International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development

Vol.4, No.4, Autumn 2014

Architecture of Tourism
Tourism and its Effect on Attract
in Iran
1
Ramin Farshidfar, 2Iman Pourkhiz
1
M.Sc., Department of Architecture, Sama technical and vocational training college, Islamic Azad University,
Qaemshahr Branch, Qaemshahr, Iran.
2
Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Agricultural Development, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University.
Tehran, Iran.

Recieved 12.13.2013; Accepted 09.17.2014

ABSTRACT: Contemporary architecture by symbolic and visual design creates an image in the minds of tourists
so that these images are then converted to urban brands. Combining symbolic monuments and modern buildings in
the world today is a promising development of cities in many municipalities, municipalities and government agencies
to freely and without regard to the needs of their local employs all the resources and capital to meet their local needs
of foreign tourists in order to cope with the global tourism and earn easy money. This study discusses the importance
of residential leisure complex architectural impact on the tourism industry tried using smooth transition regression
(STR) and annual data from 1978 to 2007 time period attempts to examine the impact of a residential entertainment
complex nonlinear architecture tourism infrastructure in the tourism industry. Results confirm the impact of tourism
on nonlinearity residential resort complex architecture that entertainment complex architecture has resided in both
the positive and significant effect on the tourism industry during the period. It should be noted that a threshold value
of tourism infrastructure is set 608/20 percent. In addition, the results showed that the release rate of exchange is a
significant positive effect on tourism in Iran.

Keywords: Tourism, Recreation Complexes, Residential, Economic Growth, Hotels

INTRODUCTION
The world tourism industry has great development and many the architecture the critics of the following are as arch tourism
countries have managed this through improve their situation the Persian it can be translated to architecture Tourism or
and reduce problems like Unemployment, Low levels of per architecture for tourists. Contemporary Architecture with
capita income and Shortage of foreign exchange earnings. symbolic designs and visual people will images in the minds
The largest and most diverse in the world tourism industry.In of tourists So that later images are converted to trade shows
many countries this dynamic industry as the main source of for cities. Combining the symbolic monuments and modern
income, employment, private sector growth and infrastructure buildings in today's world is promising urban development.
development. Nowadays tourism Industry in some countries, it Nowadays tourism as an industry income and employment in
is important to economic and social development economists the international arena has become very important and also
call it invisible exports. will double the future. Tourism according to global statistics
Expanding tourism industry is broader and more widespread allocated to the more than 10% share of world GDP as well as
every day. In recent years, some success in attracting tourists to the contribution is increasing increasingly. In some countries
the city sometimes architecture unknown, has led to the world's despite the efforts that have been made the growth in foreign
attention the role of architecture at and prosperity of tourism trade and participation in global markets, but unfortunately due
development, So that museum managers and municipalities to the insistence of misplaced reliance of the traditional system,
worldwide the efforts are until with capturing famous architects yet there is developments is proportional with the position of
of this era, design compelling and spectacular architecture, countries in the international trade arena. Using planning,
change cultural map of the earth. Accordingly, the nowadays policies, tools, methods, and expand recreational facilities,
architecture and tourism have been together more than before tourist Special attention to the integrated architecture, the
and the relationship formation of the new approach provides approach that should be taken into consideration activists
** trade. Tourist and historical attractions of Iran have a few
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
thousand years. It has many features that can be distinguished

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
Vol.4, No.4, Autmn 2014

from others in the field of tourism. In comparison with other the foreign tourists. Nowadays a large part of national income can
countries, Iran the situation is relatively better only than Iraq, be obtained from the local hotels provide service to passengers
Bangladesh, Sudan, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Comparison of the and many countries are only new export of tourism services its
Ghana it is suggested that in 1995, revenue from tourism in facilities and thereby offset their national deficits. Set units that
Ghana was 46% higher than the corresponding income in Iran. for stay tourists, accommodation service and or it depends offer
Experience shows that 1998 Turkey although it is beyond Iran are called residential facilities. Types of tourist accommodation
In terms of benefiting from adsorption capacities and potentials facilities include: Hotels, motels, inns, motels or inns, boarding,
the average tourists are attracted 10 times of our country and hotel apartments, tourist camp, camping, tourist complexes, villa
the average we have been to 35 countries its revenue. Tourism or apartment (second home). Holiday Accommodation Facilities
as an industry in cross-section, activities taken and interacts requirements tourism is one of the most important indicators of
with all sectors of the economy, society and culture, direct and quality tourism and its service. Namely if the state could a small
indirect. So that to development tourism industry, industrial number of tourists the reception to best way the proceeds from
and agricultural sectors to be confronted with increased every point of view is greater than when the tourists want to
demand consuming industries and handicrafts and construction spend a lot less time in that country. The situation now in Iran 5/1
with increased investment in the development of residential day for foreign tourists it is far with what was expected before
facilities, roads and good roads and the service sector with the the Revolution. (Witt & Martin, 1987)
increasing demand to exploit the possibilities of traditional For example, the religious cities like Holy Mashhad are significant
and modern catering services, transport and communications, foreign Shiites but this issue more than anything else is needy
financial services, and educational and cultural services, etc. investment to strengthen the infrastructure required the religious
In the surveys of some foreign tourists it was the last night of metropolis of the world. Intellectual capital of Iran there is much
their stay, they all had low scores factors in residential Iran development in terms of religious and cultural situations. (Butler
and only perfect score allocated for Iranian hospitality. Study & Hinch, 2007) One of the problems of tourism in Mashhad
hotel services from the perspective of tourists and business city is sustainability talk and duration of stay travelers the city,
people who travel a lot and analyze them from function Hotels so most travelers with pilgrimage to the shrine of Imam Reza
and compare different hotels services from their perspective end to your trip for this reason, not high sustainability and tourist
it can be a good measure provide a better service and those accommodation in Mashhad. Hence according to existence
involved in the help in planning. Must be acknowledged host of many attractions in the city in Mashhad and introduce them
conditions tourists in Iran not only is not standard compactness, properly to travelers Mashhad city can be added to the term their
but it is far with minimum standards! stay in this city. Large populations of travelers Mashhad. Do not
The socio-economic challenges, and other demanding use the hotels and other lodgings in the city and instead will be
development subjects, and the need to provide developing established in tents and at parks and etc, in addition genesis of
strategic purposes of socio-economic development is necessary chaos and create visual anomalies; have no interest to hotels and
(HAJI, 2008). This is especially important in the frail regions other residential areas Mashhad city in this case, can by creating
where the rural economies depend on agriculture. In reaction to an inexpensive accommodation centers for these travelers, to
diminishing agricultural opportunities, and addition pressure, prevent the their stay in the park and other places. (Akis, 1998)
extension, and development agents search new approaches, and Create urban spaces based on new activities and emphasize
opportunities for society, and economic development (Brennan development of tourism activities and create more attractions
& Luloff, 2005). The Potential of protected areas for ecotourism for travelers survival with the core of the work and activity the
is one of the awaited sectors to contribute in achieving objectives goal of balanced development and linking work and reside in
of vision 2020 issues (HAJI, 2008) and cooperatives producing the metropolitan area and create a multicore system, reflect the
a varied of stuffs and services, can help in arriving successful experiences and lessons of theory and practice is that could be
aspect of rural life. Cooperatives cause economic constancy, and learned and applied from large towns and cities. Researches
provided a community based framework for local investment, have been carried out in relation to the strategies of natural
and could provide an economic development strategy for our resources cooperatives in ecotourism development. The research
communities by establishing local channels of communication, in California shows that ecotourism development has started in
and raising local decision-making (Brennan & Luloff, 2005). watershed cooperatives in 1961 (Hopkins & Bowden, 1961-62).
Nowadays, Countries where had economy on base of tourism The finding of Pishro (2004) indicate that attracting popular
industry, are more pay attention to environmental subjects related participation, organizing local people, gathering investments ,
to sustainable development. Thereupon, there is an agreement on and utilization of expert human resources in natural resources
the need of improving sustainable tourism development in order cooperatives are suitable strategy in ecotourism development
to sustainable run of natural resources (Kenan, Okan et al., 2011) (Pishro, 2004). In United States there are relationship
In Iran, hotels with each star are measured and not to be ignored between natural resources cooperatives, and natural resources
international standards. Despite all services offered hotel and organization in order to ecotourism development. Local people
country resort, unfortunately many hotels are weak in servicing participation, organizing them and developing their knowledge

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cause tourism development (Zeppel, 2006; Butler & Hinch, MATERIALS AND METHODS
2007). In natural resources cooperatives of Ethiopia, natural The present study based on target of type applied research has
resources management, even distribution of income and natural been and from view method implementation is of type descriptive
resources protection is necessary to ecotourism development research from branch correlation. According to the research
(Veerakumaran & Pitchai, 2007). According to the research wants the relationship between the two variables. To examine in
of Dehgan (2001) investment in tourism causes job creating an organization is of type fieldwork research and the moment of
(Dehgan, 2001). The research of Mill and Morrison (2002) and data collection is of type single cross-sectional study. Statistical
Perreault and McCarthy (2002) show that marketing, organizing population in this study, all recreation centers and residential Iran
local people, providing exemplary service, providing lodging, were to number 250 Complex. The sample size was estimated
food, service , and transportation, advertising, public relations, using Cochran formula, 152 complexes. Questionnaire as one
social media and partnerships are key elements of ecotourism of the most common data collection, in descriptive research,
development (Mill & Morrison, 2002; Perreault & McCarthy, consists of set of questions targeted that with taking advantage of
2002). Blackman et al. (2004) found factors to the success of different scales will be assessed comment viewpoint and insight
tourism development in peripheral regions included the presence the responsible person. This questionnaire has been formed
of a leader, partnerships, the identification and advertisement from two parts. General questions: This section contains four
of nature attractions, government support, marketing, research questions such as gender, age, occupation, city of residence and
and educating, local involvement, infrastructure and financial income.
support (Blackman et al., 2004). The finding of Wang et al. Special items: Special items included are five parts using a Likert
(2006) proved that educating local people about the potential five options have been identified as Table 1.
benefits of tourism is impact factor in improving their
participation for tourism and achieving sustainable development Table 1: Likert spectrum
(Wang et al., 2006). According to search of Dieke (2005)
Selected Very low Relatively high Very
presenting visitor demand, financial support, human resource options low high high
development, and marketing are important factors in ecotourism Privilege 1 2 3 4 5
development (Dieke, 2005). Research of Johnson et al. (1999)
show that training cooperative members included sport fishing,
hunting, training natural resources protection, training wild life Section 1: the charm Architectural
diversity, training garbage recovery , and training tour guide In this part of the 6 questions based measure is used to measure
cause ecotourism development. According to the research of the architectural charm.
Murphy and Williams (1999) managing includes planning, Section 2: The charm of landscape
organizing, leading and controlling are Factors contributing to In this part of the 8 questions based measure is used to measure
successful tourism development (Murphy & Williams, 1999). the charm of the landscape.
Shemshad and Malekmohamadi (2012) research was carried Section 3: Access To tourist sites
out to investigate the role of natural resources cooperatives in In this part of the seven questions based on the measure of is
ecotourism development. In order to data analyzing was used used to measure access to tourist sites.
SPSSwin15 software. Results of stepwise regression test showed Section 4: Spending high cost
that organizing service providers and training local population in In this part of the third question on the measure is used to
cooperatives have positive effects on ecotourism development. measure the high costs.
Totally those factors explained 50% of effective factors on Section 5: Being Famous Architect
measure of ecotourism development variable by natural resources In this section of the 3 questions based on the measure of is used
cooperatives. Creation and development of modern residential to measure being known architect.
centers, recreation and entertainment; Buying large urban areas, In this study, increased attract tourism at recreational Complex -
Museums and cultural centers and art especially aboriginal Accommodation as
art and culture with the aim of developing tourism will cause Dependent variable and architectural the charm, the charm of
benefit residents and urban tourists to this service. Hypotheses or view, access to tourist destinations, famous for being the architect
assumptions, particularly the assumption includes: and high costs have been considered as independent variables.
The main assumptions: To compare the information is gathered through questionnaires
Due to the architectural charm in designing tourist complexes - has been used to methods that are applied to descriptive statistics
Amusement is tourism increases. Sub-hypotheses: like Table frequency distribution, percentage, and mean (SD)
The charm of the landscape (natural and artificial) and access to and inferential statistics is used in the SPSS18 software for
places around tourist complex recreation - tourism handling at statistical analysis is the following: And to collect data to test
select location for tourist accommodation. the research hypotheses is used from standardized questionnaire.
Being Famous Architect and high costs is increase tourist To analyze the data descriptive statistics (Frequency, mean,
attraction to recreational Complex - tourist. standard deviation, etc.) and inferential statistics (Correlation,

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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
Vol.4, No.4, Autmn 2014

stepwise regression analysis) is used in order to test the research The main hypothesis) Architectural Charm in
hypotheses. Also computer software used has been SPSS. designing Tourist Complexes – Amusement has a
significant Impact on Tourism in Iran
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To investigate the state Tourism used nonparametric test ratio
Statistical analyzes were performed in this chapter contains (binomial). Some of these tests, as a test of a population mean, are
"Descriptive analysis" and "analytical" that will be discussed used to assess the effectiveness or lack of effectiveness a variable
inferential analysis. in particular phenomenon. Usually assumed in the design of the
test H0 is indicates no effect and H1 indicates effect variable.
Kolmogorov Smirnov Test to Check the According to 5 options be questions, options (very low, low and
Normality of Variables relatively high) are at a group (Q) and (High and very high) in
H0: The variable is a normally distributed data. the other group (p). Ratio Test in here is 2 to 5 the 40% for high
H1: The variable is not a normally distributed data. and very high choices and 60% to select relatively much lower.
According to the results of Table 2 if the level of significance In other words, per person with probability 40% could be the
is greater than error the null hypothesis we can conclude and if fifth option. To choose options high or very high. (Table 3 and 4)
the significance level is smaller than the error we can conclude According to the test results, since we have Sig= 0.000<
hypothesis 1. a=0.05, as a result, there is a significant different between tested

Table 2: Test Results normality of Variable

Factor Significant level The amount error Confirmed hypothesis Conclusions

Architectural charm 0.006 0.05 H1 Not normal
Landscape charm 0.003 0.05 H1 Not normal
Access To tourist sites 0.016 0.05 H1 Not normal
Spending high cost 0.018 0.05 H1 Not normal
Being a famous architect 0.037 0.05 H1 Not normal
Architecture residential 0.002 0.05 H1 Not normal
resort complexes
Tourism industry 0.012 0.05 H1 Not normal

According to the results of Table 2 since the amount is less than likelihood equal to 0.6 and amount of risk observed for integrated
significant level for all components of the amount error 05/0 as a design of architectural tourist attractions – entertainment. It can
result, these variables were not normally distributed and analysis be seen in the relatively high number of patients who have a
should be used nonparametric tests. low opinion of people whose opinions based less high and very

Table 3: Binomial test to evaluate architectural charm in designing tourist complexes - amusement affecting the tourism

Dimension The number Average Standard deviation Minimum statistic Maximum statistic
Architectural charm in design 91 4.08 39 3.13 4.68
Integrated Tourism - Recreation

Table 4: binomial tests

Classification The number The amount Probability The significance

Groups observed probability tested level (Sig)
observed
Architectural charm at The first group q 0 0 6 000
designing integrated p 91 1
Tourism - Recreation The second group 91 1
The total

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high there. Also shown is the average of the middle level (3) Architecture status residential resort complexes qualitatively
more than 4.08 that it represents the high and very high impact in Iran using the statistics one sample test one typical was
on the architectural design of complex tourist attraction - the measured by that overall result can be explained in this way will
effects on the development of recreational tourism. As Table be architecture residential resort complexes in Iran according to
4 shows 100% (All participants in this study) have some idea community mean observed rate of 43 and compare it with the
upon the effect (High and very high) about architectural charm expected mean of 60 not in good condition.
at designing integrated Tourism -recreation as factors affecting Status of Tourism qualitatively in Iran using the statistics one
on tourism development. sample and one typical test was measured by that overall result
can be explained in this way will be tourism in Iran according to
Significant Friedman Test about Prioritize community mean observed amounted to 81 and compare it with
the Factors Absorption Tourism Affecting the the expected mean of 96 not in good condition.
Tourism Development Between Architecture residential resort complexes and tourism
H0= There is no difference between the components of tourism development in Iran. There is a significant relationship although
in terms of the impact on tourism development. the correlation coefficient is not the upper limit but this
H1= There is difference between the components of tourism in relationship is indicative of the impact of residential architecture,
terms of the impact on tourism development. entertainment complexes on tourism development in a positive
direction. Thus managers can integrate Architecture recreational
residence one of the major factors affecting has seen on tourism
Table 5: Results statistics Friedman test factors of
development, and to insist upon it.
absorption tourism
There is a significant relationship between access to tourist sites
Statistics Amount statistics and tourism development. The correlation coefficient comparing
The number 91 to tourist sites tourism development, than other architectural
Chi- Squar 16/223 features, it is clear that relationship between access to tourist
Degrees of freedom 4 places with tourism development is stronger than other features
Sig 000 and means that whatever it is easier access to tourist sites,
increases tourism industry.
Between charm of landscape and tourism development there is
a significant relationship this means that if the rise landscape
The result (Table 5) of these tests is significant. The amount Chi- charm develops tourism industry.
Square=167.22 and the level of confidence 99% namely error of There is a significant relationship between high costs of tourism
1% (Sig = 0.000). development this means that if high costs rise develops tourism
industry.
There is a significant relationship between being famous
Table 6: Results Mean Friedman test ratings factors of
architect and develop tourism this means that if being famous
absorption tourism
architect rise develops tourism industry.
Components Mean ratings ratings
Spending high cost 4.89 3
CONCLUSION
The world tourism industry has great development and many
Access to tourist sites 6.01 2
countries have managed this through improve their situation
Architectural charm 6.37 1
and reduce problems like Unemployment, Low levels of per
Being a famous architect 4.36 4 capita income and Shortage of foreign exchange earnings.
Landscape charm 4.12 5 The largest and most diverse in the world tourism industry.In
many countries this dynamic industry as the main source of
income, employment, private sector growth and infrastructure
The result showed that the mean ranks the first priority is development. Nowadays tourism Industry in some countries, it is
architectural charm of a factor 6.37; as a result, (Table 6) is important to economic and social development economists call it
most effective as tourist attractions of tourism development. invisible exports In Iran, hotels with each star are measured and
Landscape charm a factor of 4.12 in terms of the impact on not to be ignored international standards. Despite all services
tourism development as tourist attractions is the last priority offered hotel and country resort, unfortunately many hotels are
(v) will have the least impact tourism development than other weak in servicing the foreign tourists. Nowadays a large part of
dimensions. According to the data analysis and results of the national income can be obtained from the local hotels provide
tests results of this study can be summarized as: service to passengers and many countries are only new export
Level of quality architectural features residential resort complexes of tourism services its facilities and thereby offset their national
and tourism industry was investigated in that result is: deficits. Set units that for stay tourists, accommodation service

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Vol.4, No.4, Autmn 2014

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