1.

Network
 What is a Network
 The main types of networks
 PAN (Personal Area Network)
 LAN (Local Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
 Advantages of computer network
 Disadvantages of computer network
2. Servers
 What is a Servers
 Types of servers
3. Hardware
 What is a Hardware
 Examples of hardware
 Some other hardware
4. Wired vs Wireless
 Wired connections
 Wireless connections
 Examples of wired connections
 Examples of wireless connections
 Some different types of wireless networks
 Wired Networks
 Wireless Networks
5. Transmitting data
 Transmission errors
 Viruses
 Ransomware
 Spyware
6. Unauthorized access
 Social engineering
 Cracking passwords
 Hacker
7. Operating systems
 Network operating systems
8. Computer Safety Items
 Antivirus software
 Anti-spyware/Ransomware software
 Firewalls
What is a Network?
A computer network is a group of connecting devices that exchange data and other resources
with each other. The network connection between these devices can be wired or wireless and it
comes on all shapes and sizes from smaller networks to bigger networks.

The main types of networks:

PAN ( Personal Area Network)
LAN ( Local Area Network )
WAN ( Wide Area Network)
PAN (Personal Area Network)
This is the smallest type of network. It is only connected to the nearest devices It connects
electronic devices such as wireless mouse, keyboards, printers, and other computerized
devices.

Advantages of PAN
 No wires are required. The connecting devices in a PAN only require Bluetooth to be
enabled, which eliminates the need for extra wires. ...
 Reliable and secure. ...
 Easy data synchronization. ...
 Portability.

Disadvantages of PAN
 Short network range and slow data transfer. A PAN uses Bluetooth communication that
doesn't span beyond the 10-meter range. ...
 Signal interference. ...
 Cost. ...
 Line of sight propagation.
LAN (Local Area Network)
This is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building,
office, or home.

Advantages of LAN
 Ability to share hardware and software resources.
 All network users can save their data on hard disk of the server computer.
 Components and system evolution is possible.
 Support for heterogeneous forms of hardware and software.
 Access to other LANs and WAN's.
 Private ownership.
 Secure transfers at high speeds with low error rates.

Disadvantages of LAN
 Equipment and support can be costly.
 Some types of hardware may not interoperate.
 A good LAN is required to be on all the times.
 A lot of times a network shares one internet connection only. If many computers are
running at once, it can reduce speed for each.
 Area covered is limited.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
wide-area network (WAN) is the technology that connects your offices, data centers, cloud
applications, and cloud storage together

Advantages of WAN
 It covers a very large geographic area, like a country or long distance businesses can
connect on the one network.
 The speed of WAN is very high.
 WAN helps organizations to form their global integrated network.
 Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone on the network.

Disadvantages of WAN
 It covers a very large geographic area, as a country or long-distance businesses can
connect on one network.
 The speed of WAN is very high.
 WAN helps organizations to form their global integrated network.
 Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone on the network.

Computer Network
Advantages of computer network
 Computer Networking helps to develop more opportunities in the field of information
security.
 A network provides a better personalized experience.
 It allows us to collaborate on projects.
 A single internet connection can be shared in computer networking.
 It is reliable.
Disadvantages of computer network
 It can lead us to lose access to information very quickly.
 The cost of computer networking is very high.
 Computer Networking can direct us to various types of distractions.
 Computer networking can result in people stopping believing in their memory.
 One device can create problems for the whole network.

Servers
What is a Server?
A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other
computers, known as clients, over a network. In theory, whenever computers share resources
with client machines they are considered servers.

Types of servers
 File server
 Print server
 Mail server
 Web server
 Cloud server
 Blade server
 Application server
 Database server
What is a hardware?
Hardware refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to perform
major functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and more.

Examples of hardware
 Motherboard
 Mouse
 Monitor
 USB
 Ram
 Printer
Some other hardware
Network interface controller (NIC)
A network interface controller is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to
a computer network.

Switch
A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by
using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device.
Router
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Routers perform the traffic directing functions between networks and on the global Internet.

Copper cables
Ethernet LANs are most widely built using UTP cables. UTP cable is made of 8 copper wires,
grouped together in four twisted pairs.
Fiber optic cables
Also known as optic cables or optical fiber cables, they transfer data signals in the form of light
and travel hundreds of miles significantly faster than those used in traditional electrical cables.

Bandwidth
Bandwidth specifically refers to the capacity at which a network can transmit data. For
example, if the bandwidth of a network is 40 Mbps, it implies that the network cannot transmit
data faster than 40 Mbps in any given case.

Hub
In networking, a hub is a device that links multiple computers and devices together. Hubs can
also be referred to as repeaters or concentrators, and they serve as the center of a local area
network (LAN). In a hub, each connected device is on the same subnet and receives all data
sent to the hub.
ROM
Read-only memory is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic
devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the
memory device.

RAM
Random-access memory is a form of electronic computer memory that can be read and
changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.
Wired vs Wireless

Wired connections
A wired network uses cables to connect devices, such as laptop or desktop computers, to the
Internet or another network. A wired network has some disadvantages when compared to a
wireless network.

Wireless connections
A wireless network refers to a computer network that makes use of Radio Frequency (RF)
connections between nodes in the network. Wireless networks are a popular solution for
homes, businesses, and telecommunications networks.

Examples for wired connections

 Television
 Router
 Fiber optic cable
Examples for wireless connections
 Bluetooth
 Radio
 Cell phone

Some different types of wireless networks

 WPAN: wireless personal area network

 WLAN: wireless local area network

  WWAN: wireless wide area network

Wired Networks

Advantages of wired networks

 Fast
 Security
 Fast and speed

Disadvantages of wired networks

 Installation time
 Troubles with cables
 Less mobility for users
Wireless Networks

Advantages of wireless network

 Access and availability
 Flexibility
 Cost savings
 Coverage

Disadvantages of wireless network

 unreliability
 More open to interference
 Increased chance of jamming

Transmitting data
Data transmission is the transfer of data from one digital device to another. This transfer occurs
via point-to-point data streams or channels. These channels may previously have been in the
form of copper wires but are now much more likely to be part of a wireless network.
Transmission errors
Transmission errors occur randomly in bursts. Burst errors happen when the signal undergoes
deep fades. The ability of FEC is limited in correcting a long string of errors, bit-interleaving is
used between the encoder and modulator.

Viruses
A computer virus is a type of malicious software, or malware, that spreads between computers
and causes damage to data and software.

Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware (malicious software) used by cybercriminals. If a computer or
network has been infected with ransomware, the ransomware blocks access to the system or
encrypts its data.
Spyware
Spyware collects personal and sensitive information that it sends to advertisers, data collection
firms, or malicious actors for profit. Attackers use it to track, steal, and sell user data, such as
internet usage, credit card, and bank account details, or steal user credentials to spoof their
identities.

Unauthorized access
Social engineering
Social engineering is the tactic of manipulating, influencing, or deceiving a victim in order to
gain control over a computer system or to steal personal and financial information.
Cracking passwords
Password cracking is the process of using an application program to identify an unknown or
forgotten password to a computer or network resource. It can also be used to help a threat
actor obtain unauthorized access to resources.

Hacking
Computer hackers are unauthorized users who break into computer systems in order to steal,
change or the destroy information, often by installing dangerous malware without your
knowledge or consent. Their clever tactics and detailed technical knowledge help them access
the information you really don't want them to have. Gaining unauthorized access to data in
system or computer

Types of hackers

 Black hackers
 White hackers
 Security hacker
 Grey hat
 Blue hat
Operating systems
A network operating system, or network OS, is system software that controls the various
devices on a computer network and how they communicate with each other. Some of the tasks
of a network OS are similar to those of an OS for individual computers, such as memory
management and hardware control.

Network operating systems

A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system (OS) that's designed
primarily to support workstations, PCs, and, in some instances, older terminals that are
connected to a local area network (LAN).
Computer Safety Items
Antivirus software
Antivirus software (antivirus program) is a security program designed to prevent, detect,
search, and remove viruses and other types of malware from computers, networks, and other
devices.
Anti-spyware/Ransomware software
Anti-spyware/ransomware solutions are technologies, training, and best practices that can help
organizations better prevent ransomware attacks and recover more easily when attacks are
successful.

Firewalls
A Firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network
traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies. At its most basic, a
firewall is essentially the barrier that sits between a private internal network and the public
Internet.
Group Members: Udaan (Leader)
Nadishaan
Sasiru
Nethusalee
Mehansa
Deshani