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Avesta as an Important Source for the Study of the History of Uzbekistan

Markova G.V.
Lecturer of the Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service

ANNOTATION
This article leads to the conclusion that for thousands of years the Avesta religion has paid
attention to social and moral problems. Man's primary duty is to fight evil, which is
prescribed by truth by faith; "A Good Thought", "A Good Word", "A Good Deed". "Avesta"
is a historical document, testifies to the fact that in our ancient land there was a great state, a
great state, a great spirituality, a great culture.
KEYWORDS: Avesta, god Zarathushtra, epoch of Enlightenment, god Ahuramazdra, -
ahuro, devo, Zoroastrianism, gats , "A Good Thought", "A Good Word", "A Good Deed".

Of all the sons of Asia, Zarathustra was the first to be "adopted" by the West. His teachings
enriched Greece about four centuries before the teachings of Christ were accepted.
Zarathushtra was already known to Plato. It took too much time for thevoices of Buddha and
Confucius to reach Europe, and so Zarathustra... was the only one who represented ancient
Asian wisdom in the West."
J.D. Giemen

Avesta is a collection of sacred books of Zoroastrianism, whose followers lived in Central

Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and a number of countries of the Near and Middle East.
Avesta was created, according to the most common version, in the 1st half. I millennium B.C.
A study of the tests leads to the conclusion that over the millennia, the theoretical views and
moral views expounded in the Avesta have changed. The content of the later parts made
many changes to the original teaching.
Duperron, a typical scholar of the Enlightenment, studied the Avesta, as well as other
religious texts of the East, and defended the idea of the equal value of human experience. In
his opinion, such sacred texts belong to the common cultural communityof humanity, from
which the sources of wisdom for all can be drawn.
The Avesta had a great influence on the philosophical thought of the East and the West. One
of the most famous works of J. Goethe (1749-1832) "The West-Eastern Divan" contains the
poem "The Testament of the Ancient Persian Faith". In it, the poet gives an understanding of
the Avesta as a belief in the triumph of light over darkness. However, F. Nietzsche in his
well-known book Thus Spoke Zarathustra ascribed to the prophet the idea of the
"superman's" rigid power over the human masses.
The main feature of Zoroastrianism is dualism – two divine principles are recognized: the
light one, personified by the good god Ahuramazda, and the dark, evil one, personified by the
evil god Ahriman, each of which leads the sleep of spirits: light and good - Ahurs or darkness
and evil - devas. Both great deities are equal creators of the world. The first created all that is

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good, reasonable, and useful, the second all that is bad and harmful. This also applies to the
realm of ethics: truth, goodness, and justice are opposed to falsehood, evil, meanness, and so
on.
Zoroastrianism acknowledges immortal souls and promises bliss beyond the grave as a
reward for righteousness. Zarathustra taught that every soul, when parting with the body, will
be judged for what it has done in life, and its sentence depends not on the number and
generosity of donations during the vulgar life, but on its moral achievements. If there were
more good deeds and thoughts, then the soul was considered worthy of paradise, if there were
more bad deeds and thoughts, then the soul went to the "dwelling place of evil thoughts,"
where every sinner experienced "a long age of suffering, darkness, bad food, and mournful
groans."
Many Zoroastrian images are connected by the seasons and are seasonal in nature. One of the
most famous and solemn holidays is Nowruz – the New Year, which not only symbolizes the
awakening of nature and all living things on earth, but is also celebrated as the victory of
justice and the beginning of a new life; The time of celebration comes on the vernal equinox.
The veneration of Zarathushtra and the myths associated with him originated in Central Asia,
which is not without reason called the "cradle of Zoroastrianism". It was at this time that
prophets appeared here, who in their sermons reflected the real clash of interests of different
segments of the population. In the ghats there are teachings on the benefits of settled cattle
breeding, on the need for fair order and governance, and the inadmissibility of blood
sacrifices leading to the extermination of livestock, the main wealth of man at that time, is
emphasized. At the same time, the life of nomads engaged in robbery and cattle theft is
condemned.
Originating as the embodiment and worship of the forces of nature, the religion of the Avesta
later focused on social and moral problems, reflecting the transition to a slave-owning
society, where religion acquired a class content. At first, the problems of good and evil, the
problems of the "righteous" social order, are solved from the standpoint of the peasant
community members, who are trying to escape enslavement. The latest "layers" of the Avesta
are the ideological support of the oppressors of the masses, the deification of the tsarist
power. The promise of social justice is being transferred to the sky.
The main duty of man to promote the good principle in the fight against evil was considered
to be, first of all, not the performance of prayers and rites, to which Zoroastrianism,
especially in the early stages of development, did not attach decisive importance, but a just
way of life prescribed by the true faith; "A good thought", "a good word", "a good deed" -
this is what a person fights against evil. As one of the main means in the struggle against the
forces of evil, the increase of material goods, i.e. the occupation of cattle breeding and
agriculture, was considered.
"Avesta is a historical document that testifies to the fact that a great state, great spirituality,
great culture existed in our ancient land," First President Islam Karimov noted.
On November 3, 2000, the opening of a memorial complex built to commemorate the 2700th
anniversary of the book "Avesta" took place in Urgench. Created almost three thousand years
ago, "Avesta" is a great book that told about the meaning of good and evil, mercy and cruelty,
knowledge and ignorance in the development of mankind. It testifies to the high spirituality

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of our ancestors, to the fact that the roots of our people, the foundations of statehood go deep
into history.
"Avesta" means "Guide of Life". Indeed, for thousands of years, it has served as a kind of
guide in people's lives. She called them to nobility, goodness, creation, knowledge, to the
struggle against evil forces, cruelty and ignorance. This book is one of the oldest written
monuments of great importance in the history of mankind. And if we look at it from the point
of view of
building into a single system of moral and philosophical views, the foundations of statehood,
judgments about the place of a person in society, then "Avesta" is a work with which no work
can be compared.
It is considered one of the books that occupies an important place in the development of
mankind. And the fact that, on the initiative of the First President Islam Karimov, the
Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan and UNESCO adopted special resolutions on the
wide celebration of the 2700th anniversary of the writing of the Avesta, testifies to the fact
that this chronicle remains an indivisible part of the spiritual and cultural life of mankind
today.
The conducted research shows that this book was created and brought into a single system on
the territory of the Khorezm land. Therefore, it is natural that Khorezm was chosen as the
method of celebrations on the occasion of the 2700th anniversary of "Avesta".
Zoroastrianism marks the beginning of the history of statehood in Central Asia. We are very
proud of the fact that even at that time our ancestors put forward the ideals of goodness,
justice, and faith in the bright future of our people in the first place.
No society can see its prospects without the development and strengthening of spiritual
potential, spiritual and moral values in the consciousness of people. Avesta is not just a
historical religious monument; it is an invaluable source of spirituality and wisdom.
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Copyright © Author(s). This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licenses.
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and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms
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