+(aq) + 2Br-(aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][Br-]2
The concentrations of Br- will be 2x the concentration of Pb2+ because the mole ratio of Br- to Pb2+ is 2:1
Ksp = [0.0118][0.0236]2
Ksp = 6.6 x 10-6
17. A sample of BaSO4(s) is added to pure water and allowed to come to equilibrium at 25 oC. The concentration of Ba2+ is
1.05 x 10-5M at equilibrium. What is the value of Ksp for BaSO4? (1.1 x 10-10)
BaSO4(s) ↔ Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42-]
The concentrations of Ba2+ and SO42- will be equal because their mole ratio is 1:1
Ksp = [1.05 x 10-5][1.05 x 10-5]
Ksp = 1.10 x 10-10
18. What will be the equilibrium concentration of dissolved ions in a saturated solution of Pb(OH) 2 at 25oC? Ksp for the
reaction is 1.2 x 10-15. ([Pb2+] = 6.69 x 10-6M and [OH-] = 1.34 x 10-5M)
Pb(OH)2(s) ↔ Pb2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][OH-]2
Setting the concentration of Pb2+ to x, and the concentration of OH- to 2x,
(the mole ratio of Pb2+ to OH- is 1:2), we get the following:
1.2 x 10-15 = [x][2x]2
1.2 x 10-15 = 4x3
3.0 x 10-16 = x3
6.69 x 10-6 = x
So, [Pb2+] is 6.69 x 10-6M and [OH-] would be twice that or 1.34 x 10-5M.
19. What will be the equilibrium concentration of dissolved ions in a saturated solution of SrSO 4 at 25oC? Ksp for the
reaction is 3.44 x 10-7. ([Sr2+] = [SO42-] = 5.87 x 10-4M)
SrSO4(s) ↔ Sr2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
Ksp = [Sr2+][SO42-]
Setting the concentration of Sr2+ to x, and the concentration of SO42- also to x,
(the mole ratio of Sr2+ to SO42- is 1:1), we get the following:
3.44 x 10-7 = [x][x]
3.44 x 10-7 = x2
5.87 x 10-4 = x
So, [Sr2+] is 5.87 x 10-4M and [SO42-] would be the same.

Revised: 2022-05-13