DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Location of the Lab: Room No: 018 & 019, New Academic Building

Sl. List of Experiments Page

No. No.
1. Study of various system fault using a DC analyzer 2-10
2. Study of symmetric & asymmetric fault in Transmission 11-17
line
3. Study of Power transfer through a transmission system 18-23
4. Study of Power transfer through a transmission system 24-30
5. Study of IDMT over current relay 31-35
6. Study of directional over current relay 36-40
7. Study and application of numerical type over current 41-45
relay for distribution line protection
8. Study of numerical type differential relay 46-52

Page | 1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Experiment No.: 01
STUDY OF VARIOUS SYSTEM FAULTS USING A DC ANALYZER

Page | 2
TITLE: Study of various system faults using a DC analyzer.
OBJECTIVE: To simulate the following system in a DC network analyzer and calculate the fault
current in different parts of the system for i) 3-phase fault ii) S.L.G fault iii) L.L fault iv) D.L.G fault.

Apparatus List:

SI ITEM QTY RANGE / RATING MAKER’S MAKER’S

No. NAME NO
1. Network 2 0 - 25 - 50 V
Analyzer Board
2. DC Multi-meter 1 i) Used as DC voltmeter
(true RMS) 0 - 75 V

System Diagram:

11KV 6.6KV

132KV
Line

Tr - 1 Tr - 2

Hydel Power Station

Thermal Power Stattion Syn. Motor

Turbo alternator: 50MVA, 11KV each Step-up Transformer: 11/132KV, 100MVA

Positive sequence reactance = 5% Step-down Transformer: 132/11KV,
Negative sequence reactance = 2.5% 100MVA
Zero sequence reactance = 2% Leakage Reactance = 10%
Water wheel generator 20MVA, 6.6KV (for both transformers)
Positive sequence reactance = 4% 132KV line length = 66Km
Negative sequence reactance =1% Positive sequence reactance = 0.132ohm/KV
Neutral reactance = 0.073 ohm Negative sequence reactance = 0.132ohm/KV
Synchronous Motor: 10MVA, 6.6KV Zero sequence reactance = 1%

Page | 3
 Positive sequence reactance = 5%
Positive sequence reactance = 2%
Zero sequence reactance = 1%

Procedure:

1. Convert all the data to per unit quantities choosing 100MVA base.
2. Draw sequence box connections for above faults, and check it with the help of teacher-in-charge.
3. Simulate the network with proper interconnection on the analyzer, taking a scale factor of
1 p.u volt = 10 volts
1 p.u Ohm = 1 KΩ Determine the scale factor for current.
4. Note the current value in p.u. in all parts of the system.
Single line diagram and their equivalent 𝑍𝑝.𝑢

G1

G3

G2 Tr - 1 Tr - 2

The formulas used in the below calculations are:

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ∗ ( 2 ) = 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ∗
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉 2
𝑆 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)
𝑍𝑝.𝑢.𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢.𝑜𝑙𝑑 *( 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤
) = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢.𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ( (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤 )
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑙𝑑

Base MVA = 100

Turbo Alternators (G1, G2): Base voltage = 11KV

+VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.05 x (100/50) = 0.1

-VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.025 x (100/50) = 0.05

ZERO SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.02 x (100/50) = 0.04

Transmission Line: Base voltage = 132KV

Page | 4
+VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = (0.132 x 66) x (100/1322) = 0.05

-VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = (0.132 x 66) x (100/1322) = 0.05

ZERO SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = (0.264 x 66) x (100/1322) = 0.1

Water wheel Generator (G3): Base voltage = 6.6KV

+VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.04 x (100/20) = 0.2

-VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.02 x (100/20) = 0.1

ZERO SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.01 x (100/20) = 0.05

Neutral grounding: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = (3 x 0.073) x (100/6.62) = 0.5

Synchronous Motor (M): Base Voltage = 6.6KV

+VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.05*(100/10) = 0.5

-VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.02*(100/10) = 0.2

ZERO SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.01*(100/10) = 0.1

Transformer (T1 & T2):

+VE SEQUENCE, -VE SEQUENCE and ZERO SEQUENCE p.u. reactance: 0.1

1. 3 Phase (3-ø) Fault

V a = Vb = V c = ( I a + I b + I c ) Z f

I f = I a + I b + I c = E a (Z 1 + Z f )

+ve sequence

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 0V

1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0
F
I LF I RF

IF

Page | 5
Observation Table: -

Observation Table 1. 3 Phase (3-ø) Fault

Fault Resistance Voltage Current (mA) %

Sl No.
Point (Ω) (V) Theoretical Measured Error
1 F1 50 50.00
2 F1 100 41.18
Total IF 91.18
I f = I L + I R = 9 1 . 1 8m A

2. Single Line to Ground (SLG) Fault

Va = Z f I a , Ib = Ic = 0

I 1a = I a2 = I a0 = E a ( Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3Z f )

I f = I a = 3I 1a

+ve sequence

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0
F1
I L F1 I R F1
I F1

-ve sequence

5 0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0V

1 0 0 5 0 F2 1 0 0

I LF2 I RF2
IF2

zero sequence 5 0 0

4 0 4 0 1 0 0
5 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 F0 1 0 0

I LF0 I RF0
I F0

Page | 6
Observation Table: -

Observation Table 2. Single Line to Ground (SLG) Fault

Fault Resistance Voltage Current (mA) %

Sl No.
Point (Ω) (V) Theoretical Measured Error
1 F1 50 15.76
2 F1 100 12.98
Total IF1 28.74
3 F2 50 14.02
4 F2 100 14.72
Total IF2 28.74
5 F0 100 21.98
6 F0 100 06.76
Total IF0 28.74

I f = 3I 1F = 8 6 . 2 2m A

3. Line to Line (LL) Fault

Vb − V c = I b Z f , Ib + Ic = 0 , Ia = 0

I a0 = 0 , I 1a = − I a2 = E a ( Z 1 + Z 2 + Z f )

I f = I b = − I c = (a 2 − a ) I 1a = − j 3I 1a

Page | 7
 P

+ve sequence

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0
F1
I L F1 I R F1
I F1

1 0V

-ve sequence

5 0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0

1 0 0 5 0 F2 1 0 0

I LF2 I RF2
IF2

Observation Table: -

Observation Table 3. Line to Line (LL) Fault

Fault Resistance Voltage Current (mA) %

Sl No.
Point (Ω) (V) Theoretical Measured Error
1 F1 50 28.12
2 F1 100 23.15
Total IF1 51.27
3 F2 50 -25.01
4 F2 100 -26.26
Total IF2 -51.27

If = 3I 1F = 8 8 . 8 0m A

Page | 8
4. Double Line to Ground (LLG) Fault

Vb = V c = ( I b + I c ) Z f , I a = I 1a + I a2 + I a0 = 0

Z 2 ( Z 0 + 3Z f ) Ea − I a Z 1 1
E −I Z 1 1
V a1 = V a2 , I 1a = E a {Z1 + } , I a2 = − 2
, I a0 = − a a
2 0
Z + Z + 3Z f Z Z 0 + 3Z f

I f = I b + I c = 3I a0

+ve sequence

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0
F1
I L F1 I R F1
I F1

1 0V

-ve sequence

5 0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0

1 0 0 5 0 F2 1 0 0

I LF2 I RF2
IF2

zero sequence 5 0 0

4 0 4 0 1 0 0
5 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 F0 1 0 0

I LF0 I RF0
I F0

Page | 9
Observation Table: -

Observation Table 4. Double Line to Ground (LLG) Fault

Fault Resistance Voltage Current (mA) %

Sl No.
Point (Ω) (V) Theoretical Measured Error
1 F1 50 33.34
2 F1 100 27.46
Total IF1 60.80
3 F2 50 -19.03
4 F2 100 -19.99
Total IF2 -39.02
5 F0 100 -16.65
6 F0 100 -5.13
Total IF0 -21.78

I f = 3I F0 = 6 5 . 3 4m A

Page | 10
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Experiment No.: 02
SYMMETRIC & ASYMMETRIC FAULTS IN TRANSMISSION LINE

Page | 11
Title: Study of the symmetric & asymmetric faults in transmission line.

Objective: To study the symmetrical and asymmetrical faults on the transmission line ‘T
‘model and understand the concept of symmetrical and asymmetrical faults:

1) Line to ground (L-G) fault

2) Line to Line (L-L) fault

3) Double line to ground (L-L-G) fault

4) Three phase fault (L-L-L)

5) Three phase to ground (L-L-L-G) fault

Apparatus used:

1) Three phase supply, 440volt, three phase, 50 Hz

2) Direct online starter

3) Reversing phase panel

4) Three phase AC voltmeter and ammeter

5) Transmission line simulator

6) Current transformer

7) Variac/Dimmer

Theory: Power systems are designed to be symmetrical or balanced i.e. in a three-phase

system, the three line to neutral, voltages have same magnitude and differ in phase by
120 degree & line currents have same magnitude & differ in phase by 120 degree.

The most extreme but also common, series fault in the open circuit, this occur for
example, when a circuit breaker or isolator is opened or when a line is broken (but does
not touch the ground).

Short circuit faults are ordered by occurrence are classified into:

1) Single-line-to-ground (L-G) fault: Unsymmetrical fault between one phase and

ground. The phase magnitudes will be no longer identical.

2) Line-to-line (L-L) fault: Unsymmetrical fault between two phases.

Page | 12
3) Double-line-to-ground or line-to-line-to-ground (L-L-G) fault: Unsymmetrical fault
between two phases and ground.

4) Three phase short circuit (L-L-L) fault: It is symmetrical fault that affects the three
phases of the power system. This is the most severe short circuit fault.

5) Three phase to ground (L-L-L-G) fault: It is symmetrical fault, all three phases are
grounded.

L-G, L-L & L-L-G are the unsymmetrical faults while L-L-L, L-L-L-G are symmetrical
faults. In case of symmetrical faults, the system remains balanced even after the faults.
For unsymmetrical faults the voltages and currents becomes unbalanced after the fault.

Procedure:

To create L-G, L-L, L-L-G, L-L-L & L-L-L-G faults on medium length transmission line
T model.

VS VR
ISR 10ohm 0.15H 0.15H
R 10ohm IRR
R
0.15H 0.15H
ISY 10ohm 10ohm IRY
Y EMT34A EMT34B Y
0.15H 0.15H
B ISB 10ohm 10ohm IRB B

ISN 4.4 micro F IRN N

N

(a) Circuit diagram for faults on T model

1¢Aux supply

Dimmer EMT4A
415V AC EMT1 3 phase EMT34A ON/OFF
3¢ supply breaker
1¢Aux supply

R VR
Y EMT38 Tx line VS
B EMT34B panel (T model)
N

(b)Block diagram for faults on T model

Page | 13
Wiring sequence:
No. From To No. From To
1 EMT1(1) EMT20D/R(1) 2 EMT1(2) EMT20D/Y(1)
3 EMT1(3) EMT20D/B(1) 4 EMT1(4) EMT20D/R(3)
5 EMT20D/R(4) EMT20D/Y(3) 6 EMT20D/Y(4) EMT20D/B(3)
7 EMT20D/R(5) EMT34A(4) 8 EMT20D/R(7) EMT34A(1)
9 EMT20D/Y(7) EMT34A(2) 10 EMT20D/B(7) EMT34A(3)
11 EMT34A(5) EMT4A(1) 12 EMT34A(6) EMT4A(2)
13 EMT34A(7) EMT4A(3) 14 EMT4A(4) EMT38(1)
15 EMT4A(5) EMT38(9) 16 EMT4A(6) EMT38(17)
17 EMT34A(8) EMT38(2) 18 EMT38(3) EMT38(7)
19 EMT38(11) EMT38(15) 20 EMT38(19) EMT38(23)
21 EMT38(4) EMT38(6) 22 EMT38(8) EMT38(16)
23 EMT38(14) EMT38(12) 24 EMT38(10) EMT38(18)
25 EMT38(20) EMT38(22) 26 EMT38(5) EMT38(1)
27 EMT38(13) EMT38B(2) 28 EMT38(21) EMT34B(3)
29 EMT38(24) EMT34B(4) 30
Wiring schedule for fault:
Sr. No. Type of fault From To
1 L-G R to G, B&Y open EMT34B(5) EMT34B(8)
2 L-L R to Y, B open EMT34B(5) EMT34B(6)
3 L-L-G R to Y to G, B open EMT34B(5) EMT34B(6)
EMT34B(6) EMT34B(8)
4 L-L-L R to Y to B EMT34B(5) EMT34B(6)
EMT34B(6) EMT34B(7)
5 L-L-L-G R to Y to B to G EMT34B(5) EMT34B(6)
EMT34B(6) EMT34B(7)
EMT34B(7) EMT34B(8)

1) Make the wiring connection as per wiring schedule for any fault say R to G (L-G).
Keep the dimmer at minimum position & switch on EMT4A at FWD position.

2) Here EMT34A will read sending end voltage, current, power factor etc. and EMT34B
will read receiving end voltage, current, power factor etc.

3) Here note that we have shorted R phase of transmission line to neutral at EMT34B.

4) Make on three phase supply and now increase dimmer slowly to 230volt AC observing
voltage on EMT34A & monitoring current on EMT34B.

5) Now take the readings of sending and receiving end voltage & current as per table
given below.

Page | 14
Observation table for faults on T model:

Sr. Type of fault Sending end (On EMT34A) Receiving end (On EMT34B)
No.
𝑉𝑆𝑅 𝑉𝑆𝑌 𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝐼𝑆𝑅 𝐼𝑆𝑌 𝐼𝑆𝐵 𝑉𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑅𝑌 𝑉𝑅𝐵 𝐼𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝑅𝑌 𝐼𝑅𝐵
1 L-G
2 L-L
3 L-L-G
4 L-L-L
5 L-L-L-G

Conclusion:

Based on above table of observation:

1) Answer following questions:
a) Which one do you thing is most severe fault? Why?
b) Which one of them will be the most severe for the network equipment?
c) How does the location (distance & impedance to source) of the fault increase/decrease
the severity of the disturbance? Why?
2) Single line to ground fault (L-G):
IRR
System R
RECEIVING
IRY Y
END
IRB B IF

(a) Current in faulted phase R………

(b) Is the system balanced?

(c) What happens with the voltages at phases R, Y & B?

3) Line to line fault (L-L):

Page | 15
 IRR
System R
RECEIVING Y IF
IRY
END
IRB B

(a) Current in faulted phase R………

(b) Is the system balanced?

(c) What happens with the voltages at phases R, Y & B?

4) Double line to ground fault (L-L-G):

IRR
System R
RECEIVING Y
IRY
END
IRB B IF

(a) Current in faulted phase R & Y.

(b) Is the system balanced?
(c) What happens with the voltages at phases R, Y & B?
5) Three phase fault (L-L-L):

IRR
System R
RECEIVING Y
IRY
END
IRB B IF

(a) Current in faulted phase R, Y & B.

Page | 16
 (b) Is the system balanced?
(c) What happens with the voltages at phases R, Y & B?
(6) Three phase to ground fault (L-L-L-G):

IRR
System R
RECEIVING Y
IRY
END
IRB B

IF

(a) Current in faulted phase R, Y & B.

(b) Is the system balanced?
(c) What happens with the voltages at phases R, Y & B?

Page | 17
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Experiment No.: 03
STUDY OF POWER TRANSFER THROUGH A TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Page | 18
TITLE: Study of power transfer through a transmission system.

List of Items:

Apparatus Range Maker

1. Ammeter 0-2 A
2. Voltmeter 0-150/300/600 V
3. Digital Phase-angle meter (0-360°)
0-150/230 V,
I (0-10) A
4. 3-phase, 6-pole, 6 position rotary switch
5. Low Power Factor Wattmeter 0-150/300 V,
1A /2 A
6. Three pole ON/OFF switch
7. Single Phase Variac 0-250 V, 5 A
8. Isolation Transformer (3-phase) 110/110 V, 2 A
9. Power Supply Transformer 400-415 V/ 110-120 V (10
(3- phase) A),
Star/ Delta
10. Single pole two way switch 230 V, 5 A
11. Indicating Lamps 0-230 V (AC)
12. 0-2 A Fuses
13. Induction Motor type Phase Sequence
Indicator
14. Single Pole two way Switch 230 V, 5 A
15. An Inductor ( Linear air gap type) 250/300/500 mh, 2 A
( It represents a short transmission
system)
16. Sheet metal cubicle housing different
equipments mentioned above

OBJECT:
To plot the power angle diagram of a transmission system under steady state condition and to
study the effect of resistance of the line on the power transfer characteristics.

Page | 19
 Fig.1 Connection diagram for power transfer experimental set-up

PROCEDURE:
The front view of the power transfer cubicles, and the detail circuit diagram and connection
diagrams are shown in figure 1 and 2 respectively.

1) Connect the 3-phase power cable with neutral at the desired terminals provided in the power
supply Transformer [i.e. 400-415/ 110-120 V (10A)] cubicle.

Page | 20
 Fig.2 Power Transfer through Transmission System

2) Now connect the 110 or 120 V secondary to the 3-phase Variac and the main Power Transfer Kit
Cubicle’s left hand/ Sending End (SE) side through the cable entry grommet
[110 V (line-to-line) single phase only].
3) Then connect the output of the Variac to the Phase Shifter input while connecting its output to the
Isolation transformer [i.e. 110V/110V, 2A transformer].
4) Connect the output of the Isolation Transformer (single phase, the same phases as connected to
the sending end only.) to the main Power Transfer Kit cubicle’s right hand/Receiving End (RE)
side through the cable entry grommet [110V (line-to-line) single phase on the RE side.]
5) Lastly connect the single phase Variac plug to the power plug socket present on the left hand side
of the Main Power transfer cubicle while connecting the Variac outputs to the SE of the Main
Power transfer cubicle.
6) Connect the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and the Phase-angle meters as shown in the diagram
with the terminals on Main Power transfer cubicle.

Page | 21
 7) Switch on the 3-phase, ON/OFF switch (on the Power Supply Transformer) to the ‘ON’ position
and observe that the three indicator lamps glow.
8) Set SE voltage (ES) and RE voltage (ER) at a constant value of about 100V by the corresponding
Variac. The AC voltages will show the actual value of ES and ER by throwing the single pole two
way switch in either left-ward or right-ward directions.
9) Set the phase angle to zero degree by adjusting the Variac used for adjusting the phase angle. The
6-pole 6-way course phase shift adjust switch should be in POS-1.
10) Under that condition ammeter reading, wattmeter reading and phase angle meter reading
should be zero.

RUN 1
Take ammeter and wattmeter readings at ends for ES leading with respect to ER from 0° to 180°
in steps of 20° interval. This can be done by adjusting the phase shifter.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Sl. No. Angle (°) ES(V) ER(V) IS(A) WS(W) WR(W) QS(VAR) QR(VAR)
To be To be
calculated calculated

THEORY
To measure the active power transfer, we are keeping the sending and receiving end voltage
constant while varying the phase angle to change the power output.

Known Parameters
1. Angle ‘δ’ in degrees
2. ES – Sending end voltage
3. ER – Receiving end voltage
4. I – Current magnitude in small transmission network in amps
5. WS – Sending end power in watts
6. WR – Receiving end power in watts
Unknown Parameters
1. QS – Sending end VAr
2. QR – Receiving end VAr
3. WL – Line loss in Watts
4. Angle γ – of current I
5. ZS S = rs + jx s – the value of the reactor

Page | 22
CALCULATION
Line loss = WS – WR = I2rs (1)
From equation (1),
W − WR
rs =
I2
(Volt Amp)2 = (Active Power)2 + ( Reactive Power)2 (2)
(ESI)2 = WS2 + QS2 (3)
Hence |QS| is known for every observation.
Also,
(ERI)2 = WR2 + QR2 (4)
Hence |QR| is known for every observation.
Now,
W − jQ
I = S * S
ES
WS − jQ S
I = (Taking ES as a reference Phasor) (5)
ES
From equation (5) I can be determined for every set of observation.
Again,
E S 0 − E R  − 
= Z S  S (6)
I
From equation (6) ZSS will be known for every set of observation.
Again,
ZSS = rs+jxs (7)
From equation (7) ZSS and rs are known so xs will be known for every set of
observation.

Fig. 3 Phasor diagram for RUN 1

Page | 23
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Experiment No.: 04
Study of power transfer through a transmission system

Page | 24
TITLE: Study of power transfer through a transmission system.

List of Items:
Apparatus Range Maker
1. Ammeter 0-2 A
2. Voltmeter 0-150/300/600 V
3. Digital Phase-angle meter (0-360°)
0-150/230 V,
I (0-10) A
4. 3-phase, 6-pole, 6 position rotary
switch
5. Low Power Factor Wattmeter 0-150/300 V,
1A /2 A
6. Three pole ON/OFF switch
7. Single Phase Variac 0-250 V, 5 A
8. Isolation Transformer (3-phase) 110/110 V, 2 A
9. Power Supply Transformer 400-415 V/ 110-120 V
(3- phase) (10 A),
Star/ Delta
10. Single pole two way switch 230 V, 5 A
11. Indicating Lamps 0-230 V (AC)
12. 0-2 A Fuses
13. Induction Motor type Phase
Sequence Indicator
14. Single Pole two way Switch 230 V, 5 A
15. An Inductor (Linear air gap type) 250/300/500 mh, 2 A
(It represents a short transmission
system)
16. Sheet metal cubicle housing
different equipment mentioned
above

Page | 25
Objective:
To plot the power angle diagram of a transmission system under steady state
condition and to study the effect of resistance of the line on the power transfer
characteristics.

Fig.1 Connection diagram for power transfer experimental set-up

Procedure:
The front view of the power transfer cubicles, and the detail circuit diagram and
connection diagrams are shown in figure 1 and 2 respectively.

1) Connect the 3-phase power cable with neutral at the desired terminals provided in
the power supply Transformer [i.e. 400-415/ 110-120 V (10A)] cubicle.

Page | 26
2)
3) Fig.2 Power Transfer through Transmission System

4) Now connect the 110 or 120 V secondary to the 3-phase Variac and the main Power
Transfer Kit Cubicle’s left hand/ Sending End (SE) side through the cable entry
grommet
5) [110 V (line-to-line) single phase only].
6) Then connect the output of the Variac to the Phase Shifter input while connecting
its output to the Isolation transformer [i.e. 110V/110V, 2A transformer].
7) Connect the output of the Isolation Transformer (single phase, the same phases as
connected to the sending end only.) to the main Power Transfer Kit cubicle’s right
hand/Receiving End (RE) side through the cable entry grommet [110V (line-to-
line) single phase on the RE side.]

Page | 27
 8) Lastly connect the single phase Variac plug to the power plug socket present on
the left hand side of the Main Power transfer cubicle while connecting the Variac
outputs to the SE of the Main Power transfer cubicle.
9) Connect the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and the Phase-angle meters as shown
in the diagram with the terminals on Main Power transfer cubicle.
10) Switch on the 3-phase, ON/OFF switch (on the Power Supply Transformer)
to the ‘ON’ position and observe that the three indicator lamps glow.
11) Set SE voltage (ES) and RE voltage (ER) at a constant value of about 100V
by the corresponding Variac. The AC voltages will show the actual value of ES and
ER by throwing the single pole two way switch in either left-ward or right-ward
directions.
12) Set the phase angle to zero degree by adjusting the Variac used for adjusting
the phase angle. The 6-pole 6-way course phase shift adjust switch should be in
POS-1.
13) Under that condition ammeter reading, wattmeter reading and phase angle
meter reading should be zero.

RUN 2
The value of ES from 30V to 100V in steps of 10V keeping E R=50V and phase
angle at 20° fixed and take ammeter and wattmeter readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sl. Angle ES(V) ER(V) IS(A) WS(W) WR(W) QS(VAR) QR(VAR)

No. (°)
To be To be
calculated calculated

THEORY
To measure the reactive power transfer, we are keeping receiving end voltage and
phase angle constant while varying the sending end voltage to change the power output.

Known Parameters
7. Angle ‘δ’ in degrees
8. ES – Sending end voltage
Page | 28
 9. ER – Receiving end voltage
10.I – Current magnitude in small transmission network in amps
11.WS – Sending end power in watts
12.WR – Receiving end power in watts
Unknown Parameters
6. QS – Sending end VAR
7. QR – Receiving end VAR
8. WL – Line loss in Watts
9. Angle γ – of current I
10. ZSS = rs + jx s – the value of the reactor

CALCULATION
Line loss = WS – WR = I2rs (1)
From equation (1),
W − WR
rs =
I2
(Volt Amp)2 = (Active Power)2 + (Reactive Power)2 (2)
(ESI)2 = WS2 + QS2 (3)
Hence |QS| is known for every observation.
Also,
(ERI)2 = WR2 + QR2 (4)
Hence |QR| is known for every observation.
Now,
WS − jQ S
I = *
ES
WS − jQ S
I = (Taking ES as a reference Phasor) (5)
ES
From equation (5) I can be determined for every set of observation.
Again,
E S 0 − E R  − 
= Z S  S (6)
I
From equation (6) ZSS will be known for every set of observation.
Again,
ZSS = rs+jxs (7)

Page | 29
 From equation (7) ZSS and rs are known so xs will be known for every set of
observation.

Fig. 3 Phasor diagram for RUN 1

Page | 30
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Experiment No.: 05
STUDY OF IDMT OVER CURRENT RELAY

Page | 31
TITLE: Study of IDMT over current relay.

OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of IDMT over current relay experimentally.

APPARATUS USED:

Name of the Model No. of the Makers

Sl. No. Rating
Equipment Equipment Name
1.
2.

THEORY:

It finds its application from the fact that in the event of fault the current increases to a value several
times greater than maximum load current. A relay that operates or picks up when its current exceeds
a predetermined value (setting value) is called Over-current Relay. Over-current relay protects
electrical power systems against excessive currents caused due to faults. Over-current relays can be
used to protect practically any power system elements, i.e. transmission lines, transformers,
generators, or motors. For feeder protection, there would be more than one over-current relay to
protect different sections of the feeder. These over-current relays need to coordinate with each other
such that the relay nearest to the fault operates first.

Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Over-current relay:

The IDMT relay is widely used by the utilities in the field. Initially, the characteristics of the relay
follows inverse law, and thereafter, when the current becomes very high, it follows definite minimum
operating time pattern. This is because of the constant operating torque due to the saturation of flux
at a high value of current in the electromechanical relay. The mathematical relation between the
current and operating time of IDMT characteristics can be written as,
0.14 (𝑇𝑀𝑆)
𝑡𝑜𝑝 =
(𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 − 1
Where PSM is the plug-setting multiplier and TMS is the time multiplier setting of the relay.

Page | 32
 The various important terms used in connection with over-current relays are as follows,

(i) Pick-up current. It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to
operate. So long as the current in the relay is less than the pick-up value, the relay does not
operate and the breaker controlled by it remains in the closed position. However, when the
relay coil current is equal to or greater than the pickup value, the relay operates to energize
the trip coil which opens the circuit breaker.
(ii) Current setting. It is often desirable to adjust the pick-up current to any required value. This
is known as current setting and is usually achieved by the use of tappings on the relay
operating coil. The taps are brought out to a plug bridge. The plug bridge permits to alter the
number of turns on the relay coil. This changes the torque on the disc and hence the time of
operation of the relay. The values assigned to each tap are expressed in terms of percentage
full-load rating of C.T. with which the relay is associated and represents the value above
which the disc commences to rotate and finally closes the trip circuit.

∴ Pick-up current = Rated secondary current of C.T. × Current setting

(iii) Plug-setting multiplier (PSM). It is the ratio of fault current in relay coil to the pick-up
current i.e.

Fault current in relay coil

P. S. M =
Pick − up current
(iv) Time multiplier setting (TMS). A relay is generally provided with control to adjust the time
of operation. This adjustment is known as time-setting multiplier. The time-setting dial is
calibrated from 0 to 1.

PROCEDURE:

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the connected experimental kit.

Page | 33
 1. According to the above figure make all the connections of the relay study kit.
2. Set the variac to 230 V.
3. Set PSM=1.
4. Set a particular TSM (=0.5) in the IDMT over current relay.
5. Switch on the green push button.
6. Increase the load.
7. Once the relay start operating note down the fault currents and relay tripping times.
8. Set other TSM (=0.9) in the IDMT over current relay.
9. Repeat step 6-7.
10. Plot the fault current (A) vs. operating time (s) curves for TSM=0.5 and TSM=0.9.

COMMENTS/ DISCUSSIONS:

Write your comments on the results obtained and discuss the discrepancies, if any.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Turn off the power switch to equipment before making connections.

2) Don’t use broken connecting wires.
3) Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.
4) Don’t wear loose clothes.
5) Wear shoes that cover the feet.

Page | 34
 DATA SHEET

Experiment No.: Date:

TITLE: Study of IDMT over current relay.

Name: _______________________________ SEM: _____________ Year: __________

Adm. No.: ___________________

Experimental Data:-

Time setting multiplier

Sl. No. Plug setting (A) Fault current (A) Trip time (s)
(TMS)
1
2
3
1 0.5
4
5
6

Time setting multiplier

Sl. No. Plug setting (A) Fault current (A) Trip time (s)
(TMS)
1
2
3
1 0.9
4
5
6

____________________________

(Signature of the teacher)

Page | 35
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Experiment No: 06
STUDY OF DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY

Page | 36
TITLE: Study of Directional Over Current Relay

OBJECTIVE: To study the directional over current relay experimentally.

APPARATUS USED:

Name of the Model No. of the Makers

Sl. No. Rating
Equipment Equipment Name
1.
2.

THEORY:

In plain radial feeder, the non-directional relays are used as they operate when the CT secondary
current exceeds the threshold value of pickup setting in relays. Here, no directional features are used
to avoid cost issues regarding both line current and bus voltage data extraction in directional relays.
But to obtain fault zone discrimination in case of the protection of parallel feeders and ring main
systems, the directional features are necessary. By introducing the directional features in relays,
interrupted supply can be made possible at all load points connected in the parallel/ring system.
A B C D

1 3 5

Gen R1 F R3 R5

Load Load Load Load

Fig. 1. Single line diagram of a radial system.

In the plain radial feeder shown in Fig. 1, if the breaker 1 trips because of any abnormalities in the
section between bus A and bus B, it will interrupt the power supply at the buses B, C and D. Thus,
because of the tripping of the first breaker, the load connected to the other buses will not receive any
power supply. In case of the same radial feeder is fed from both the ends with the necessary
modification in the protection scheme using the directional feature, at relay point R2, R3, R4 and R5
as shown in Fig. 2.

A B C D

1 2 3 4 5 6

Gen-1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Gen-2
F

Fig. 2. Double-end feed radial feeder.

Page | 37
In the event of any abnormalities (e.g. faults) in the section between bus A and bus B, the breaker 1
and 2 will isolate the faulty section, without interrupting the supply to the load connected at the buses
A, B, C and D. Hence, to discriminate the faulty section, the relay R2 should be direction sensitive
so that it operate only in the direction indicated by the arrows as shown in Fig. 2. So the directional
relays should operate when the current flows away from the bus where the relay is located and restrain
if the current flows towards the bus.
Another power system network containing parallel feeders are shown in Fig. 3. In case a fault
occurs on line 1 at point F, the fault is fed from both the buses (A and B) because line 2 is in healthy
condition. If the directional feature is provided to the relay R3 (and R4), only relays R1 and R3 trip
the respective breakers of line 1 for a fault at F. The relay R2 is graded with the relay R3 in such way
the R2 provides backup to R3, if the relay R3 fails to clear the fault on line 1. Similarly, R1 is to be
graded with the relay R4.
A B
Line-1
1 3

Load
R1 F R3

Load
Gen Line-2
2 4

R2 R4

Fig. 3. Single-end feed parallel feeder.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Fig. 4. Connection diagram of the experimental setup.

Page | 38
PROCEDURE:

Fig. 5. Connected experimental kit.

1) According to the above figure make all the connections of the relay study kit.
2) Adjust the plug setting.
3) Before power switch on keep the variac in zero position.
4) Now make on the MCBs, AC switch.
5) Switch on green push button for contactor.
6) Rotate the variac and keep the set current value between 2 to 4 times of the plug setting
value.
7) If it does not trips, no problem.
8) Now push the red push button, rotates the variac to zero.
9) Change the direction of current.
10) Follow step 5-6.
11) If trips push the red push button, keep the variac to previous position and again switch
on green push button.
12) Note down the trip time.
13) Change the polarity.
14) Follow step 10-12.
15) Change the phase angle.
16) Follow step 10-12.

COMMENTS/ DISCUSSIONS:

Write your comments on the results obtained and discuss the discrepancies, if any.

PRECAUTIONS:

6) Turn off the power switch to equipment before making connections.

7) Don’t use broken connecting wires.
8) Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.
9) Don’t wear loose clothes.
10) Wear shoes that cover the feet.

Page | 39
 DATA SHEET

Experiment No. Date:

TITLE: Study of Directional Over Current Relay

Name: _______________________________ SEM: _____________ Year:

__________

Adm. No. ___________________

Experimental Data:-

Case-I: Change in current direction

Sl. No. Plug setting Set current (A) Phase angle (0) Trip time (s)

Case-II: Change in polarity

Sl. No. Plug setting Set current (A) Phase angle (0) Trip time (s)

Case-III: Change in phase angle

Sl. No. Plug setting Set current (A) Phase angle (0) Trip time (s)

_________________________

(Signature of the teacher)

Page | 40
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Experiment No: 07
STUDY AND APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL TYPE OVER
CURRENT RELAY FOR DISTRIBUTION LINE PROTECTION

Page | 41
TITLE: Study and application of numerical type over current relay for distribution
line protection.
OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of numerical type over current relay and its application for
protection of distribution lines experimentally.

APPARATUS USED:

Name of the Model No. of the Makers

Sl. No. Rating
Equipment Equipment Name
1.
2.

THEORY:

An over current relay has a current coil when normal current flows through it the magnetic field
generated is not sufficient to move the restraining coil as restraining torque is greater than operating
torque
In case of abnormal conditions fault current i.e. I > Ith, generated magnetic field effect produce
deflecting torque which is greater than restraining coil torque hence change in constant position in
relay.

Numerical over current relay is a microprocessor-based relay which follows certain inbuilt
algorithm for its operating time by changing TSM as well as operating current by adjusting PSM.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑇𝑆𝑀 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (𝑇𝑆𝑀 = 1 )

80 ∗ 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑡𝑜𝑝 =
𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 2
[( ) − 1]
𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑢𝑝 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

Where Ith = Current Threshold,

I = fault current,
top = operating time,
𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
PSM = Plug setting multiplier (𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑢𝑝 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡),
TMS = time multiplier setting.

Page | 42
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Start

Compute input

Compute Ipms

Compute Iratio

I0 > Ipms
Set F

Start timer

Yes No
If type = std
inverse

Compute time If type = very

inverse
Yes No

Trip
Compute time Compute time

Trip Trip

Fig. 4. Flow chart of the experimental setup.

PROCEDURE:

Fig. 5. Connected experimental kit.

Page | 43
1) According to the above figure make all the connections of the relay study kit.
2) Adjust the plug setting.
3) Before power switch on keep the variac in zero position.
4) Now make on the MCBs, AC switch.
5) Switch on green push button for contactor.
6) Rotate the variac and keep the set current value between 2 to 4 times of the plug setting value.
7) Note down the trip time.
8) Follow step 6-7.
9) Draw the graph for operating characteristics of over current

COMMENTS/ DISCUSSIONS:

Write your comments on the results obtained and discuss the discrepancies, if any.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Turn off the power switch to equipment before making connections.

2) Don’t use broken connecting wires.
3) Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and
clothes.
4) Don’t wear loose clothes.
5) Wear shoes that cover the feet.

Experimental setup of over-current relay-based distribution system feeder protection

Page | 44
 DATA SHEET

Experiment No. Date:

TITLE: Study and application of numerical type over current relay for distribution line protection.

Name: _______________________________ SEM: _____________ Year: __________

Adm. No. ___________________

Experimental Data:-

Case-I: Plug Setting = 120% = 1.2A (i) TMS = 0.5 sec

Sl. No. Fault Current (V) Operating Time (ms) PSM

Case-II: Plug Setting = 120% = 1.2A (i) TMS = 1 sec

Sl. No. Fault Voltage (V) Operating Time (ms) Calculated Time (ms)

Fault Fault Fault Fault

Fault type Fault type
location (km) current (A) location (km) current (A)
A-G A-B
B-G B-C
120 120
C-G C-A
A-B-C A-B-G

____________________________

(Signature of the teacher)

Page | 45
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Power and Switchgear Lab

Course code: EEC377

Experiment No: 08
STUDY OF NUMERICAL TYPE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Page | 46
TITLE: Study of numerical type differential relay

OBJECTIVE: To determine the operating characteristic of a numerical differential protection

scheme.

APPARATUS USED:

Serial Name of the Model No. of the Makers

Rating
No. Equipment Equipment Name
1.
2.

THEORY:

Differential protection is a method of protection in which an internal fault is identified by comparing

the electrical conditions at the terminals of the electrical equipment to be protected. It is based on the
fact that any internal fault in an electrical equipment would cause the current entering it to be different
from that leaving it. Differential protection is one of the most sensitive and effective methods of
protections of electrical equipment against internal faults. The differential protection is called unit
protection because it is confined to protection of a particular equipment of a power system.

PERCENTAGE OR BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

The schematic diagram of the percentage (biased) differential relay is shown in Figure 1. This relay
has two coils. One coil is known as restraining coil or bias coil which restrains the operation of the
relay. Another coil is the operating coil which produces the operating torque for the relay. When the
operating torque exceeds the restraining torque, the relay operates. The operating coil is connected
to the mid-point of the restraining coil as show in the Figure 1. Nr and N0 are the total number of turns
of the restraining coil and the operating coil, respectively. Since the restraining coil is tapped at the
centre, it forms two sections with equal number of turns, Nr/2. The restraining coil is connected in
the circulating current path in such a way that current I1s flows through one section of Nr/2 turns and
I2s flows through the another section of Nr/2, so that the complete restraining coil of Nr turns receives
the through fault current of (I1s+I2s)/2. The operating coil, having N0 number of turns, is connected
in the difference path, so that it receives the differential current, (I1s - I2s).

The operating condition of the percentage differential relay can be derived as follows:

The relay operates if the operating torque produced by the operating coil is more that the restraining
torque produced by the restraining coil. As the torque is proportional to the ampere-turns (AT), the
relay will operate when the ampere-turns of the operating coil (ATO), will be greater that ampere-
turns of the restraining coil, (ATR).

Page | 47
 Protected zone

CT1 CB CB CT2 I2
Protected
equipment
I1S I2S

Restraining coil
I1S
I1S I2S

Nr/2 Nr/2 I2S

Operating
No coil

(I1S – I2S)

I1S I2S
Percentage
differential relay

Figure 1. Percentage (biased) differential relay

𝑁𝑟
Ampere-turns of the left-hand section of the restraining coil = 𝐼
2 1𝑆

𝑁𝑟
Ampere-turns of the right-hand section of the restraining coil = 𝐼2𝑆
2

𝑁𝑟
Total ampere-turns of the restraining coil, ATR = (𝐼1𝑆 + 𝐼2𝑆 )
2

(𝐼1𝑆 +𝐼2𝑆 )
= 𝑁𝑟 2

Thus it can be assumed that the entire 𝑁𝑟 turns of the restraining coil carries a current (I1s+I2s)/2. The
current (I1s+I2s)/2 which is the average of the secondary currents of the CTs (CT1 and CT2) is known
as the ‘through current’ or restraining current, IR, Hence

IR = (I1s+I2s)/2

The ampere-turns of the operating coil, ATO = N0 (I1s - I2s)

Neglecting spring restraint, the relay will operate when,

ATO > ATR

Or N0 (I1s - I2s) > Nr (I1s+I2s)/2

Page | 48
 𝑁 (𝐼1𝑆 +𝐼2𝑆 )
Or (I1s - I2s) > 𝑁𝑟
0 2

Or 𝐼𝐷 > 𝐾𝐼𝑅

Where, 𝐼𝐷 = (I1s - I2s) is the differential current through the operating coil. Hence it is also called
the differential operating current.

𝐼𝑅 = (I1s - I2s)/2 is the restraining current or through current

𝑁
And 𝐾 = 𝑁𝑟 = Slope or Bias
0

K (Slope or Bias) is generally expressed as a percentage value.

The relay will be on the verge of operation when:

𝑁 (𝐼1𝑆 +𝐼2𝑆 )
(I1s - I2s) = 𝑁𝑟
0 2

Or 𝐼𝐷 > 𝐾𝐼𝑅

Thus, at the threshold of operation of the relay, the ratio of the differential operating current (𝐼𝐷 ) to
the restraining current (𝐼𝑅 ) is a fixed percentage; and for operation of the relay the differential
operating current must be greater than this fixed percentage of the restraining (through fault) current.
Hence, this relay is called ‘percentage differential relay’. The percentage differential relay is also
known as ‘bias differential relay’. The operating characteristics of this relay is shown in Figure 2.
Id = (I1S – I2S)

Trip

Ipick-up = KS Block

( I 1S + I 2 S )
Ir =
2
Figure 2. Operating characteristic of percentage differential relay

Page | 49
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Figure 3. Experimental setup for percentage biased differential test kit.

PROCEDURE:

Procedure for testing the bias characteristics

1. Note the bias setting set in the relay.

2. Prepare the test kit and connect primary and secondary current to the relay.
3. Switch on the test kit.
4. Keep TEST/SET mode switch in SET mode.
5. Slowly increase both primary and secondary current equally so that sum is less than two
amperes and relay should not pickup.
6. Slowly increase or decrease one of the currents till the required currents in source 1 and
source 2 are obtained.
7. Note the primary, secondary and the differential current.
8. Repeat the above (from 3 to 6) for different values of currents.
9. Switch off the kit.
10. Tabulate the result and draw the graph.

The test points are calculated as follows:

𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼1 – 𝐼2 , 𝐼𝑅 = ( 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )/2

Page | 50
COMMENTS/ DISCUSSIONS:

Write your comments on the results obtained and discuss the discrepancies, if any.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) The current must be maintained at minimum position.

2) Check the supply voltage.
3) Test kit must be grounded.
4) Use personal protective devices such as shoes, gloves before starting the experiments.
5) Proper fusing for incoming terminals.

Page | 51
 DATA SHEET

Experiment No.: Date:

TITLE: Study of Numerical Type Differential Relay

Name: _______________________________ SEM: _____________ Year: __________

Adm. No. ___________________

Experimental Data:-

Test Points
Sl. I1 I2 Trip Status Trip Status
No. Idiff Ibias (A) (A) (Practical) (Theoretical)
(A) (A)

____________________________

(Signature of the teacher)

Page | 52