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Analog VLSI Notes

This document discusses advanced CMOS circuits including temperature independent references, comparators, phase locked loops, sampling switches, and switched capacitor circuits. It focuses on different types of temperature independent references including positive temperature coefficient references based on differences in bipolar transistor currents, negative temperature coefficient references using pn junction voltages, and bandgap references combining positive and negative temperature coefficient voltages. The key concepts of comparator operation and switched capacitor circuits are also briefly introduced.

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86 views4 pages

Analog VLSI Notes

This document discusses advanced CMOS circuits including temperature independent references, comparators, phase locked loops, sampling switches, and switched capacitor circuits. It focuses on different types of temperature independent references including positive temperature coefficient references based on differences in bipolar transistor currents, negative temperature coefficient references using pn junction voltages, and bandgap references combining positive and negative temperature coefficient voltages. The key concepts of comparator operation and switched capacitor circuits are also briefly introduced.

Uploaded by

chettiyath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE -5 ANALOG VLSI DESIGN]

MODULE – V
ADVANCED CMOS CIRCUITS

5.1 ● Temperature independent reference: Concepts and basic topology of positive temperature

coefficient, negative temperature coefficient and bandgap reference.

5.2 ● Basic CMOS comparator: basic comparator circuit topology with pre-amplification, decision

and output buffer stages.

5.3 ● Phase Locked Loops-Simple PLL(topology and dynamics), Charge pump PLL(topology and

dynamics),

5.4 ● MOS Sampling switches, resistance equivalence of parallel switched capacitor

● Switched Capacitor unity gain buffer- basic topology and working

● Non inverting Switched capacitor integrator – basic topology and working

Analog circuits incorporate voltage and current references extensively that exhibit little
dependence on supply and process parameters and a well-defined dependence on the
temperature. The objective of reference generation is to establish a dc voltage or current that
is independent of the supply and process and has a well-defined behavior with temperature.

In most applications, the required temperature dependence assumes one of three forms:

(1) proportional to absolutetemperature (PTAT);

(2) constant-Gm behavior, i.e., such that the transconductance of certain transistors remains
constant;

(3) temperature independent.


Temperature-Independent References

Temperature-Independent References are Reference voltages or currents that exhibit little


dependence on temperature and is usually process-independent, since most process
parameters vary with temperature, if a reference is temperature-independent, then it is usually
process-independent as well.
S2 M.TECH (2022-23) MANGALAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 1
MODULE -5 ANALOG VLSI DESIGN]

• To generate a quantity that remains constant with temperature, postulate that if two quantities
having opposite temperature coefficients (TCs) I added with proper weighting, the result display a
zero TC.
• For example, for two voltages V1 and V2 that vary in opposite directions with temperature α1 and α2
such that

• Obtaining a reference voltage VREF = α1V1 + α2V2 , with zero TC.


Negative-TC Voltage
The base-emitter voltage of bipolar transistors or, more generally, the forward voltage of a pn-
junction diode exhibits a negative TC.
• For a bipolar device we can write,

• The saturation current, Is α μ KT ni^2 where μ denotes mobility of minority carriers and ni is the
intrinsic minority carrier concentration of silicon. The temperature dependence of these quantities is
represented as,

• Where, b is proportionality factor. Rearranging equation (1), we can write,

• To find temperature coefficient, partially differentiate VBE with respect to T. Assume that Ic is
constant with respect to T.

• From equation (3) we have,

S2 M.TECH (2022-23) MANGALAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 2


MODULE -5 ANALOG VLSI DESIGN]

• From equation (5) and (6) we can write,

• This is the expression for TC of VBE voltage.

Positive TC voltage:
• It is observed that if two bipolar transistors operate at unequal current densities, then the difference
between their base-emitter voltages is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. Consider
an example, as shown in figure below-

• Here, two identical transistors (with reverse saturation currents, IS1 = IS2) are biased at collector
currents of nI0 and I0 and their base currents are negligible then,

S2 M.TECH (2022-23) MANGALAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 3


MODULE -5 ANALOG VLSI DESIGN]

• Therefore, temperature coefficient of ΔVBE will be,

• Therefore, temperature coefficient of ΔVBE is positive.

Bandgap Reference
The basic principle of the Bandgap reference is to compensate the negative TC of the base emitter voltage VBE
by summing it with a second voltage V(R2) which has a positive TC.

S2 M.TECH (2022-23) MANGALAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 4

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