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Cao Unit 4

The document discusses different methods for asynchronous data transfer between computing units. It describes the strobe method where the source unit places data on the bus and activates a strobe pulse to indicate the data is valid. It also describes handshaking methods using control lines to indicate when data is valid and can be accepted. A timeout scheme is proposed to detect errors if a transfer is not completed within a predetermined time period. Serial asynchronous transfer and rules for detection of start and end of character codes are also outlined. Finally, it lists the three main modes of data transfer as programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access.

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50 views2 pages

Cao Unit 4

The document discusses different methods for asynchronous data transfer between computing units. It describes the strobe method where the source unit places data on the bus and activates a strobe pulse to indicate the data is valid. It also describes handshaking methods using control lines to indicate when data is valid and can be accepted. A timeout scheme is proposed to detect errors if a transfer is not completed within a predetermined time period. Serial asynchronous transfer and rules for detection of start and end of character codes are also outlined. Finally, it lists the three main modes of data transfer as programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access.

Uploaded by

ARPITA ARORA
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Asynchronous data transfer

1)strobe method
As shown in the timing diagram of Fig. 11-3(b), the source unit first places the data on the
data bus. After a brief delay to ensure that the data settle to a steady value, the source
activates the strobe pulse. The information on the data bus and the strobe signal remain in
the active state for a sufficient time period to allow the destination unit to receive the data.
Often, the destination unit uses the falling edge of the strobe pulse to transfer the contents of
the data bus into one of its internal registers. The source removes the data from the bus a
brief period after it disables its strobe pulse. Actually, the source does not have to change
the information in the data bus. The fact that the strobe signal is disabled indicates that the
data bus does not contain valid data. New valid data will be available only after the strobe is
enabled again.
Figure 11-4 shows a data transfer initiated by the destination unit. In this case the destination
unit activates the strobe pulse, informing the source to provide the data. The source unit
responds by placing the requested binary information on the data bus. The data must be
valid and remain in the bus long enough for the destination unit to accept it. The falling edge
of the strobe pulse can be used again to trigger a destination register. The destination unit.
then disables the strobe. The source removes the data from the bus after a predetermined
time interval.

The disadvantage of the strobe method is that the source unit that initiates the transfer has
no way of knowing whether the destination unit has actually received the data item that was
placed in the bus

2)handshaking method
The basic principle of the two-wire handshaking method of data transfer is as follows. One
control line is in the same direction as the data flow in the bus from the source to the
destination. It is used by the source unit to inform the destination unit whether there are valid
data in the bus. The other control line is in the other direction from the destination to the
source. It is used by the destination unit to inform the source whether it can accept data. The
sequence of control during the transfer depends on the unit that initiates the transfer

The two handshaking lines are data valid, which is generated by the source unit, and data
accepted, generated by the destination unit

TIMEOUT SCHEME TO VALIDATE/ENSURE DATA TRANSFER


. If one unit is faulty, the data transfer will not be timeout completed. Such an error can be
detected by means of a timeout mechanism, which produces an alarm if the data transfer is
not completed within a predetermined time. The timeout is implemented by means of an
internal clock that starts counting time when the unit enables one of its handshaking control
signals. If the return handshake signal does not respond within a given time period, the unit
assumes that an error has occurred. The timeout signal can be used to interrupt the
processor and hence execute a service routine that takes appropriate error recovery action.
Asynchronous Serial data transfer

The character code is transferred from the source to the destination in serial order
The transmitter detects the beginning and the end of the character code with help of some
additional bits attached to it.

Start bit : 0
End bit : 1
For serial asynchronous data transfer

There are some rules according to which the transmitter detects the serial asynchronous
data transfer:

a) Initially the line is in 1-state at the time when there are no character code on it.
b) As soon as the first bit (0), is detected, the line state changes. The first bit is detected
with the start bit = 0
c) After this the character bits start flowing serially
d) Once we reach the last bit, and end bit=1 => data has ended. Transmitter detects this
and data transfer is stopped.
e) The line state now remains in 1 state for at least one more bit time.

Baud Rate: the rate at which serial information is transmitted and is expressed in bits per
second

MODES OF DATA TRANSFER

Three modes of data transfer:


a) Programmed I/O
b) Interrupt initiated I/O
c) Direct Memory Access

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