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Lesson 8 Fallacies Hand Outs

This document provides an overview of 14 common fallacies or logical fallacies. It defines each fallacy, provides examples, and in some cases explains the Latin or original meaning behind the fallacy's name. The key fallacies discussed are argumentum ad hominem, argumentum ad baculum, argumentum ad misercordiam, argumentum ad populum, and argumentum ad ignorantiam.

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34 views

Lesson 8 Fallacies Hand Outs

This document provides an overview of 14 common fallacies or logical fallacies. It defines each fallacy, provides examples, and in some cases explains the Latin or original meaning behind the fallacy's name. The key fallacies discussed are argumentum ad hominem, argumentum ad baculum, argumentum ad misercordiam, argumentum ad populum, and argumentum ad ignorantiam.

Uploaded by

rhyshryroch royeras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 8:

FALLACIES
Methods of Philosophizing (Part 4)
Mr. Edward B. Noda Jr.
Jose Abad Santos SHS
LOGIC
● Branch of philosophy that focuses on the analysis
of arguments
● Studies and elaborates on good argumentation.
● Study of correct thinking and reasoning
Fallacy
Group of statement that appear
to be arguments, but fail to
support the conclusion.
Eg: There is no hope in the
Philippine government, because the
Philippines is a tropical country.
1. Argumentum ad Hominem
“Attacking the Person”
Examples:
Hominem came from Latin word “homo”
which means man. This fallacy literally means “How can we believe him when
hitting the person below the belt instead of he talks about social distancing,
focusing on the issue at hand. he is a lawyer who is a liar.”

Attacking the person presenting “Of course he believes that the


the argument instead of the government is flawed, he is a
argument itself. rebel and a Communist!”
2. Argumentum ad Baculum Examples:
(Appeal to Force)
“TV Patrol is the best news
program on TV. If you don’t
Baculum is a Latin word which means
believe me, I won’t let you watch
scepter or stick. A scepter is a symbol
the TV.”
of authority. Normally it is the Pope
who carries it in his hands. This is “If this peace agreement will not
committed when a person uses threat be signed by the government,
or force to advance an argument. then we will have no recourse
but to go to war.”
Using the threat of force or an
undesirable event to advance an
argument.
Examples:
3. Argumentum ad Misercordiam
(Appeal to Pity) “Forgive me officer, there are lot of
boarders in this apartment including
Misercordiam came from Latin word myself. Only the owner was issued a
Misericordia which means pity or quarantine pass. We don’t have food,
compassion. A person uses emotion we can’t give our ATM to the owner.
such as pity to convince someone That’s why I went out. So I did not
violate the Bayanihan Act Heal as One.”
Using emotions such as pity or
sympathy. “All these charges are baseless; this is
just plain harassment- can’t you see
how this is affecting my family?”
4. Argumentum ad Populum
“Appeal to people”/
Examples:
Bandwagon fallacy
“I’m sure you want to have an i phone.
Populum is the Latin word for people. Almost 80% of your schoolmates are
Most of TV commercials are guilty of using it.”
this argument which exploit people’s
“Every boy your age already has a
vanity, desires, etc.
girlfriend, you should go find one!”
The idea is presented acceptable
because a lot of people accept it.
5. Argumentum ad Tradition/ AntiquitatemExamples:
“Appeal to Tradition”
“All of us in the family, from our
ancestors up to now, are devout
Traditio means tradition. Advancing
Catholics, so it is only right that you will
an idea since it has been practice for a
be baptized as a Catholic.“
long time.
“Marriage should be between a man and
The idea is acceptable because it has
a woman. It has been so for a long time
been true for a long time.
in this country; it should remain so today
“this is the way it has always been and in the future.”
done”
6. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam Examples:
“Appeal to Ignorance”
“According to Zecharia Sitchin, the author
Ignorantiam a Latin word for ignorance. of the book Cosmic Code, Adam was the
Whatever has been proven false must be first test tube baby. Since nobody proves
true and vice versa otherwise, therefore it is true.”

Committed when a person could not give “I am sure that the students have
a counter argument or if he/she could understood the instructions perfectly
not present any evidences or witnesses well because no one raised a hand to ask
to prove or disprove the statement of anything on them.”
another, his/ her assertions are correct
and the opponent is wrong.
7. Petitio Principii
Examples:
(Begging the Question)
“I have the right to free speech, therefore
you cannot stop me from talking.”
A fallacy in which a conclusion is taken
for granted in the premises
“What is a declarative sentence? It is a
Assuming the thing or idea to be sentence that declares.”
proven is true
“Cheating is wrong because it is immoral”
Also known as “circular argument”
8. Hasty Generalization
Example:
This fallacy is committed when one
reaches a generalization based on “Our neighbor who is a police officer
insufficient evidence was convicted of being a drug dealer,
therefore, all police officers are drug
dealers. “
9. Cause-and-effect Examples:

(Post Hoc, Ergo, Propter Hoc) “Ever since you bought that sweater, everything
has been going wrong in your life. You should get
rid of it.”
Assuming that the effect is related to a
cause because both events occur one “Jen comes to class just as the bell rings every
after the other. day. Jen’s arrival at class causes the bell to ring.”

Assuming a “cause-and-effect” “She became an old maid because she used to


relationship between unrelated sing while cooking.”
events.
10. Fallacy of Composition
Examples:

Infers that something is true of a part, is “You are a doctor, therefore you came
true of a whole from a family of doctors.”

Assuming that what is true of a part is “These cases of robbery in this district
true for the whole. have convinces me that the city has
become a den of thieves and criminals”
Individual to all
11. Fallacy of Division
Examples:

Infers that something is true of the “Your family is smart, therefore you are
whole, must also be true on its parts smart.”

Assuming that what is true for the “You come from a family of doctors and
whole is true for its parts. intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this
course!”
All to individual
12. Fallacy of Equivocation Examples:

“Humans walk by their legs. The table has


Using the same term in a different legs. Therefore the table walks by its
situation with different meaning. legs.”

Calling two different things by the same “A ruler measures 12 inches, Mayor Isko
name. Moreno is a ruler; therefore, Mayor Isko
is 12 inches.”
Resulting from the use of a particular
word/ expression in multiple senses
throughout an agreement leading to a
false conclusion.
14. Argumentum ad
13. Fallacy of Accident Verecundiam
(Argument from Authority)
Occurs when one attempts to apply Committed when a person uses a
a general rule to an irrelevant name of a popular celebrity or name
situation. of an expert to put more weight in
the assertion being made.
Example:
Cutting people with knives is a crime. Example:
Surgeons cut people with knives. “My assignment in Chemistry is not
Surgeons are criminals. wrong. Ms. Aguirre, my English
teacher who is known internationally
as a novelist, confirmed my answer.”

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