Basics of Electrical Circuits

8032101-3

Lecture 11
Dr. Mohammad Alsharef
 Sinusoids and Phasor

Motivation
Sinusoids’ features
Phasors
Phasor relationships for circuit elements
Impedance and admittance
Impedance combinations

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 Motivation
How to determine v(t) and i(t)?

How can we apply what we have learned before to determine

i(t) and v(t)?
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 Motivation

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 Sinusoids
• A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or
cosine function.
• A general expression for the sinusoid,

v(t ) = Vm sin(wt + f )

where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
Ф = the phase
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 Sinusoids
A periodic function is one that satisfies v(t) = v(t + nT), for
all t and for all integers n.

2p
T=
w

1
f = Hz w = 2pf
T

• Only two sinusoidal values with the same frequency can be compared by their
amplitude and phase difference.
• If phase difference is zero, they are in phase; if phase difference is not zero,
they are out of phase.
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 Sinusoids

Example 1

Given a sinusoid, , calculate its

amplitude, phase, angular frequency, period, and
frequency.

Solution:

Amplitude = 5, phase = –60o, angular frequency

= 4p rad/s, Period = 0.5 s, frequency = 2 Hz.

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 Phasor

• A phasor is a complex number that

represents the amplitude and phase of
a sinusoid.

• It can be represented in one of the

following three forms:

a. Rectangular z = x + jy = r (cos f + j sin f )

b. Polar z = r Ðf
r = x2 + y2
jf
c. Exponential z = re where y
f = tan -1
x
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 Phasor
Mathematic operation of complex number:
1. Addition z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + j( y1 + y2 )

2. Subtraction z1 - z2 = ( x1 - x2 ) + j( y1 - y2 )

3. Multiplication z1 z2 = r1r2 Ðf1 + f2

4. Division z1 r1
= Ðf1 - f 2
z 2 r2

1 1
5. Reciprocal = Ð -f
z r

6. Square root z = r Ðf 2
7. Complex conjugate
z * = x - jy = r Ð - f = re- jf
8. Euler’s identity e ± jf = cosf ± j sin f

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 Addition
• Addition is most easily performed in rectangular
coordinates:
A=x+jy
B=z+jw
A + B = (x + z) + j (y + w)

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 Subtraction

• Subtraction is most easily performed in rectangular

coordinates:
A=x+jy
B=z+jw
A - B = (x - z) + j (y - w)

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 Multiplication
• Multiplication is most easily performed in polar
coordinates:
A = AM Ð q
B = BM Ð f
A ´ B = (AM ´ BM) Ð (q + f)

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 Division
• Division is most easily performed in polar
coordinates:
A = AM Ð q
B = BM Ð f
A / B = (AM / BM) Ð (q - f)

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 Phasor
Example 3
• Evaluate the following complex numbers:

a.
[(5 + j2)(-1 + j4) - 5Ð 60 o ]
b. 10 + j5 + 3Ð40 o
+ 10 Ð30 o
- 3 + j4

Solution:
a. –15.5 + j13.67
b. 8.293 + j2.2

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 Phasor
• Transform a sinusoid to and from the time domain to the phasor
domain:

v(t ) = Vm cos(wt + f ) V = Vm Ðf
(time domain) (phasor domain)

• Amplitude and phase difference are two principal

concerns in the study of voltage and current sinusoids.
• Phasor will be defined from the cosine function in all our
proceeding study. If a voltage or current expression is in
the form of a sine, it will be changed to a cosine by
subtracting from the phase.
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 Phasor

Example 4
Transform the following sinusoids to phasors:
i = 6cos(50t – 40o) A
v = –4sin(30t + 50o) V

Solution:
a. I = 6Ð - 40° A
b. Since –sin(A) = cos(A+90o);
v(t) = 4cos (30t+50o+90o) = 4cos(30t+140o) V
Transform to phasor => V = 4Ð140° V

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 Phasor
Example 5:
Transform the following phasors to sinusoids:
a. V = - 10Ð30° V
b. I = j(5 - j12) A

Solution:
a) v(t) = 10cos(wt + 210o) V
5
b) Since I = 12 + j5 = 12 2 + 52 Ð tan -1 ( ) = 13Ð 22.62°
12
i(t) = 13cos(wt + 22.62o) A

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 Phasor
The differences between v(t) and V:
• v(t) is instantaneous or time-domain representation
V is the frequency or phasor-domain representation.
• v(t) is time dependent, V is not.
• v(t) is always real with no complex term, V is generally
complex.

Note: Phasor analysis applies only when frequency is constant; when it is

applied to two or more sinusoid signals only if they have the same
frequency.

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 Phasor

Relationship between differential, integral operation

in phasor listed as follow:

v(t ) V = VÐf
dv
dt jwV

V
ò vdt jw
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 Phasor Relationships
for Circuit Elements
Resistor: Inductor: Capacitor:

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 Phasor Relationships
for Circuit Elements
Summary of voltage-current relationship
Element Time domain Frequency domain

R
v = Ri V = RI

L di
v=L V = jwLI
dt
C dv I
i=C V=
dt jwC

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 Example

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 Impedance and Admittance

• The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor

voltage V to the phasor current I, measured in ohms Ω.

where R = Re, Z is the resistance and X = Im, Z is the

reactance. Positive X is for L and negative X is for C.

• The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance, measured

in siemens (S).
1 I
Y= =
Z V
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 Impedance and Admittance

w = 0; Z = 0

w ® ¥; Z ® ¥

w = 0; Z ® ¥

w ® ¥; Z = 0

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 Impedance and Admittance

• After we know how to convert RLC components from

time to phasor domain, we can transform a time
domain circuit into a phasor/frequency domain circuit.
• Hence, we can apply the KCL laws and other
theorems to directly set up phasor equations involving
our target variable(s) for solving.

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 Impedance and Admittance

Example 8

Refer to Figure below, determine v(t) and

i(t).

vs = 5 cos(10t )

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Solution

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 Impedance Combinations
Example 9

Determine the input impedance of the circuit in figure below at ω

=50 rad/s.

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 Impedance Combinations

• The following principles used for DC circuit analysis

all apply to AC circuit.

• For example:
a. voltage division
b. current division
c. circuit reduction
d. impedance equivalence
e. Y-Δ transformation

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