CUET-PG EAM GUIDE-2022

POLITICAL SCIENCE

POL SC HELP
 SPARE FEW MIN TO READ HOW BEST TO USE THIS GUIDE

DEAR STUDENTS…WELCOME BACK!

This is a complete guide for CUET-PF Political science. You need not read any other book for CUET-
PG preparation. Hope it would help all my students crack the CUET-PG.
What it contains?

Arranged in four parts:

Part I:
More than 50 theme wise fact sheets, in tabular form, containing key facts &
information covering the entire CUET-PG syllabus in Political Science.
Part II:
Collection of questions, arranged theme wise asked in Past Year’s PG ETs.
Questions of DUET, JNUEE, HCU, CPET Odhisa, Puducherry, BHU, AMU, and many
other PG ETs
Part III:
5 sets of sample question papers, of 75 MCQs, with Ans Keys and Addl. Info
Most relevant MCQs for CUET-PG.
Part IV:
Tips and tricks to prepare for and tackle MCQs.

How to use the Guide for the best results?

Read carefully all the key points given in tabular form at least 4-5 times
Watch the related Pol Sc Help videos for more information related to key points given in the
fact sheets.
Highlight the most important information, in your view, and revise them on daily basis; at least
10-12 times before the exam.
Make a mental map of information; for example: thinkers who gave theory of Justice –Plato,
Aristotle, Rawls, Nozick, Amratya Sen - how these theries related; similarities and differences,
etc
Read the questions and answers asked in different PG ETs; relate them to the contents in the
guide. Make note of the Important questions/answers. Revise them 6-7 times.
Try the MCQ sample paper in exam mode- in one go, within 2 hours, without seeing Answer or
visiting google. Mark your score- + 4 marks for correct ones and -1 for wrong ones. If you score
low, go back to the contents and revise one more time.
Make multiple MCQs from one MCQ. Note: I have purposely included many MCQs on
matching types, from each of them make 3-4 MCQs. From the Answer hints also additional
MCQs can be made.

GOOD WISHES!
 Contents
VITAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE CUET PG
Syllabus- CUET-PG
CUET(PG)- 2022: EXAM STRUCTURE
THEME WISE FACT SHEETS
FACT SHEET: CONSTITUTION OF INDIA- IN 6 TABLES
FACT SHEET- INDIAN POLITY
FACT SHEET: COMPARATIVE POLITICS
FACT SHEET: PUBLIC POLICY
FACT SHEET: GENERAL ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE
FACT SHEETS- INTERNATIONAL RELATION
FACT SHEETS: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
FACT SHEETS- WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHTS
FACT SHEETS- INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHTS
FACT SHEETS PYQA : THEME WISE ANALYSIS OF PAST YEAR’S PG ET PAPERS
SAMPLE PAPERS: 5 SETS
ANSWER KEYS WITH ADDL. INFO
TIPS & TRICKS TO PREPARE FOR MCQ TESTS
VITAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE CUET PG
 Syllabus- CUET-PG
Political Science (PGQP42)
1 . a. Western Political Philosophy:
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Machiavelli
• Hobbes
• Locke
• Rousseau
• J.S. Mill
• Karl Marx
• John Rawls

b. Modern Indian Political Thought:

• Ram Mohan Roy
• Gandhi
• Ambedkar
• Savarkar
• Kautilya

c. Political theory:
• Concepts of liberty
• Equality
• Justice
• Sovereignty
• Citizenship and Gender
• Democracy human Rights, State
• Contemporary Issues
• Feminism Ideology

d) International Relations:
• Realism & Liberalism
• Cold War politics
• NAM, SAARC, UNO, ASEAN, EU
• India’s foreign policy particularly with China
• Pakistan and USA.
d. Indian Government and Politics:
• Preamble
• Making of the Constituent Assembly
• Constitutional Provisions
• Parliament
• Cabinet
• Prime Minister
• President
• Fundamental Rights
• Fundamental Duties
• Directive Principles of State Policy
• Amendments
• Governor
• State Government
• Federalism
• Political Parties (National and Regional)
• Elections
• Local Government
• Judiciary
• Governance
e. Comparative Government and Politics
• Political Culture

• Political Parties
• Electoral Systems

• Approaches/ Models

• Types of Regimes

f. Public Policies in India

• Models
• Process
• Types

2. General issues of contemporary relevance.

• Global Justice

• Nationalism

• Climate Change
 CUET(PG)- 2022: EXAM STRUCTURE
• Duration: 2 hours- 120 Minutes
• 100 MCQs in two parts
• Part1 : 25 MCQ- Aptitude test
• English- Synonym & Antonym, spelling, phrases, Fill blanks in sentence
with appropriate preposition, phrases,
• General Awareness(GK and current Events)
• Mathematical Aptitude (Arithmetic- BODMAS, LCM/HCF, number system,
series)
• Analytical Skills- Verbal reasoning- pattern, series, odd one out, analogy,
etc
• Part 2: 75 MCQ- Subject/Domain based ( Pol Sc)
• Marking Scheme- For both Parts
• Correct Answer- 4 Marks
• Incorrect Answer- 1 Marks
 THEME WISE FACT SHEETS
FACT SHEET: POLITICS AND POWER
Concept/Term Different definitions

Politics is the art of the possible- Otto Von Bismarck

Politics is about who gets what, when and how- Harold Lasswell
Politics as capacity of acting in concert- Hannah Arendt
Politics as authoritative allocation of value - David Easton
politics is an ethical activity concerned with creating a ‘just society’ and
ensuring ‘good Life’ of the community- Aristotle
Politics is power-structured relationships, arrangements whereby one
group of persons is controlled by another- Kate Millet
Politics is about ‘attending to the general arrangements of a set of
people whom chance or choice have brought together’- Oakeshott
How Heywood gave different dimensions of Politics
Politics Politics as that which concerns the state
Politics is conduct of public Life
Politics is conflict resolution in public domain
Politics as conflict (among differing interests) in public domain

Harold Lasswell’s politics as who

gets what, when and how?
Oft-repeated
Who said politics is the study of
questions from this
influence and influential? Harold Lasswell
theme
David Easton: Politics as authoritative
allocation of value

Power
Most popular definition of power: A has power over B to the extent
that A can get B to do something which B would not have done otherwise-
Robert Dahl
Power as currency/money: Power is to politics as money is to
economy; Like money, power also circulates in society- Talcott Parsons
Power as creating action in group by communication to realize the
public realm - Hanah Arendt
‘Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely’- Lord
Acton
Power as normalization and subjection through governable identities-
Foucault
Power as Cultural Hegemony- Antonio Gramsci
Power as structural arrangement in which perceptions of people are
shaped to perpetuate domination without any observable conflict- Steven
Lukes
Extractive vs Developmental Power; Extractive power- Power over,
power to get other do something; Developmental Power- ability to fulfils
one’s own self-appointed goals- C.B. MacPherson
 Oft-repeated questions from this theme PG ETs:
Power as Currency- Talcott Parson
Radical view of power, 3rd dimension of power- Steven Lukes
Knowledge-power relation- Foucault
Lord Action’s quote : Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts
absolutely
Who defined national interest in terms of power? Hans Morgenthau
“the power of man over the minds and actions of other men”- Hans
Morgenthau”
Power is central to Realism in IR
Offensive Neo-realism- maximisation of power
 FACT SHEET: LIBERTY
Sub-
Facts/info
theme/topic
Freedom is obeying laws reflecting general will of the political community-
Rousseau
It is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying –
Moral Freedom ( T.H.Green)
A free man, is he, that in those things, which by his strength and wit he is able to,
is not hindered to do what he has a will to- Hobbes
Definitions freedom is state in which man is not subject to coercion by arbitrary will of
others- Fredrich Hayek
Man is free to act without subject to arbitrary will of another within allowance of
moral law- John Locke
Freedom is the ability to govern one's actions on the basis of reason, and not
desire. Free capacity to choose between good and evil- Immanuel Kant

Isaiah Berlin’s two conception of liberty differentiated between

negative and positive Liberty
Negative Liberty:
‘What is the area within which the subject—a person or group
of persons—is or should be left to do or be what he is able to do
or be, without interference by other persons?’
Thus, negative liberty denotes absence of external man-made
interference, constraints on one’s thoughts and actions.
Negative Vs Positive Liberty:
Positive Liberty “What, or who, is the source of control that can determine
someone to do, or be, this rather than that?”
‘By whom am I ruled?’ Am I master of my will or desire?
Thus, Positive Liberty denotes Self-mastery, self-control, self-
direction, self-realization, free capacity of the self to choose
between good and bad.
Berlin supported negative liberty
To him, positive liberty is like a slippery slope which may lead to
totalitraianism

Other
Concepts on Benjamin Constant diffrentiated between ancient (republican) and
Liberty modern ( negative) liberty

• In Ancient times, Liberty was understood as participation in self-

governance, exercising popular sovereignty, and performing public duties; it
was political liberty
• In modern times, liberty is understood as absence of constrain by the
arbitrary will of one or more individuals- Individual Liberty

Phillip Petit and Quinton Skinner gave republican concept of liberty as

absence of domination, freedom from subjection
Gerald McCallum gave triadic conception of Liberty:
Liberty as triadic relation between agent, constraints, and purpose, that
is, X( agent) is constrained by Y to do or be Z(purpose)
 Bosanquet & Green: freedom of human agents consists in their having
succeeded in realizing an ideal of themselves- a condition in which
someone has succeeded in becoming something
Charles Taylor
Negative Liberty- Opportunity concept concept of Freedom-
Positive Liberty- Exercise concept concept of Freedom

Thinkers
Hobbes, Locke, Berlin, J.S.Mills, Rawls,Nozick, Hayek and majority of liberal
supporting
thinkers
negative Liberty
Thinkers
Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, T.H. Green, Bosanquet, Berkar, and majority of Marxist
supporting
or socialist thinkers
Positive Liberty
Isaiah Berlin:

Differentiated negative and positive liberty

Supported negative liberty
Compared positive liberty to slippery slope towards totalitarianism
Positive liberty- concept of the divided self

Ancient vs Modern Liberty: Benjamin Constant

J.S.Mill
Important Wrote ‘Ón Liberty’
facts/info asked ‘Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign’
in PG ETs Supported negative liberty
Harm Principle
Self and other regarding actions

Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers emphasises primarily on

Liberty
Negative Liberty: Night-watchman or minimalist state
Positive Liberty : Welfare state, Interventionist State
Rousseau, Green, Hegel- supported positive liberty
 FACT SHEET: EQUALITY
Sub-
Facts/info
theme/topic

Equality is the most porous (not solid, spongy), non-intuitive (not

naturally understood), and controversial of normative political values. It is
also hardest to realize in any socio-political arrangement.
Meaning Equality as normative value denotes equal moral worth and equality of
each individual on the basis of being equal member of the humanity.
Inequality everywhere, in nature, society, family, international
relations. Hence it is not natural and non-intuitive.

Doctrine/ideology believing in equality as cornerstone of political

arrangements and public policy.

Luck Egalitarianism: Just socio-political arrangement should not

allow inequality due to luck. Good or bad luck may be natural, social,
Brute luck (fortune, misfortune, accidents, disease, etc).
Ideal egalitarian political system should even take care of optional
Egalitarianism
luck, that is, individual choices and preferences. This is called hard
Egalitarianism.
Ronald Dworkin, who gave the theory of ‘equality of resources’ was
one of most prominent Luck Egalitarian thinker.
Richard Arneson, Gerald Cohen, John Roemer, Eric Rakowski, etc.
are other Luck Egalitarians.

Multiple • Formal vs substantive equality

Dimensions of • Political equality- one person- one vote: formal equality
equality • Socio-economic equality- equality in social status and material
resources- substantive equality

Equality of opportunity vs equality of Outcome

Equality of opportunity
Equal chance/access to compete for rewards of life
Can be formal or substantive
Closely linked to Liberalism
Generally, does not support distribution of
resources, more acceptable in liberal societies

• Equality of outcome

Attempt to equalize results and rewards,

Substantive equality
Linked to socialist/communist ideologies.
Very hard to realize, controversial as it may lead to authoritarian and
totalitarian state

• Equality of resources:
 Propounded (put forward) by Ronald Dworkin in his book ‘Sovereign
Virtue: the theory and practice of Equality’ in 2000
It is a luck egalitarian account of idea of equality
It envisions (imagine) socio-economic arrangements to mimic results
of an imaginary market procedure for acquisition and transfer of
resources. It includes fair market of Insurance to share luck and
compensate for bad luck.
Despite inequalities in outcome because of different choices/ambitions
(option luck), no one is left behind. The society/state takes care of those
suffered due to bad luck.

• Complex Equality:

Propounded by Michael Walzer in his book ‘Sphere of Justice-

Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality’ in 1983
It is communitarian account of distributive justice.
It envisions (imagines) society/community having multiple spheres of
justice, having its own rank ordering.
Each sphere may act like separate domain for distributive justice.
Distribution of each social good is decided by rules and reasons
specific to the sphere and interpretation of its social meaning. Conversion
and exchange of goods across boundary of sphere blocked.
Hence, possession of one good in one sphere does not affect
possession of other goods in other spheres.
Thus, despite inequalities in a particular sphere, overall equality of
status of each individual is maintained.
 FACT SHEET: JUSTICE
Sub-
Facts/info
theme/topic

Out of 4 foundational normative values, Justice is most intuitive, that is,

we as human being have nature or God given sense of what is right or
wrong, good or bad, just or unjust.
Justice implies something which it is not only right to do and wrong not to
Meaning do, but also which someone can claim from us as one’s moral right.
Justice denotes fair, virtuous and moral act or arrangement.
In matter of distribution, it implies giving each person his due- fair share to
all

Justice as harmony of soul and each individual and class performing its
duty to best of their abilities and aptitudes- Plato
Justice as 'fairness’ in distribution of income, wealth, rewards, honours,
political offices, punishments etc, based on the principle of equity-
proportional and arithmetic equality- Aristotle
Justice as Fairness in distribution of resources, awards, honours, and
Definitions political offices- John Rawl
Entitlement Theory of Justice: distribution of holdings in a society is just if
everyone in that society is entitled to what he has- Robert Nozick
Justice by practical reasoning; justice as fair procedure (Niti) vs justice
realized (Nyaya)- Amartya Sen
Justice as perfect obligation- J.S.Mill
Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier

• Procedural Justice -
• Justice based on just, fair, and transparent rules/procedure and
institutional arrangements
• Formal justice.
• Consistent with liberalism
• Distributive Justice
• Just and fair distribution of goods and services, benefits and rewards.
• May also imply social justice if equality of status, dignity of individuals, and
minimum needs of people are ensured by society/community/state.
Types of • Substantive justice. Also called ‘end-state’ justice.
Justice • Supported by communitarian, socialist, and communist ideologies.
• Retributive Justice
• Justice is reasonable and proportionate punishment to crime.
• Restorative Justice
• Repairing the harm caused to the victim and mend the offender to bring
back to mainstream.
• Global Justice
• Pursuing Justice beyond the borders of nation-states at
international/global level.

Rawl vs • John Rawl, an American liberal thinker, gave his theory in his seminal
Nozick’s (very influential) book ‘Theory of Justice’ (1971)
theory of • His theory is based on Justice as fairness in distribution of social primary
Justice goods.
• It is based on the idea of distributive justice and the difference principles (
social eqality)
• Difference principle -‘socio-economic inequalities should be arranged so
that they are to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged persons’
• Rawl’s theory is also called end-state theory of justice, as it proposes a
specific end pattern of distribution brought by socio-political arrangements.
• Nozick’s theory of Justice was counter to Rawl's theory of Justice.
• Nozick, an American Libertarian thinker, gave his theory in his equally
influential book ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974).
• Basic argument of Nozick is that any attempt to bring a fixed pattern of
distribution by state/Government is futile (meaningless), utopic, and infringement
to personal liberty.
• He asserted that if acquisition of property in the initial position was just ( by
fair means), and subsequent transfer/transactions were fair & just then the
resultant distribution pattern is also just and fair.
• His theory is called entitlement theory of justice.
• It is also a type of procedural justice.
• Aristotle was first to give idea of distributive justice
• Justice as 1st virtue of any social order- John Rawls
• Rawl’s theory of justice: end-state theory, patterned distribution, welfare
state, based on difference principle, distributive justice, positive or modern
Important liberalism, normative theory, revived the social contract tradition
facts/info for • Plato’s Justice: one man- one work; one class- one duty
PG ETs • Nozick’s theory of Justice: Entitlement theory of justice, procedural theory,
libertarian account of justice, included ‘rectificatory justice’
• Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier
• First Virtue of society- Justice- John Rawls
• First virtue of Justice- Fairness- John Rawls
• Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station of life- Plato
 FACT SHEET: RIGHT
Sub-
Facts/info
theme/topic

Rights are claims of individual or group allowed by matching obligation by

others.
Such claims are generally very crucial for flourished and fulfilled life. It
enables and empower one to live a meaningful life.
Obligations (which allow those claims) may be moral, customary, based
Meaning
on natural law, or legally enforced.
Like other normative value, Right is a highly contested concept. It has
multiple conceptions and connotations. It may mean Claim, Entitlements,
Opportunities, Needs, Empowerments, etc.

A person has a right to X when if and only if others have moral obligation
to provide or allow him/her X- Immanuel Kant
Rights are entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way- Andrew
Heywood
One man’s capacity of influencing the act of others, not by his own
strength but by the strength of the society – Holland
A right is a claim recognized by society and enforced by the state-
Bosanquet
Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek,
Definitions in general, to be himself at his best- Harold Laski
Every state is known by the rights it maintains- Laski
Rights are what we may expect from others and others from us, and all
genuine rights are conditions of social welfare- Hobhouse
Rights are ‘trump’ (of individuals against society/state)- Ronald Dworkin
rights are the conditions in which individuals are able to conceive and
realize ‘the good’ for themselves and others- T.H.Green
A person has a right to X when his or her interest in X is sufficiently
important for others to have duty to provide or allow him/her X- Interest
based theory of Rights

Types of • On the basis of content

Rights • Civil rights: Right to life, liberty of thought, expression, belief, property,
associations, etc.
• Political rights: Right to vote, hold political offices, etc.
• Socio-economic rights: Right to status, work, livelihood, etc.
• On the basis of Intent
• Negative rights: No action required by others
• Positive Rights: actions required by state/society
• On the basis of obligation
• Moral rights
• Rights allowed by moral obligation which are universally accepted
• Legal Rights
• Rights are claim backed by law and enforced by state
• Rights only exists in state/society not pre-given
• Natural Rights
 • Inherent and intrinsic Rights to each one us as per law of nature
• Rights are prior to Society/state
• Historical or Customary Rights
• Rights are claim recognised in society from historical past and based on
historical customs of society/community
• Human rights
• Equal and inalienable (absolute) individual entitlements/claims against
state/society only because one is human being of equal worth.
• Cultural and group Rights
• Right to protect cultures, language, traditions and customs of cultural
minorities

• 1st Generation:
• Civil liberties and political Rights
• Emanate from normative value of Liberty
• Consistent with liberalism
Three • 2nd Generation:
Generations • Socio-economic and cultural Rights
of right • Emanate from normative value of Equality
• Supported by Socialism/communism
• 3rd Generation:
• Group and Environmental Rights
• Emante from new Social and Green movements

• Who called natural rights as nonsense upon stilts? Bentham

• “Rights properly so-called are creations of law properly so called”-
Bentham
• Legal Rights- Bentham
• Natural Rights: Propounded by John Locke
• 3 generations of Rights- 2nd Gen rights- socio-economic rights- right to
Important health, education, housing, etc
facts/info for • Right to Development- Soft Law
PG ETs • Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) adopted on 10 Dec, 1948
• “Every state is known by the rights that it maintains”- Laski
• Rights as Trump – Ronald Dworkin
• Strong rights: which cannot be taken away for common welfare
• Weak Rights: The rights that can be curtailed to achieve the common
welfare
• Functional theory of Rights- Laski
• Liberal Theory of Minority Rights: Will Kymlicka
 FACT SHEET: STATE
Sub-theme/topic Facts/info

State is the highest form of political association aiming at the

highest of goods- Aristotle
State is March of God on earth- Hegel
State represent complete and highest Good- Plato
Political association set up as a result of social contract to preserve
life and maintain peace & order- Hobbes
Political association or commonwealth set up as a result of social
contract to protect and further natural rights- Locke
State represented General will of the body politic set up as a result
of the Social Contract- Rousseau
the state was an artificial means of producing a unity of interest and
a device for maintaining stability; it is a means for attaining the
greatest happiness of the greatest number-Jeremy Bentham
state as 'the people' affairs, who are united by a common
agreement about law and rights and by the desire to participate in
How
mutual advantage'- Cicero
Prominent
state as an end in itself existing for its own preservation
thinkers viewed
and for its own advantage- Machiavelli
State:
a 'lawful' government of several household s, and of their common
possessions, with sovereign powers- Jaen Bodin
'a partnership in all science, a partnership in all arts, a partnership
in and in all perfection... a partnership not only between those who are
living, but those who are dead, and those who are to be born’-
Edmund Burke
'a body of persons, recognized by each other as having rights, and
possessing certain institutions for the maintenance of those rights’-
T.H.Green
‘positive instrument which helps the individual achieve progress
and enjoy liberty’- J.S.Mill
State is the instrument to protect and further the interest of the
whole Bourgeoisie class- Karl Marx

Human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of

physical force/violence within a given territory- Max Weber
Theories of State Divine Origin theory of State:

the state was established and governed by God, the King is the
representative of God. King has the divine right to rule and he is
accountable only to God, none other.
Proponents: Manu, St. Thomas, Bousset, Robert Filmer

Historical/Evolutionary Theory:

State evolved naturally due to political nature of humans as long

and gradual socio-natural evolutionary process.
Proponents: Garner, Gettel, J.W.Burgess, Maclver
Aristotle and Hegel also gave historical, natural, organic, and
integrative theory of state

Social Contract Theory of Origin of State

 State is the result of a social contract among individuals who
surrendered their individual rights and power into a commonwealth to
form a political community and came out of the state of nature
Proponents: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau

Marxist Theory of State

Instrumentalist view: State as the instrument to protect and further

the interest of the whole Bourgeoisie class
Proponents: Karl Marx, Engels, Ralph Miliband
Structuralist view: State is a social mechanism through which
capitalist social structure and relation of productions are continuously
re-produced.
Proponents: Louis Althusser, Nicos Poulantzas

Pluralist Theory of State

State is associations of associations

State is one among many associations
State like a neutral referee managing interests of many
associations/groups

Proponents: Robert Dahl, R.M. MacIver, David Truman, Harold Laski,

Seymour Martin Lipset

State is necessary Evil- Classical Liberalism

State is unnecessary Evil- Anarchism
State is one among many associations- Pluralism (R.M. MacIver)
Important
State is instrument of class domination- Marxism
perspective/phrases
Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against
about state
the State- Fascism (Benito Mussolini)
State is March of God on earth- organicism (Hegel)

State is individual writ large- Plato

 FACT SHEET: SOVERIGNTY
Sub-Theme/Topics Facts/Info
Meaning/definitions:
The principle of absolute and unlimited power; the
absence of a higher authority in either domestic or external
affairs for a population of fixed territory.
‘the absolute and perpetual power of a commonwealth’.
Jean Bodin (1530–96). law reflects the ‘will’ of the sovereign.
”the supreme political power vested in him whose acts are
not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”
– Grotius
“the supreme irresistible absolute, uncontrolled authority in
which the supreme legal power reside”. – Blackstone
“the concept which maintains no more-if no less-than that
there must be an ultimate authority within the political society if
the society is to exist at all”. – Hinsley
“the political authority within a community which has the
undisputed right to determine the framework of rules,
regulations and policies within a given territory and to
govern accordingly”. – David Held
Monopoly of coercive power in hands of single ruler to
protect individuals from lawlessness : Thomas Hobbes
Sovereignty vested in Monarch vs notion of popular
sovereignty by Rousseau and John Locke
Note: Locke allowed delegation of sovereignty to
people’s representatives, whereas for Rousseau,
popular sovereignty remains with the people, cannot
be delegated.
John Austin’s Monistic theory of Sovereignty:
“If a determinate human superior, not in the habit of
obedience to a like superior, receives habitual obedience from
the bulk of a given society, that determinate superior is
sovereign in that society; and the society (including the
superior) is a society, political and independent”
sovereignty is the supreme power of the state that is
absolute, permanent, universal, inalienable, exclusive and
indivisible( hence monistic, that is only one sovereign)
Sovereignty of state
“the commanding power of the state: it is the will of the
nation organised in the state: it is the right to give
unconditional orders to all individuals in the territory of the
state”.– Duguit
“the supreme will of the state.”– Willoughly
“the exercise of final legal coercive power by the state”. –
Soltaire
Sovereign statehood is an institution- set of persistent
and connected rules, prescribing behavioural roles,
constraining activities, and shaping expectations in
international society of state (Robert Keohane)
“the supreme legal authority of the nation to give and
enforce the law within a certain territory and in consequence
 independence from authority of other nations and equality with
them under international law” (Morgenthau)

Billiard Ball analogy: In the billiard ball model of world politics

adopted by realist theorists states are the billiard balls that collide with
one another while sovereignty is the hard and impenetrable outer shell
of the ball which enables it to withstand the impact of the collision

Absoluteness: there is no legal power within the state

superior to the sovereign, and there can be no legal limit to the
supreme law making power of the sovereign.
Indivisibility: there can only be one sovereign in a state; it
cannot be divided
Note: Pluralist thinkers, such as Dahl, Laski, Maclver, etc,
Nature and Features of
reject this feature; for them, sovereignty is divided into many
Sovereignty
groups/associations.
Universality: sovereign power extends over every person
and every association of persons in the state. It is also
accepted worldwide

Permanence: The sovereignty continues as long as the state itself

exists

Real and Titular (Nominal) Sovereignty

For example: in UK, monarch- titular sovereign; Parliament-
real sovereign
Legal and Political Sovereignty
For example: Legal sovereign- The Constitution; Political
Types of Sovereignty Sovereign- the people
Behind the legal sovereign lies the political sovereign to
which the legal sovereign has to bow
Dejure (as per law) and Defacto ( in reality) Sovereignty

For example: Govt in exile has de-jure sovreignty; whereas those

who actually run govt enjoy defacto sovereignty

Globalization affected the notion of territoriality:

increasingly ‘permeable’ state boarders; notion of ‘supra-
territoriality’; de-territorialized’ transnational
corporations(TNCs)
Regionalization: EU, ASEAN, RCEP, African Union, NATO;
gave rise to Pooled sovereignty
How Globalization Multi-lateral Economic organisations: WTO, G-20, BRICS,
Affected Sovereignty? IMF- undermined the capacity of states to operate as
autonomous self governing units
Globalized economic and financial system- borderless
global economy
Collective action Dilemma and emergence of Risk Society:
Climate change, Pandemic, Terrorism, Migration, Disruptive
technologies, Food and Energy Security, etc
 FACT SHEET: DEMOCRACY
Sub-
Facts/Info
theme/Topics

Literal meaning- power to people or rule of the people

Idea originated in ancient Greek city states- Athens; also found mention in
early Buddhist texts- Vaishali in Bihar
For next 2500 years both the idea and meaning underwent change
Today what we mean by democracy, the liberal Democracy, is different in
many ways from the original idea
Liberal Democracy is representative Democracy, in which people don’t
Meaning rule. They Choose their ruler through periodic elections in which they have
equal voting rights.
Many critics, such as Rousseau, term liberal Democracy as false
Democracy. They support direct Democracy, in which people rule themselves.
Liberal response to this criticism has been to make representative
Democracy more substantive by having participative and deliberative
Democracy

Government of the people, by the people, for the people’- Abraham

Lincoln
‘Democracy means a form of government in which, instead of monarchies
and aristocracies, the people rule’- David Held
‘Democracy is best viewed as a competition for power by means of
regular elections. Citizens should not be expected to play a significant role in
making complex public policy regarding, say, taxes or missile defence’-
Definitions
Posner
of Democracy
‘Political method by which people elect representatives in competitive
elections to carry out their will’- Schumpeter
Note: because of such elitist definition of Democracy, Schumpeter is
considered as critic of classical democracy; he wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism
and Democracy(1942)’
‘Democracy is not majority rule; democracy is diffusion of power,
representation of interests, recognition of minorities’- John Calhoun

Democracy as rule of mob or multitude; a perverted form of Government –

Aristotle
Note: all three great Greek Classical Thinkers, Socreates, Plato,
Critical and Aristotle, considered democracy a bad and perverted form of
views about Government.
Democracy "Democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms
that have been tried from time to time."-Winston Churchill
Democracy is "the substitution of election by the incompetent many for
appointment by the corrupt few." (G.B. Shaw),

Types of Liberal or Representative Democracy:

Democracy This form of democracy is one in which the people through, periodic elections,
vote to choose their representatives.
 Thereafter, the representatives, and not the people themselves, govern. In
fact, not even the representatives but only small minority of the representatives
are participating in government. Remaining representatives debate, deliberate,
and ask questions to check the govt’s actions/decisions.
Hence, J.S. Mill called representative democracy as two step shifted
democracy.
Rousseau was a big critic of Representative Democracy. He ridiculed
Representative Democracy in England by stating that English people are free only
on the day of voting. He was supporter of direct democracy.
Direct Democracy:
People as a whole directly govern themselves. In ancient times, Athenian
democracy came close to direct democracy. Some of Buddhist city states in
ancient India, such as Lichhavi, had direct democracy.
In modern times, Switzerland has retained many features of direct democracy,
such as, refrendum, recall, initiation, etc.
Gram Sabha under the Indian Panchayati Raj system is an example of direct
democracy.
Participatory Democracy:

People actively take part in decision making and their implementation

Substantive Democracy, closer to direct democracy.
Modes of participation: deliberation before decision, public debate, local
self govt., civil societies, interest group, initiatives, referendum, Gram Sabha,
Mohalla Sabha, recall, protest, demonstration, town hall meetings, etc.
Thinkers supporting Participatory Democracy: C.B.Mcpherson, Carole
Patman, Rousseau, Hanah Arendt, Benjamin Barber, Mansbridge, etc.

Deliberative Democracy:
• Social decisions/public policy by active participation of citizens

Formation of popular will (consensus in common interest) by

deliberations- exchange of reasoned arguments among ‘equal’ citizens to
persuade each other and to attain a rational consensus or a shared solution.
Instead of decisions by aggregation of pre-existing individual preferences,
society’s common good or preference formed by process of deliberations.
Against the “aggregative” model of democracy it is “transformative” and
“discursive” model of Democracy.
Deliberations, and not mere voting, is the source of legitimacy to public
decisions.
Rousseau’s idea of General Will was arrived at after deliberations among
equal citizen driven by their true or real will and higher self.

Thinkers supporting Deliberative Democracy: Aristotle, Rousseau, Jürgen

Habermas, David Miller, J.Drysek, Joshua Cohen. Walzer, Bernard Manin,
James Fishkin, ,Amy Gutmann & Dennis F. Thompson, etc.

Famous
books on Democracy in America(1835)- Alexis de Tocqueville
Democracy- Democracy and Its Critics(1989)- Robert A. Dahl
asked often Models of Democracy(1987)- David Held
The real world of democracy(1965)- C. B. Macpherson
Democracy, Freedom and Special Rights(1995)- Carole Pateman
The Spirit of Democracy(2008)- Larry Diamond
How Democracies Die(2018)- Daniel Ziblatt and Steven Levitsky
Democracy and Discontent(1990)- Atul Kohli
 Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the
Globalization of Democracy(2014)- Francis Fukuyama
 FACT SHEET: CITIZENSHIP
Sub-
Facts/Info
Theme/Topic

Citizenship denotes membership of a political community which confer

equal rights and privilages to all members.
Citizenship define the relation between individual/group and the State
In in international law Citizenship denote all persons whom a state is
entitled to protect
Citizenship always has been a privilaged status.
During the Greek city states, only a very small part of people was
granted citizenship status
To Aristotle, citizens are those who are being ruled and also capable to
rule. He denied Citizenship to slave, aliens (foreigners), manual and menial
workers, and women.
In the medieval period, ruled people were treated as subjects. Concept
of citizenship and equal rights were not in vogue.
Modern concepts of citizenship firmed up in the 18th century during the
American and French Revolutions, when the term citizen came to suggest
the possession of certain rights and liberties in the face of the coercive
Meaning powers of absolutist monarchs.
and features With the advent of modernity and liberalism, concept of universal and
equal citizenship came up. Now all members of a political community are
given equal citizenship rights.
The concept of citizenship is closely linked to the concept of democracy.
In non-democratic societies we have subjects but no citizens. Citizenship
means active participation of the people in the decision-making, and the
process of governance.
But even today, issue of inclusion and exclusion and eqaul citizenship
rights exist.
Under the ambit of multiculturalism, concept of group differentiated
citizenship against a conception of citizenship based on individual rights
came up.
In the globalised era, concept of global citizenship, cosmopolitianism,
and universal conception of
human rights have been gaining ground.
Principal grounds for acquiring -birth within a certain territory, descent
from a citizen parent, marriage to a citizen, and naturalization.

‘full and equal membership in a political community’- T.H. Marshall

Citizenship is a relationship between an individual and a state to which
the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection-
Wikpedia
Definitions It is the recognition of an official position by a government and the ability
to enjoy the rights and privileges following from that position by an
individual- Science Direct
A legal status and relation between an individual and a state that entails
specific legal rights and duties.

T.H.
Marshall’s citizenship as a status, which is enjoyed by a person who is a full
theory of member of a community.
citizenship Citizenship has three components: civil, political, and social.
Civil rights -necessary for individual freedoms and are institutionalised in
the law courts.
Political citizenship guarantees the right to participate in the exercise of
political power in the community, either by voting, or by holding political
office.
Social citizenship is the right to participate in an appropriate standard of
living; this right is embodied in the welfare and educational systems of
modern societies.
permanent tension between the principles of citizenship and the
capitalist system.
Capitalism inevitably involvesinequalities between social classes, while
citizenship involves some redistribution of resources, because of rights,
which are shared equally by all.

Jus Soli- citizenship is acquired by birth within the territory of the state,
regardless of parental citizenship;
Jus Sanguinis- a person, wherever born, is a citizen of the state if, at the
time of his or her birth, his or her parent is one.
Few Note: USA and the countries of the British Commonwealth adopt the
Important Jus Soli as their basic principle.
terms Dual Citizenship:
related to Denotes holding citizenship of more than one country at the
Citizenship same time. Mnay countries, including India, do not allow dual
citizenship
In a federal state, it also denotes people holding citizenship of
pronives/federal units and the federal or central entity. USA and
Switzerland allow such dual citizenship, but India does not.
 FACT SHEET: HUMAN RIGHTS
Sub-topic/theme Facts/Info
• Equal and inalienable individual entitlements against
state/society only because one is human being of equal worth
Meaning • Rights listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and the International Human Rights Covenants

Human rights are based on human nature, human nature

is universal, hence human rights are universal across all
cultures
Basis of justification

1. Natural law and supreme moral principle

2. Rationality- logical, reasoned, rational
Basis/Justification of
3. Positivism-justified on the basis of experience
universality of human rights
Consistent with idea of democracy, and normative
conception of justice
Directly linked to natural right theory contained in the
Social Contract Theories
Hence, human rights are linked to individualism, liberalism,
and democracy

1948: UN declaration of universal human rights (UDHR)

Adopted on 10 Dec, 1948

Has 30 Articles

1966: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(ICCPR)
1st Generation Rights
1966: International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
2nd Generation Rights
International treaties on
1979: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Human Rights
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
1984: Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
1989: Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
2003: International Convention on the Protection of the
Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
(ICRMW)
2006: International Convention for the Protection of All
Persons from Enforced Disappearance (CED)
2007: Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (CRPD)

International Organisations UN System

for monitoring Human Rights
UN Human Rights Council
 47 UN members makes the council
United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights(OHCHR) acts as CEO and Secretariat to UN Human
Rights Council
OHCHR was set up in 1993

National System

National human rights commission in member states

NHRC in India set up in 1993 under Protection of Human
Rights Act (PHRA), 1993
NHRC has a Chairperson, five full-time Members and
seven deemed Members.

International NGOs(INGOs):

Amnesty International- Headquarter in London

Human rights watch- Headquarter in New York

Previous name of UN Human Rights Council- United

Nations Commission on Human Rights till 2006
NHRC is a statutory organisation
When NHRC set up? 1993
When UDHR adopted? 10 Dec, 1948
Which article is common between ICCPR and ICESCR?
Article 1 which is right of self-determination
Which USA president based his foreign policy on human
Important facts/info asked
rights? Jimi Carter
in PG ETs
Universality of Human Rights is related to? Liberalism
Which concept contest the Universality of Human Rights?
Cultural Relativism
Which Asian leader gave the concept of ‘Asian Value’
contesting Universality of Human Rights? Mahathir bin
Mohamad
Which year Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities was adopted? 2007
 FACT SHEET : MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
Ideologies Core Theme and Features Main Thinkers

Classical vs
modern liberalism
Classical-
minimal state (
state as
Individual freedom (of necessary evil),
choice) and autonomy, Inviolable
Individualism Classic
property rights,
Prefer ‘Rights’ over Locke, Hob
universalism
Aadam Sm
‘Common Good’: Moral Modern:
Thomas Pa
primacy of claim of Welfare state,
Modern
individual against claims of distributive
society/state Rawl, T.H.G
justice,
Inviolable natural rights Laski, Dwor
multiculturalism
Liberalism of Life, Liberty, Property Hobhouse,
Modern
Melioristic: social R.H.Tawany
Liberalism also
G.D.H Cole
institutions and political called Positive
J.S.Mill, Be
arrangements can be liberalism.
Libertar
improved Libertarianism-
Robert Noz
Tolerance revival of classical
Universalism: universal Fredrich Ha
liberalism- neo-
nature of human, equal Milton Fried
liberalism : Free
human worth, universal market Economy,
human rights Low taxation,
Nightwatchman
state, Market over
state,Individual
freedom is prime

Marxism
Analyse political Multiple Classic
phenomenon from class strands Lenin, Mao
lens Classical Zedong, Ro
Historical Materialism: Marxism Luxemburg
Changes in economic base Neo-Marxism Alexandra
(mode of production) of Neo-classical Kollontai, M
society brings about Gramscianism Neo- Ma
changes in its socio- Louis Althu
political-cultural Justin Rose
(superstructure); civilization Immanuel
progresses through this Wallerstein
dialectical process Gunder Fra
Perpetual class Neo-cla
struggle- exploited vs Marxism- G
exploiter; change in mode A. Cohen,
of production changes the Przeworski
class characteristics E. Roemer
master/slave, lord/serf, Erik Olin W
capitalist/labour
 Capitalist system is Gramsc
exploitive, keep surplus ( Post- Marx
labour as profit, alienate Ernesto Lac
workers, and faces regular Robert W. C
crisis Chantal Mo
Vision of state less, Critical
class less, property less Theory- Fra
communist society school think
‘From each according to though they
his ability, to each against both
according to his needs’- in Marxism an
final stage of Communism Liberalism b
Neo-Marxis
be included
the umbrell
critical theo

Preserving ideas,
institutions and socio-
cultural traditions.
Belief in Hierarchy, David H
order, and authority, social Edmund
traditions, customs, norms Hobbes
Branch of
Organicism: Society as Locke
classical
organic entity- has evolved Michael
liberalism
over centuries of social Oakeshott
In economy-
customs/practices/traditions Joseph
conservatives are
State required for social Maistre
quite liberal
order Metterni
But
Only gradual and Benjami
conservative in
Conservatism calibrated change in social Disraeli
socio-cultural
practices/traditions Karl Pop
domain
Pragmatism- Truth lies piecemeal s
More popular
in concrete experience than engineering
and electorally
moral preposition Contem
successful than
…prefer the familiar to times- Quin
liberal parties
the unknown, to prefer the Hogg, Marg
Called right
tried to the untried, fact to Thatcher, A
wing ideology
mystery, the actual to the Merkel, Ma
possible, the limited to the Pen, Ronal
unbounded, the near to the Reagon
distant…( about
conservativism by
Oakeshott)

Post-
modernism No objective truth, Post- Richard
against the Binary ( good structuralism Jenny A
vs bad) De- Foucaul
Knowledge is not simply constructivism structuralism
a cognitive factor, it is also Critical theory Derrida
normative and political Subjectivity constructivi
Power & knowledge Truth is Lyotard-
linked and subjective, against met
depends on the narratives
 support/constitute each perspective of the Baudrilla
other subject(observer) Richard
Reality socially Timeline- Slavoj Ž
constructed beginning 1970s Gilles D
Rejects meta narratives Nietzsch
(grand narratives or (Nihilism)
narratives of narratives)
Critical of classical
liberalism, and positivism,
superiority of science,
modernity discourse

Against any form of

formal, external, and
hierarchical authority in
managing socio-political William
arrangements Godwin-
Organisation of society Philosophic
on a voluntary cooperative Anarchism
basis without force/coercion Peter
Belief in virtuous(good) Kropotkin-
human nature, which can Utopic communal
manage both individual & ideologies anarchism
social life without any Stateless, Pierre-J
external formal authority authority less Proudhon
Anarchism
State is unnecessary blissful social life Mutualism
evil Gandhiji- Mikhail
Accept authority of enlightened Bakunin
experts and moral authority Anarchism revolutionar
of collective decision Anarchist
Mutualism : socialist, Leo Tols
federated, and non- Pacificist An
hierarchical authority-less Gandhij
society holding property for enlightened
common use and earnings; Anarchism
individuals enjoy rights and
oblige to allow others the
same- reciprocity

Feminism Given in separate fact sheet.

 FACT SHEET : APPROACHES TO POLITICAL THEORY
Main thinkers/activists- their
Approaches Important facts/meaning
contributions

Also called philosophical approach Plato- Ideal State

Raises normative question- ‘Why Saint Augustine- ‘City
should I obey the state?’, ‘How should of God’
rewards be distributed?’ and ‘What Thomas Aquinas: 5
should the limits of individual freedom proofs of God
be’? ‘How good life of community be John Rwal- Normative
ensured?’ theory of Justice
Focus: moral, ethical, just political Robert Nozick-
arrangements Entitlement theory of
Normative What ‘should be’ rather than what Justice
Approach ‘is’ Leo Strauss: brought
Value loaded, prescriptive, political value back in Political
philosophy theory
Rationalism: sources of knowledge Hanah Arendt
transcendental (other worldly), based Macheal Sandel-
on logic and abstract reasoning Communitarian
Deductive or top down approach of T.H.Green- moral
investigation/theorising freedom
Vision of an ideal society and Charles Taylor-
political arrangements Communitarian

Empirical
Approach Analyse and describe political Aristotle- 1st empirical
phenomenon ‘as it is’, factual analysis of Constitutions
Uses methods of scientific David Hume:
observation, quantitative analysis, philosophy as the
testing hypothesis inductive, experimental
2 pillars: Behaviouralism and science of human nature
Logical Positivism Francis Bacon: father
Objective, factual, value-free, of empiricism
scientific Auguste Comte- father
Attempt to build scientific political of Positivism and inventor
theory (science of politics) of the term sociology
Empiricism: Sensory experiences John Locke: Tabula
the only source of knowledge Rasa- human brain at birth
Inductive or bottom up approach of like white slate
investigation/theorising David Easton- father of
empirical approach- gave
system theory
Karl Popper- scientific
theory are falsifiable
Robert Dahl- Pluralist
thinker
Seymour Lipset
Gabrieal Almond-
structural-functional
approach
Jean Blondel
 Peter Laslett
Herbert Simon

Karl Marx- Historical

Genealogy: Uses history as genetic Materialism
process of evolution of political Hegel: historical
evolution of idea
phenomena.
Machiavelli- used this
History used as vast repository of
approach in ‘the Prince’
test cases to be used to theorizing for
Skocpol- ‘States and
present and future.
Historical Studying past to understand the Social Revolutions: a
Approach: causes of political phenomenon in Comparative Analysis of
present. France, Russia and China’
More weightage to individual human Ram Manohar Lohia
–‘Wheels of History’
agency than societal structure and
Vivekanand- ‘Cycle of
institutions
Caste rule’
Adopts normative philosophical
approach Oakeshott- ‘What Is
History?’

All post-modernist
thinkers- Foucault,
Derrida, Lyotard,
Baudrillard, Nietzsche
Critical of the mainstream thinking All thinkers of Frankfurt
and theories School (Neo-Marxism):
Want to overturn existing socio- Ernst Bloch, Walter
political arrangements/structures. Benjamin, Max
Aim for societal transformation, Horkheimer, Erich Fromm,
human emancipation, decreasing Herbert Marcuse,
domination and increasing freedom Habermas
Emerged in connection with the All radical feminists-
many social movements- feminist, Kate Millet, Rebecca
environmentalist, anti-domination, Walker, Eve Ensler,
Subaltern, etc. Shulamith Firestone,
Critical
Include radical feminism, green Sandra L Whitworth etc.
Approach
politics, eco-feminism, constructivism, Post-colonial thinkers-
post-structuralism, deconstructivism Samir Amin, Edward said,
and postcolonialism, etc. Andre Gunder Frank,
Adopt post-positivist approaches, Franz Fanon, Chandra
discourse analysis, and deconstruction Mohanty
Align itself with sub-altern, Subaltern thinkers:
marginalized and oppressed groups Ranajit Guha, David
Reveal inequalities, injustice, and Arnold, Dipesh
asymmetries that mainstream Chakrabarty.Partha
approaches intend to ignore Chatterjee, Sudipta
Kaviraj, Gayatri Spivak
Ecofeminism: Vandana
Shiva, Maria Mies, Ariel
Salleh, Mary Mellor, Ana
Isla
 FACT SHEET : FEMINISM- IN MULTIPLE WAVES
Feminist Main thinkers/activists-
Important facts
wave their contributions

Marry
Wollstonecraft:
‘Vindication of the rights
of women- 1792’
Also called Liberal Feminism Fanny (Frances)
Wright
Timeline: 19th & early 20th century
J.S.Mills:
It demanded Equal rights for women in
‘Subjugation of women-
1st wave public sphere/political
1869’
Focus- education, job, equal pay, voting
Harriet Taylor
rights, property rights, legal rights, equality
Raja Ram Mohan
in marriage, family, society
Roy
Pandita Ramabai-
‘the high caste Hindu
women’- 1887

Simone de Beauvoir:
Also called radical feminism ‘the second sex’ –
Timeline: 1960s-70s women are not born but
Questioned socially constructed gender made-1949
notions of masculinity and femininity, Shulamith Firestone:
patriarchy, and reproductive role ‘The Dialectic of sex-
2nd Wave Reshape society and restructure its 1970’
institutions Kate Millet: ‘Sexual
Slogan- ‘Personal is political’; ‘women politics-1971’
are made, not born’ Germaine
Universal sisterhood, included Greer- ‘The Female
black/coloured women Eunuch’-1972

3rd Wave
May be called post-modern feminism, Rebecca Walker-
eco-feminism, transfeminism, etc. ‘Becoming the Third
Timeline: 1990s-2010 Wave’
Demanded freedom to control their Eve Ensler- ‘Vagina
bodies and their lives Monologues’
Intersectionality- women experience Amy Richards-
"layers of oppression" – caste, class, colour, ‘Opting In’
gender, race Naomi Wolf- ‘The
Fighting classism, racism, sexism by Beauty Myth’.
overturning the notions of gender, race, Susan Faludi-
class, and structure & symbols supporting ‘Backlash’
them. Germaine
Raised issues of violence against Greer-‘The Whole
women, women's reproductive rights, sexual Woman’
 liberation, derogatory terms for women, Carol Ann Duffy-
transgender rights, etc. ‘The World's Wife’

Rebecca Solnit- ‘Men

Explain Things to Me
Timeline- since 2012
(2014)’
Focus: focus on empowerment of
Jessica Valenti- ‘Sex
women, against sexual harassment, body
4th Wave shaming, and rape culture, etc.
Object: A Memoir
(2016)’
Use of social media
Laura Bates-
Me Too movement
‘Everyday
Sexism (2016)’

Friedrich Engles:
‘the origin of family,
private property, and
state-1884’
Alexandra Kollontai-
Class and private property, and not gender ‘Sexual relation and the
Marxist or
discrimination, are the main issues class struggle’
Socialist
Consider mainstream feminism as capitalist or Sheila Rawbatham:
Feminism
Bourgeoise feminism- limited to white women ‘Women, resistance,
revolution and hidden
form of history-1943’
Martha
Nussbaum-‘Sex and
Social Justice’

Susan Griffin-‘
Woman and Nature’
Examine socio-political arrangements from the
Maria Mies-‘
perspective of connections between women and
Ecofeminism’ ( with
nature
Vandana Shiva
Gendering Nature
Eco- Mary Mellor:
Eco-Feminism was coined by French feminist
Feminism ‘Feminism & ecology’
Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974
Sallie McFague
Feminist perspective of Green politics that calls
Vandana Shiva
for an egalitarian, non-patriarchal, non-exploitative,
Greta Gaard
collaborative social order.
Judi Bari- Earth
First!

Post Colonialist feminist – Chandra Mohanty

Susan Miller Okin- Feminist conception of Justice
Feminism J. Ann Tickner- Re-formulation of 6 Principles of Morgenthau
in PG ET Feminists argue that women’s values are based primarily on prescribed
Past year social role
Papers Vandana Shiva- Ecofeminist
Feminist Authors & Books
FACT SHEET: CONSTITUTION OF INDIA- IN 6 TABLES
 TABLE 1: BASIC FACTS: PARTS & SCHEDULES
Aspect Facts
Content 25 Parts, 448 Articles, 12 Schedules, 5 Appendices, and 105 Amendments.
Part Subject matter Articles
I The Union and its territory 1 to 4
II Citizenship 5 to 11
III Fundamental Rights(FR) 12 to 35
IV DPSP 36 to 51
IV A Fundamental duties 51 A (inserted 42nd Amendments- 1976)
Union or Central
52-151
Government
President 52-72
Council of Minister and PM 74-75
V
The Union Judiciary 124- 147
Comptroller and Auditor-
148-151
General of India(CAG)
Union Parliament 79-122
State Government 152-237
Governor 153-162
VI Council of Minister and CM 163-164
The State Legislature 168-212
High Courts 214-232
Parts & No Part VII, yes; it was
Articles- related to States in the B part
VII
subjects of the First schedule, was
repealed by 7th Amendment
VIII The Union Territories 239-242
Panchayati Raj
IX 243 to 243-O
System(PRI)
IX A The Municipalities 243-P to 243-ZG
The Scheduled and Tribal
X 244 to 244-A
Areas
Relations between the
XI 245 to 263
Union and the States
Services Under the Union
XIV 308 – 323
and the States
Election- Election
XV 324 to 329-A
Commission
XVII Official Language (Hindi) 343 to 351
Emergency Provisions 352 to 360
National Emergency 352
XVIII
State Emergency 356
Financial Emergency 360
Amendment of the
XX 368
Constitution
 First
States and UTs
Schedule
Second
Salaries of Presidents and other high offices of Union of India
Schedule
Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for union/state ministers,
Legislature(MP/MLA), candidate for election, Judges of SC/HC, CAG
Third
etc.
Schedule
Note: Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for President, Vice president,
Governor are in specific articles- 60, 69, 159 respectively.
Fourth
Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and UTs.
Schedule
Fifth
Administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes- 10 states
Schedule
Sixth Administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya,
Schedule Tripura, and Mizoram.
Division of powers between the Union and the States
List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III (Concurrent List).
Seventh
Presently, the Union List contains 100 subjects (originally 97), the
Schedules Schedule
state list contains 61 subjects (originally 66) and the concurrent list
contains 52 subjects (originally 47).
Languages recognized by the Constitution
Eighth
Originally, 14 languages but presently there are 22 recognized
Schedule
languages
Acts and Regulations (originally 13 but presently 282) related to
Land reforms and other matters which cannot be challenged in court
Ninth Inserted by 1st Amendment, 1951
Schedule For implementation of Land Reforms after abolition of Zamindari
System
Now, it has also come under Judicial Review
Anti-Defection Laws- disqualification of the MPs/MLAs on the
Tenth
ground of defection
Schedule
added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985
Eleventh Panchayati Raj System
Schedule added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992
Twelfth Municipalities
Schedule added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992
 TABLE 2: CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
Amendments Important Amendments Main changes/facts/related to
Reasonable restrictions on freedom of
speech (Public order, Friendly relations with
foreign states, Incitement to an offence)
1st- 1951
Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms Acts
Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of Pvt.
property by Govt
Amended 31 A and 9th schedule
17th Amendment-1964 Golaknath case was against these
amendments
Parliament got right to amend any part of
Constitution including Fundamental Rights
24th Amendment- 1971 (article 368)
To counter SC ruling in the Golaknath case-
1967
25th Amendment-1971 Inserted 31 C: exempted any law giving effect
Both 24th & 25th amendment to the article 39(b) and 39(c) of DPSP from
was attempt by Indira Gandhi Govt judicial review, even if it violated the
to make India a socialist state. Fundamental Rights
They, however, culminated into SC struck down a part of the amendment in
‘Basic Structure’ Doctrine ‘Kesavananda Bharati’-1973- case.
Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers
26th Amendment-1971
of princely states
Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545
31st Amendment-1973
seats
35th and 36th Amendment- Sikkim incorporated into India and became a
1975 State
Placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post
of Prime Minister.
39th Amendment- 1975
In 1976, SC struck it on violation of basic
structure.
Passed during Emergency
nd
42 Amendment-1976 Called mini-Constitution- so many changes
SC, in Minerva Mills case, Curtailment of fundamental rights
quashed the amendments to Inserted 51 A: fundamental duties Inserted
Articles 31C and 368 on basic "Socialist, Secular, Integrity" in Preamble.
structure doctrine. Most of changes were reverted by 44th
amendment-1978
After emergency by the Janata Govt
Reverted most of changes of 42nd
th
44 Amendment-1978 amendments
Tighter conditions for emergency, protection
of Fundamental Rights and human rights
Anti-defection laws- disqualification on
52nd Amendment-1985 ground of change of party (defection)
Added 10th Schedule
56th Amendment-1987 Formation of Goa State
61st Amendment-1989 Reduced voting age to 18 years
69th Amendment-1991 legislative assembly and council of ministers
for National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Inserted articles 239AA- Governance of NCT
of Delhi
Panchayati Raj System
73rd Amendment-1992
Inserted 243 to 243-O
Constitutional status to Municipalities
74th Amendment-1992
Inserted 243-P to 243-ZG
Right to Education- 6-14 year children
86th Amendment-2002
Inserted article 21-A
Restrict the size of council of ministers to
91st Amendment-2004
15% of legislative members
provision of reservation (27%) for Other
93rd Amendment-2006 Backward Class (OBCs) in govt and educational
institutions
National Judicial Appointments Commission
(NJAC)for Judge’s appointments
99th Amendment-2015
Was struck down by SC on violation of basic
structure of Constitution.
101st Amendment-2017 GST (Goods and Services Tax) introduced
10% reservation to Economically Weaker
103rd Amendment-2019
Sections (EWSs)
Abolished nomination of 2 Lok Sabha seats
104th Amendment-2020 to Anglo-Indians
Extended reservation for 10 years
Latest Amendment
Restores the power of the State
Governments and Union Territories to identify
and specify Socially and Economically Backward
Classes (SEBCs)
105th Amendment- 2021 Note:
1. G. Rohini Committee is related to this
matter (issue of sub-categorisation of OBCs)
2.by using this power, many states, such as
Bihar, are intending to do caste survey to know
numbers of different caste
 TABLE 3: THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
The Aspect Fact/features
Constituent Constituted
Assembly under The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

How its
by indirect election by the members of the Provincial Legislative
members were
Assemblies under the Government of India Act, 1935
elected?
How many 389 (292- British Provinces; 93 - princely states; 4 from the chief
members? commissioner provinces)
After
partition, how
299
many
members?
When first
9 December 1946
meeting?
Last
24 January, 1950; the signing day
Meeting?
Adopted on 26 November 1949
Implemented
26 January 1950
on
How many
to total sittings 11 sessions; two years, eleven months and seventeen days
and time?
Drafting Committee – B. R. Ambedkar.
Union Power Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru.
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru.
Provincial Constitution Committee – Vallabhbhai Patel.
Important Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal
Committee and Excluded Areas – Vallabhbhai Patel.
Steering Committee: Rajendra Prasad
Order of Business Committee - K M Munshi
The Oligarchy (by Granvile Austin): Nehru, Azad, Rajendra Prasad,
Patel
Provisional: Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha
President
Permanent: Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Objective Was presented by Nehru on 13 December 1946; was adopted on 22
Resolution January 1947
Famous Article 356 is like ‘safety valve’ and would reamin a dead letter-
quotes Ambedkar
Article 32 is the heart and soul of the Constitution – Ambedkar
“If things go wrong in the new Constitution, the reason will not be
that we had a bad Constitution, what we will have to say that Man was
vile”- Ambedkar
“Constitutional morality must be held higher than public morality”-
Ambedkar
Indian constitution as a ‘seamless web’- Granville Austin
Indian Constitution as a social Document- Granville Austin
‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and trepidation than in
hope and inspiration’- Paul Brass
 “ But in the long run, it would be in interest of all to forget that there
is anything like majority or minority in this country and that in India there
is only one community…”- Patel
Directive Principles of State Policy are like “pious aspirations”- Ivor
Jennings
 TABLE 4: IMPORTANT ARTICLES
Very Article
India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of State
Important 1
Articles 14 Right to equality
19 Right to Freedom
21 Right to Life & Personal Liberty
Protection against arrest and preventive detention in certain cases
22
Called ‘the necessary evil’
25 Right to freedom of religion
shields legislation from being declared unconstitutional and void by putting
31 B
them into ninth schedule
32 Right to constitutional remedy, filing writ petition in SC if FR are violated
51A Fundamental Duties
President to act in accordance with of advice Council of Ministers with the
74
Prime Minister at the head.
78 PM: role, function, duties
76 Attorney General( AG) of India
Money Bills
109,
110-Definition of “Money Bills”.
110
109-Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
112 Budget-Annual financial statement
Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court- judges appointment,
124
removal
143 Power of the President to consult and take advise from the Supreme court
148 Comptroller and Auditor-General ( CAG)
153 Governor (in each State)
243 A-Gram Sabha
243- 243K. Elections to the Panchayats.
PRI Note : Panchayats- 234A to 243 O
Municipilaties-243P to 243 ZG
226 Writ petition in HC for violation of FR and legal rights
280 Finance Commission
312 All India Services
315 Public Service Commission (UPSC)
324 Election Commission of India
352 National Emergency
356 State Emergency
360 Financial Emergency
359 Suspension of Fundamental Rights, except 20 & 21, during emergencies
257: centre can give directions to State
257,
365: failure to comply with the direction mean constitutional breakdown,
365
article 356 may be invoked
368 Amendment: Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution
370, Special provisions for many states
371, 371 Article 370: J&K ; now repealed
(A-J) Article 371 – Maharashtra and Gujarat
371 A: Nagaland; 371 B : Assam ; 371 C: Manipur; 371D & E – Andhra
Pradesh; 371 F-Sikkim; 371G – Mizoram; 371H – Arunachal Pradesh; 371 I –
Goa ; 371J- districts of Hyderabad-Karnataka region
 TABLE 5: SOME LESS KNOWN ARTICLES WHICH MAY
BE ASKED
Odd Articles which were asked- better to remember them
Odd 50 Separation of judiciary from executive
Articles 60 Oath or affirmation by the President
which
61 Impeachment of the President
were
asked 69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
72 sentences
Note Art.161: Pardoning power of Governor
86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
Disqualifications for membership of the Parliament/house
102
Note: Article 103: President is the final authority to decide on this matter
Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
108
Note: No joint sitting for amendment Bills
122 Bar the courts to inquire into proceedings of Parliament
Ordinance: Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
123 Parliament.
Note: Art. 213: Ordinance by Governor
141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
provides discretionary power to the Supreme Court as it states that the
Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make
such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter
142
pending before it.
Recently, the SCI used this power to release A G Perarivalan, who had
served over 30 years of life term in the Rajiv Gandhi killing case.
144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court
159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor
165 Advocate-General for the State.
Bills passed by State Legislature is reserved by a Governor for the
201
consideration of the President,
214 High Courts in states
231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States
233 Appointment of district judges
Administration of Union territories
239
Note Art. 239AA: Special provisions with respect to Delhi
243
ZH to Co-Operative Societies
243 ZT
244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in
249
the national interest
Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if
250
a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements
263 Inter-State Council.
 Right to Property: Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of
300A
law.
312 All-India services
323A Administrative tribunals.
329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the
330
House of the People.
Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
331
Now repealed by 104th amendment
338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes
338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
338B National Commission for Backward Classes
Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward
340
classes.
343 Official language of the Union.
 TABLE 6 : CONSTITUTIONAL GK AND TRIVIA
Constitutional Majority of 2/3rd members present and voting supported by
GK and Trivia Special more than 50% of the total strength of the house.
Majority This type of majority is used for most of the Constitutional
amendment and impeachment of Judges.
Very special Two thirds of the total membership of the House
majority required for impeachment of President
Grounds of President: violation of the Constitution
Impeachment Judges: ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
President
hands over Vice President and vice-versa
resignation to?
Speaker
hands over Dy. Speaker and vice-versa
resignation to?
SC/HC
Judges hands
President
over resignation
to?
FR vs DPSP;
In general FR but DPSP 39(b) and 39(c) is superior to FR 14,
which is
and 19.
superior?
Which case
Keshavnanda Bharti case- 1973
gave ‘Basic
Parliament cannot change the Basic Structure or basic
Structure’
feature of the constitution.
doctrine?
In Which case
first mention of Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan -1964
‘Basic Structure’?
Berubari case (1960)
Which case But SC, in Keshavnanda Bharti case- 1973, overturned
decided earlier decision and stated that preamble is part of Constitution.
‘preamble Not In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of India also,
part of the Supreme Court has once again held that Preamble is the
Constitution’? integral part of the Constitution but is not directly enforceable in
a court of justice in India
Which article
Article 13(2) – “The State shall not make any law which takes
is used by the
away Fundamental Rights and any law made in contravention of
courts for Judicial
this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void”
Review?
Which article
Article 31(c) inserted by 25th Amendments-1971- this gave
became battle
primacy to DPSP over FR
between FR and
This article led to long battle between SC and Government.
DPSP?
Which article Article 21- Right to Life ( Right to education, Right to privacy,
saw most right to shelter, right to pollution free environment, etc. all were
Judicial Activism declared FR under article 21)
Lok Sabha Vs Both have equal powers Except in:
Rajya Sabha
 1. Money Bill- can only be introduced in LS, RS very
limited power of amendments
2. No confidence motion can only be presented in LS

2 powers- not available to LS

Special
1. It can allow legislation by parliament on State list
powers of Rajya
subjects
Sabha
2. It can pass resolution to create All India Service

Who
declares/certify a
The Speaker of Lok Sabha
bill as Money
Bill?
Who is the
chairperson of The Vice President
Rajya Sabha?
Distributive Justice, social control of production: article 39(b),
39(c)
Organisation of village panchayats- 40
Right to work- article 41
Provision for just and humane conditions of work and
maternity relief- 42
Living wages for workers, Worker’s participation in
management: article 43
Important
Participation of workers in management of industries- 43A
DPSP
Promotion of co-operative societies- 43B
Uniform civil code: 44
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry-48
Environmental protection: 48A
Protection of monuments and places and objects of national
importance-49
Separation of judiciary from executive- 50
Promotion of international peace and security: 51
Right to equality : article 14 to 18
Right to Freedom : article 19 to 22
Right against exploitation : article 23 to 24
6 FR
Right to freedom of Religion: article 25 to 28
Cultural & Educational Rights: article 29 to 30
Rights to constitutional remedies : article 32
32: writ petition in SC against violation of FR
Article 32 vs 226: writ petition in HC against violation of FR as well as any
226 other constitutional/legal rights
Hence, scope of 226 is wider than 32
GOI Act 1909: Morley-Minto reform- separate electorate for
Muslims
Government of India Act 1919-
Constitutional
called Montague-Chelmsford reform- Dyarchy in provinces ;
reforms before
Sikhs got special electorates
1947
GOI Act 1935: Mini Indian Constitution- Provincial Autonomy
; created the Federal Court
Cabinet Mission Plan 1946- Constituent assembly
Which article Article 31B
protect 9th
 Schedule from
Judicial Scrutiny?
Many of the emergency provisions taken from the Weimer
Constitution, Germany
National Emergency-352- 3 times- 1962, 1971, 1975

Can be extended by 6 months at a time by

Parliament
Emergency Maximum duration- unlimited

Financial Emergency-360- never invoked

Maximum duration- unlimited

State Emergency-356- more than 100 times!

•​Maximum duration- 3 years
Which
landmark case SR Bommai case (1994)- after that invoking 356 came under
restricted use of strict judicial scrutiny
article 356?
What name
constitution give India and Bharat ( Article 1)
to India?
When
1976-42nd amendments- ‘Secular, Socialist, Integrity’ were
preamble was
added.
amended?
When
Fundamental
In 2002, through 86th amendments, 11th duty was added.
duty was
expanded?
FR available
Right to equality before law (14), right to life (20, 21), right to
to both citizens
freedom of religion (25,26,27,28)
and foreigners
On which On grounds of sovereignty and integrity of India, the security
grounds right to of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order,
freedom is
decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court,
restricted? defamation or incitement to an offence
Article 29, 30: Rights to Minorities to protect their language,
Which FR are
Script, culture and establish and administer educational
group rights?
institutions.
Not well defined; includes:

The supremacy of the constitution.

What are A republican and democratic system.
‘Basic Structure The secular character of the Constitution.
/feature’ Separation of powers among 3 organs of the state
Independence of Judiciary
The federal character of the Constitution.
 FACT SHEET CONST 2: CATCHY AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES IN CONSTITUTIONAL
DEMOCRACY

Term Meaning Addl. Info

A filibuster is a tactic employed in the
United States Senate to prevent or delay
voting on any bill/proposal. Though originated in Senate in
Filibuster
Most common form of filibuster is USA, used in all democracies.
unnecessary lengthy debates by the
Senators.
Gerrymandering is a practice While demarcating (called
intended to gain an unfair electoral delimitation) constituencies, some
Gerrymandering advantage for a particular party by areas may be included/excluded
manipulating the geographical intentionally to suit caste/religion
boundaries of electoral constituencies. arithmetic of the constituency.
1. It is a French word faster way of
execution.
Guillotine refers to the exercise of 2. Generally used by the Speaker
Guillotine passage of bills/proposals en- masse (in of the House, to pass Demands for
a block) due to time limit. Grants, as part of Budget, at the last
allotted day, in block, without any
discussion.

It is the time gap between

the end of Question Hour (which
1. It is entirely Indian
is of 1 hour from 11 am to 12)
Parliamentary Innovation.
and the beginning of the regular
Zero Hour 2. It may last for about one hour,
business of the House.
from 12 to 1 PM, before the House
MPs can ask any question of
breaks for lunch.
public importance during the
zero hour at short notice.

Official directions issued to

Members voting against party line
Whip members of Legislature to vote
may lose their membership
on party line

To remain in power the

Cabinet/Government must If passed, the Government loses
No Confidence
obtain the confidence of the Lok confidence of the house and has to
Motion
Sabha resign
May be moved by opposition

It is the proposal in the Lok Sabha to

If the motion is adopted(passed), it
cut (reduce) the Demands for grants by
Cut Motion amounts to a no-confidence vote, and
Government ministries during the Budget
Government will fall.
session.
Normal business of the House is
Adjournment
suspended to discuss urgent matter of
Motion
public interest
Popular in US Senate where the
Stopping one’s speech to allowe other
Yield the floor members may speak for indefinte
speakers to speak
time.
 Laid on the Denote submission of important CAG, CEC, Finance Commission,
floor of house reports, and subordinate legislation in the etc. submit its annual report to te
Parliament by the executive. President, who get them laid on te
floor of the house
 FACT SHEET- INDIAN POLITY
FACT SHEET IND POL.1: POLITICAL PARTIES: 7 NATIONAL PARTIES

Founded Prominent
Name Founder Interesting Facts
in leaders- current
Congress dominance-
1951-1967
Divided 1969- Congress
Sonia Gandhi,
Congress 1885 A.O.Hume (O) and Congress(R)
Rahul Gandhi
NCP, TMC, YSR
congress, etc split from
Congress
Atal Bihari Narendra Modi, New Avtar of Bhartiya
BJP 1980 Bajpai and Lal Amit Sah, Rajnath Jan Sangh, founded in 1951
Krishna Advani Singh, Nitin Gadkari by Syama Prasad Mukherjee
Symbol: Ears of Corn
and Sickle
SA Dange,
Communist D.Raja, Binoy Largest opposition party
M.N.Roy, SV
Party of 1925 Viswam, K. to Congress in 1st Lok
Ghate, and
India(CPI) Subbarayan Sabha
others.
M.N.Roy formed CPI in
Tashkent in 1920
Symbol: Hammer, Sickle
Sitaram Yechury, and Star
A. K. Gopalan
Prakash Karat, Manik Split from CPI on issue of
CPI-M 1964 Jyoti Basu, E. M.
Sarkar, Pinarayi Indo- China war
S. Namboodiripad
Vijayan CPI- pro Soviet, pro-
congress
Bahujan
Samaj Party( 1984 Kanshi Ram Mayawati Symbol- Elephant
BSP)
Symbol- Flower and
Grass
Trinamool Mamta Mamta Banerjee,
1998 Split from Congress
Congress(TMC) Banerjee Derek O’Brien
Ruling West Bengal since
2011
Symbol: Clock
National Sharad Pawar, Sharad Pawar,
Split from Congress on
Congress 1999 P.A. Sangma, Supriya Sule, Praful
issue of foreign origin person
Party(NCP) Tariq Anwar Patel
as PM
Note: National People’s Party(NPP) was recogbised by the ECI as 8th national Party in 2019, but still
on ECI website only 7 national parties are shown. You may decide if MCQs asked about NPP or nos. of
recognised national parties.
 FACT SHEET IND POL. 2: REGIONAL AND STATE PARTIES

Founded Prominent leaders- Interesting

Name Founder
in current Facts
Symbol: hut,
wheel and plough
Telugu Colour: Yellow
N. T. Rama Rao
Desam Party 1982 Chandrababu Naidu Was largest
(NTR)
(TDP) opposition party in
8th Lok Sabha( 1984
to 1989)
Symbol: rising
Dravida
C. N. Annadurai sun
Munnetra
1949 Karunanidhi- long M.K.Stalin, T. R. Baalu Split from DK,
Kazhagam
serving leader founded by Periyar
(DMK)
E. V. Ramasamy
M. G.
All India O. Panneerselvam Symbol: two-
Ramachandran(MGR)
Anna DMK 1972 (OPS), E. Palaniswami leaves
J. Jayalalithaa-
(AIADMK) ( EPS) Split from DMK
long serving leader
Samajwadi Mulayam Singh Mulayam Singh Yadav,
1992 Symbol: cycle
Party (SP) Yadav Akhilesh Yadav
Rashtriya
Lalu Prasad Lalu Prasad Yadav,
Janata Dal( 1997 Symbol- Lantern
Yadav Tejaswi Yadav
RJD)
SGPC, Master Symbol- Flower
Shiromani Prakash Singh Badal,
Tara Singh, Sardar and Grass
Akali Dal 1920 Sukhbir Singh Badal,
Sarmukh Singh Second-oldest
(SAD) Harsimrat Kaur Badal
Chubbal, etc. party in India
Ajit Singh, son of
Rashtriya Symbol: hand
1996 legendary farm leader Jayant Chaudhary
Lok Dal (RLD) pump
Charan Singh
Symbol:
Indian
Om Prakash Chautala, Spectacles
National Lok 1996 Devi Lal
Abhay Chautala Currently ruling
Dal (INLD)
Haryana with BJP
Symbol: Bow &
Jharkhand
Binod Bihari Sibu Soren, Hemant Arrow
Mukti Morcha 1972
Mahato Soren Currently ruling
(JMM)
Jharkhand state
Symbol: Lady
Janata Dal H. D. Deve Gowda, H. D.
1999 H. D. Deve Gowda Farmer Carrying
(Secular) Kumaraswamy
Paddy on her Head
Symbol: Motor
car
Telangana Led the
K. Chandrashekar K. Chandrashekar Rao ,
Rashtra 2001 Telangana state
Rao K. T. Rama Rao
Samith(TRS) formation movement
Ruling Telangana
since its formation
Justice 1916 Dr C. Natesa E. V. Ramasamy; T. M. Oldest of the
Party Mudaliar Nair, P. Theagaraya Chetty regional parties
and Alamelu Mangai E. V. Ramasamy
Thayarammal ,in 1944, converted
Justice Party into DK
 FACT SHEET IND POL.3: PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF INDIA
Name Tenure Vice President Unique facts
Differed on many issues with Nehru Govt,
Dr especially on Hindu code bill and suggested that
1950-
Rajendra Dr. Radhakrishnan president is not entirely bound by advice of
62
Prasad council of minister

Dr. 1962- Teachers' Day is celebrated on his birth

Dr. Zakir Hussain
Radhakrishnan 67 anniversary ( 5th Sept)
Dr. Zakir 1967-
V.V. Giri 1st President to die in office
Hussain 69 Was VC of Jamia Millia University
He won president election by defeating official
Congress candidate as Indira Gandhi called for
1969- Gopal Swarup
V.V. Giri ‘Conscience Vote’.
74 Pathak
Congress split into Congress(R) and
Congress (O) on this issue in 1969
Fakhruddin 1974-
B.D.Jatti 2nd President to die in office
Ali Ahmed 1977 He signed Emergency in 1975
President during Janata Government
He was the official Congress president
1. B.D.Jatti
Neelam 1977- defeated by V.V.Giri in 1969
2. Mohammad
Sanjiva Reddy 82 In 1979, accepted Charan Singh, PM’s advice
Hidayatullah
on dissolution of Lok Sabha even when the PM
had no majority in the Lok Sabha
Giani Zail 1982- In 1986- refused assent to postal bill, which
R. Venkataraman
Singh 87 allowed Government to read private letters/mails.
Worked with four PM( Rajeev Gandhi, V.P.
R. 1987- Shankar Dayal Singh, Chandra Shekhar and P V Narasimha
Venkataraman 92 Sharma Rao) and appointed three of them.
Start of Coalition Governments
Shankar 1992- Returned two executive orders to the cabinet
K. R. Narayanan
Dayal Sharma 97 13 days Bajpai Government in 1996
Most assertive President
Returned proposals of cabinet for imposition
K. R. 1997- of emergency in UP and Bihar
Krishan Kant
Narayanan 2002 Made mandatory to produce letters of support
from alliance partners as proof of majority for PM
claimant
Missile man, DRDO scientist, architect of 2nd
Pokhran Test
Dr. A.P.J. 2002- Bhairon Singh
Returned office of profit bill to cabinet
Abdul Kalam 2007 Shekhawat
His birthday, 15 Oct, is celebrated by UN as
‘World Students Day’
Pratibha 2007-
Hamid Ansari 1st Women President of India
Patil 2012
Refused to sign ordinances on anti-corruption
Pranab 2012- law
Hamid Ansari
Mukherjee 2017 commuted death sentences of four convicts
against the advice of the cabinet
Ram Nath
2017- Venkaiah Naidu
Kovind
 FACT SHEET IND POL.4: DY. PMS OF INDIA

Name Tenure PM, Party

Sardar Patel 1947-50 PM- Nehru, Congress party
Morarji Desai 1967-69 PM-Indira Gandhi, Congress
Charan Singh 1979` PM- Morarji Desai, Janata Party
Jagjivan Ram 1979 PM- Morarji Desai, Janata Party
Y.B. Chavan 1979-80 PM- Charan Singh, Congress Party
PM: V.P.Singh, Janata Dal
Devi Lal 1989-91
Note: Devi Lal became Dy. PM twice
L.K.Advani 2002-2004 PM- Atal Bihari Bajpai, BJP
Note: Constitution does not mention the post of Dy. PM; hence, Dy. PM takes oath as union
minister.
 FACT SHEET IND POL. 5 : IMPORTANT COMMISSION AND COMMITTEE

Formed
Name Issue Findings/ recommendation
in
Gorwala Report on Public
1951
Committee Administration in India
To examine the
Balwant Rai working of the
Recommended 3-tier Panchayati Raj System
Mehta 1957 Community
for Rural India
Committee Development
Programme (CDP)

Setting up Central Vigilance

Santhanam
1962 Anti- corruption Commission(CVC)
committee
CVC was set up in 1964

10+2+3 pattern
Advise guidelines
Women’s education
Kothari and policies for the
1964 Neighbourhood school system
Commission development of
Establishment of Indian Education
education in India.
Service

Panchayati Raj
Sadiq Ali Was set up by Rajashthan state
1964. Institutions in
Committee Govt
Rajashthan
Kapur
1966 Killing of Gandhiji Role of Savarkar and his associates
Commission
Khosla
Commission-
Both commission rejected any conspiracy and
1970 Death of Subhash
rumours of activities of Bose after the plane
Mukherjee Chandra Bose
crash
Commission
2005
Rajamannar Centre-state
1969 Set up by DMK Govt in Tamil Nadu
Committee Relation
Tarkunde Election Commission- 3 member
1974 Election reforms
Committee minimum age for voting-18 yrs

Misuse of MISA, and Defence of

To probe the
Shah India rules during emergency
1977 excesses committed
Commission Excess in sterilization program
during the emergency
Poor role of Bureaucracy

2-tier Panchayati Raj Institutions

Ashok Mehta Panchayati Raj
1977 1st committee to recommend
Committee System
Constitutional status to PRI

Sarkaria Centre-state Far reaching suggestions on role of

1983
Commission relationship Governors and use of Article 356
M.P. Thakkar 1984 Killing of Indira Conspiracy and persons responsible for the
Commission Gandhi killing
 G.V.K. Rao Various aspects of Set up Planning commission
1985
Committee PRI District as the basic unit of planning

to consider the type of political and

P.K.Thungan Various aspects of
1989 administrative structure needed in the
Committee PRI
District Planning.

Increasing security deposits for

candidates;
lowering age bar for fighting election
Dinesh
Not more than 2 seats one can contest
Goswami 1990 Election reforms
DPSP to PR
Committee
Anti-defection law
Government funding of election
expenses

M.C.Jain Killing of Rajeev Conspiracy and persons responsible for the

1991
Commission Gandhi killing
Liberhan Babri Masjid Causes and persons responsible for the
1992
Commission demolition Mosque demolition
Srikrishna 1992-93 Bombay Conspiracy and persons responsible for the
1993
Commission riots riots
Ram Nandan
Creamy layers among Backward Castes for
Prasad 1993 OBC reservation
being eligible for reservation
Committee
Swaminathan Stabilizing population, restructuring family
1994 Population policy
Committee welfare program
Bhuria Panchayati Raj
1995 Extension of PRI in tribal areas
Committee Institution(PRI)
political funding and measures to discourage
Indrajit Gupta
1998 Election reforms criminals from helping candidates during
Committee
elections.
Nanavati 1984 anti-Sikh
2000 Persons responsible for the riot.
Commission riots
Nanavati- Godhra train
Causes of both the incidence and persons
Mehta 2002 burning and Gujarat
responsible.
Commission Riot-2002
increasing the income tax exemption limit,
Kelkar
2002 direct tax reforms rationalization of exemptions, abolition of long
Committee
term capital gains tax, abolition of wealth tax etc
Tehelka Tape
Phukan scandal- fake defence
2003 Persons involved in the corruption incidence
Commission deal & corruption
caught on camera

Anti-defection measures
Jeevan
10-fold increase in security deposits
Reddy 2004 Election reforms
Barring criminals from contesting
Committee
election.
 Swaminathan 2004 Farmer’s issues Minimum support price(MSP) formula
committee
Socio-economic
Very poor Socio-economic and educational
Sachar and educational
2005 condition of Muslims in India. They are worse off
Committee condition of Muslims
than Dalits.
in India.

Misuse of 356
M.M.
Centre-state National integration council
Punchhi 2007
relationship Concurrent list changes only with
Commission
State’s consultation, etc.

Srikrishna Situation in
2010 Related to formation of Telangana state
Committee Andhra Pradesh
The committee submitted its report and Draft
Srikrishna Personal Data
2017 Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018;
Committee Protection
The bill is yet to be enacted.
By 105th amendments powers of the State
Issue of sub-
G Rohini Governments and Union Territories was restored
2017 categorisation of
Commission to identify and specify Socially and Economically
OBCs
Backward Classes (SEBCs)
 FACT SHEET IND POL. 6: BOOKS AND AUTHORS ON INDIAN POLITY AND POLITICAL
PROCESS
Book Author Theme
Democracy and Discontent:
India's Growing Crisis of
Governability
His other books:
• Poverty Amid Plenty in Political change in India from the late
the New India 1960s to the late 1980s.
Atul Kohli
• Democracy and How declining dominance of Congress
Development in India challenged political order and stability.
• State-Directed
Development
• The Success of India's
Democracy
The Child and the State in
India
His other books:
• Party politics in India
(1957) Myron Issue of child labour, migration, state politics
• State Politics in India Weiner Initiated the study of State Politics in India
(1968)
• Sons of the Soil:
Migration and Ethnic
Conflict in India(1978)
Religion, Caste, and Politics
in India Christophe
Hindu nationalist Movement Jaffrelot
and Indian Politics
The Politics of India Since
Independence
Caste, Faction, and Party in
Indian Politics
•‘Factional Politics in an
Indian State(1965)’
•‘The Politics of India Since
Independence(1990)’
Paul Brass
•‘Ethnicity and
Nationalism(1991)’
•‘The Production of Hindu-
Muslim Violence in
Contemporary India (2004)’
•‘An Indian Political Life:
Charan Singh and Congress
Politics, 1937 to 1961 (2011)’
Coalition Politics and
E.
Democratic Consolidation in
Sridharan
Asia
1.The government and
politics of India Morris- Explained single party dominance (Congress)
2. Parliament in India Jones Adopted structural-functional approach
3. Politics Mainly Indian
Partha Indian nationalism as not main but derivative
Chatterjee discourse among many sub-national
 1. Nationalist Thought groups/communities, which he called fragments of
and the Colonial World: Indian Nation.
A Derivative Discourse Subaltern thinker
2. The Nation and its
Fragments

1. The Modernity of
Tradition
How in India traditional structures and norms have
2. In Pursuit of Lloyd and
been adapted or transformed to serve the needs of a
Lakshmi Sussane
modernizing society
3. Explaining Indian Rudolph
Study of political economy of the Indian state
Democracy: A Fifty
Year Perspective

Working a Democratic
Granville working of the Indian Constitution from 1950 to
Constitution: A History of the
Austin 1985
Indian Experience
1.Gandhi's Political
Philosophy
Bhikhu Also wrote “Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural
2. Colonialism, Tradition and
Parekh Diversity and Political Theory”
Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi's
Political Discourse

1. Understanding
Caste: From Buddha
To Ambedkar And She wrote many books on Ambedkar, Buddhism,
Gail
Beyond Indian women’s struggle
Omvedt
2. Reinventing Also wrote “Seeking Begumpura”
Revolution: New Social
Movements in India

Asish Political, economic, and cultural domination under

The Intimate Enemy
Nandy colonialism
M. N.
Caste in Modern India Concepts: Dominant Caste, Sankritisation
Srinivas
Rajni Kothari Books:
•Politics in India(1970)
•Caste in Indian
Politics(1970) Coined’ the Congress System’
•State Against Polticisation of Caste
Democracy(1988) Rajni Indian State as ‘incremental democratic
•Rethinking Kothari modernization’
Development(1988) Indian Society as ‘political society’
•Rethinking Used structural-functional approach
Democracy(2005)
•Communalism in Indian
politics(1998)
Achin Vanaik Books Achin Wrote profusely on issues concerning religion,
•‘Communalism Contested: Vanaik communalism and secularism
Religion, Modernity and
Secularization(1997)’
•‘Hindutva Rising: Secular
Claims, Communal
Realities(2017)’
•‘India in a Changing
World1995)’
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 7: COMMENTS/QUOTE ON INDIAN POLITY BY THINKER/AUTHORS

Comment/quote Thinker/author Addl. Information

Indian economy as “Bullock Cart Lloyd and They also said that caste in India
Capitalism” Sussane Rudolph fosters democracy
Indian politics as tussle between a
Lloyd and
“demand polity” and a “command In their book ‘In Pursuit of Lakshmi’
Sussane Rudolph
polity”
Lloyd and ‘Explaining Indian Democracy’- by
India as ‘weak-strong state’
Sussane Rudolph Rudolph & Rudolph
Indian federalism as “bargaining Theory of single party dominance in
Morris Jones
federalism” India
Constitution of India is federal in
KC Wheare
structure and unitary in spirit
Indian Politics as “Politics of Initiated the study of State Politics in
Myron Weiner
Scarcity” India
Wrote “The regional roots of
India as a “polycentric hierarchy Aseema Sinha
developmental politics in India”
Indian state as interchangeably Author of “Democracy and Discontent:
Atul Kohli
“weak” and “captured” India's Growing Crisis of Governability”
Indian nationalism as “Derivative Partha Wrote: “Nationalist thought and the
Discourse” Chatterjee colonial world- A Derivative Discourse”
Wrote : “Democracy without
Indian democracy as ‘Democracy Pradeep
Associations: Transformation of the Party
Without Associations’ Chhibber
System and Social Cleavages in India ”
Kanchan
India as a Patronage-Democracy
Chandra
describes Indian federation as a
Pranab
“holding together federation and not a
Bardhan
‘coming together federation”
flailing : wave or swing wildly, un steady,
Calls India a “flailing state.” Lant Pritchett
not settled
Indian party system as
Giovanni until the 1960s in terms of this model,
"predominant party system"
Sartori Congress was the predominant party
Indian Party System as ‘one party Rajni Kothari called it ‘the Congress
Morris Jones
dominant system’ System’
‘Politics in India’ ; ‘Caste in Indian
Indian State as ‘incremental
Rajni Kothari Politics’; ‘State Against Democracy’: books
democratic modernization’?
by Rajni Kothari
Varshney in his work ‘Is India becoming
Three democratic upsurges in the Ashutosh more Democratic’ discussed the three
democratic politics in India Varshney democratic upsurges in the democratic
politics in India
‘India’s Constitution was born
‘The Politics of India since
more in fear and trepidation than in Paul Brass
Independence’- by Paul Brass
hope and inspiration’
India as a Democratic ‘Politics and State-Society Relations in
James Manor
Developmental State India’- James Manor
India as an example of Anthony D. ‘Nationalism’ – by Anthony D. Smith
“Polycentric Nationalism” Smith
 Indian constitution as a ‘seamless
Granville Austin
web’
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 8 : LANDMARK SC CASES WHICH CHANGED INDIAN POLITY

Case Year Decision and effect

SC struck caste-based
reservation;
State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan 1951 FR is superior to DPSP.
Led to 1st amendment

No judicial review to Amendments as

Shankari Prasad case 1951 Amendments under article 368 is not ‘law’
under article 13(2)

Reservation cannot be more than 50%

Balaji v/s State of Mysore 1962
First case in which mention of ‘Basic
Sajjan Singh vs State of Rajashthan 1964
Structure’ was made.
Amendments under article 368 are ‘law’
under article 13(2) and hence can be
Golaknath Case 1967 struck down if they violate Fundamental
rights

‘Basic Structure Doctrine’-Parliament

can amend any part of constitution
Kesavananda Bharati case 1973 provided basic structure/feature of the
constitution is not changed.

SC ruled that even Right to Life can be

1975-
ADM Jabalpur Case suspended during emergency as per article
76
359
Further established ‘Basic Structure
Doctrine’
Power of Parliament to amend the
Minerva Mills case 1980 constitution was limited
Restored balance between FR and
DPSP

‘Due Process’ Doctrine : Right to life(

article 21) gave SC power to judicial review
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978 of not only ‘procedure established by law’
but also ‘ due process of law’

SC gave ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine for

Bachan Singh vs State Of Punjab 1980
capital punishment
Three Judges Cases: 1. SP Gupta v Union
of India (1981)
1981- Gave ‘Collegium system’ of Judges
2. Supreme Court Advocates‐on‐Record
98 appointment
Association v Union of India (1993)
3. Re Special Reference No 1 of 1998
Right against violence in police custody
Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra 1983
Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal 1985 ‘Right to Livelihood’ FR under article
Corporation 21

SC decided ‘Right to alimony(

living support from divorced
husband)’ to Muslim women
But the central Government
Shah Bano case 1985
enacted law to nullify SC decision.
Generated heated debate on
Secularism

Public hanging violates article 21-

Attorney General of India v. Lachma Devi 1988 hence should be banned.

‘Right to Shelter’ under article 21

Shantistar Builders v. N.K. Totame 1990
‘Right to pollution free environment’
Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar 1991 FR under article 21

Creamy layer policy: creamy layer

Indra Sawhney v. Union of India 1992 among OBC, SC/ST be excluded from
reservation.

Application of article 356 to dismiss

state Government was made tough
S.R. Bommai v/s Union of India 1994
Profoundly affected centre-state relation

Vishaka Guidelines: against sexual

Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan 1997 harassment of women at work place

Disqualification on conviction for certain

offences: convicted person disqualified for
Lily Thomas v. Union of India 2013
6 years from contesting election.

Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union

of India ‘Right to Privacy’ under article 21
Maneka Gandhi vs the Union of
2017
India; R Sukanya vs R Sridhar; Kharak These cases helped bring ‘Right to
Singh vs State of Uttar Pradesh; Privacy’ under article 21
Govind vs State of Madhya Pradesh

Decriminalised homosexuality by
Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union Of India 2018 striking off parts of Section 377 of the
Indian Penal Code (IPC).
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 9: LANDMARK ACTS

ACT Year Addl. Info

The Delhi Special Police
1946 CBI was set up under this law
Establishment Act
The Representation of the Rules for election for Parliament and State Legislature
1951
People Act Amended many times
To implement article 17 ( abolition of untouchability) and
Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955
protect rights of SC/ST
Uninterrupted supply of essential goods; to stop hoarding
Essential Commodities Act 1955 or black marketing
In 2020, the Act was modified along with 2 Farm Acts
The Citizenship Act 1955 Rules for acquiring Indian citizenship
Reorganisation of States on linguistic basis- 14 State, 6
States Reorganisation Act 1956
UTs
Unlawful Activities Give powers to Govt to deal with people for protecting
1967
(Prevention) Act (UAPA) integrity and sovereignty of India
The Water (Prevention and
1974 Control and prevent water pollution
Control of Pollution) Act,
The Air (Prevention and
1981 Control and prevent air pollution
Control of Pollution) Act,
The Forest (Conservation)
1980
Act
The Environment
1986 Protection and improvement of the environment
(Protection) Act
The Muslim Women
This Act was brought by Govt to nullify the SC judgement
(Protection of Rights on 1986
on Shah Bano case
Divorce) Act
To minimize corruption in government agencies and
Prevention of Corruption Act 1988
public sector

To prevent discrimination, atrocities and hate

Scheduled Caste and
crimes against SC/ST
Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of 1989
It was felt that Protection of Civil Rights Act
Atrocities) Act,
1955 was not adequate for SC/ST

The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Protection of wild animals, birds and plants
Energy Conservation Act 2001 To conserve energy and promote clean energy.
NGT was set up quick disposal of the cases pertaining to
The National Green Tribunal environmental issues
2010
Act To implement ‘Right to clean environment’ under article
21

Govt might arrest anyone on suspicion of

threats to national security
Maintenance of Internal
1971 MISA was used during Emergency (1975-77) to
Security Act (MISA)
arrest opposition leaders, journalists, etc
Janata Govt abolished MISA in 1977

Persons With Disabilities 1995

(Equal Opportunities, Protection
of Rights and Full Participation) Special provisions, special quota for disable
Act persons
Was amended in 2016- ‘Rights of Persons with
Disabilities Act, 2016’

Orderly development and maintenance of

Foreign Exchange foreign exchange market in India
1999
Management Act, (FEMA) Replaces Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
(FERA)

To regulate ICT in India

Information Technology Act 2000
Also called cyber Act

Competition Commission of India(CCI) was set

The Competition Act 2002 up under this Act
Replaced MRTP Act

Right to Information Act 2005 Landmark Act to implement ‘Right to Information’

National Rural Employment
2005 MG NAREGA is implemented under this Act
Guarantee Act
Protection of Women from The Act provides a definition of "domestic violence" for
2005
Domestic Violence Act the first time in Indian law
Disaster Management Act 2005 Corona Pandemic was dealt in under this Act
constitution of a National Commission and State
Commission for Protection
2006 Commissions for Protection of Child Rights and Children's
of Child Rights Act
Courts for providing speedy trial of offences against children
Also called RTE Act
Right of Children to Free
2009 Right to Education( under article 21) is implemented
and Compulsory Education Act
under the Act
Sexual Harassment of
Women at Workplace
2013 ‘Visakha Guideline’ came out of this Act
(Prevention, Prohibition and
Redressal) Act
National Food Security Mission is implemented under
National Food Security Act 2013
this Act
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas
2013 Lokpal and Lokayuktas were appointed under the Act
Act
Whistle Blowers Protection To protect those who disclose corruption in Govt
2014
Act 2011 organisation
Goods and Services Tax
2017 GST was implemented under this Act
(Compensation to States) Act
Jammu and Kashmir
2019 State of J&K was made 2 UTs- J&K and Ladakh
Reorganisation Act
New and more stronger Consumer protection Act in
Consumer Protection Act 2019
which many new services added

Muslim Women (Protection Made triple talaq unlawful

2019
of Rights on Marriage) Act Called anti- triple talaq Act
 Transgender Persons 2019 To protect the rights of Transgender Persons
(Protection of Rights) Act,
Provide Indian citizenship for persecuted religious
Citizenship (Amendment) minorities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan who
2019
Act are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or Christians,
and arrived in India before the end of December 2014
1.The farmers' produce
trade and commerce (promotion
and facilitation) act, 2020. These are 3 Farm laws which provide for
2.The farmers market reforms in Indian Farming sector, contract
(empowerment and protection) farming, and liberalisation of trade in farm produce
2020
agreement on price assurance Farmers of Punjab, Haryana, and UP are
and farm services act, 2020. agitating against these Farm Law, which are on
3. The essential hold by the order of SC.
commodities (amendment) act,
2020.
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 10: STATE RE-ORGANISATION

Year Event/state created Unique facts

A: former British
provinces
Constitution arranged Indian State into A, B,C,D groups
1950 B and C:
Princely states
D: A&N Islands
Potti Sreeramulu, A Revolutionary leader, died after 56 days of
1952
hunger strike for creation of Andhra Pradesh( from Madras presidency)
1st State on the
1953 Andhra Pradesh created
basis of Language
States Reorganization Act
1956 14 states, 6 UT
Abolished A,B,C,D groupings
Gujrat becomes
1960 Bombay was divided into Maharashtra and Gujrat
the 15th State.
1961 Dadra and Nagar Haveli becomes the 7th UT
Goa, Daman and
1962 Goa, Daman and Diu acquired from Portuguese
Diu- 7th & 8th UT
Nagaland- 16th
1963 Nagaland carved out from the state of Assam
State
Punjab- last
Punjab and Haryana created
1966 state on language
Chandigarh also created as UT and common capital
basis
1971 HP was created HP was UT
NE re-
1972 Meghalaya, Tripura, and Manipur became state
organisation
1975 Sikkim merged in India Sikkim-22nd state
1987 Goa, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh became State from UTs 25 states
Chhattisgarh( from MP), Jharkhand( from Bihar), and Uttarakhand(
2000 28 states
from UP) became states
2014 Telangana ( from Andhra Pradesh) became state 29th State
Note:

1. 14 states and 6 UTs were created as per the SRA-1956

2. Zonal councils were created, Home minister as chairperson, as per SRC
 FACT SHEET IND. POL 11: MAJOR CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
SCHEMES/MISSIONS/PROGRAMS

Scheme name Purpose/sector Unique facts/features

PM Jan Dhan Opened 42 crore new accounts
Financial inclusion
Yojna in name of poor
About 30 cr loan of Rs 15 lakh
PM Mudra Yojna Loan for self-employment
cr given
Swachh Bharat
Cleanliness, hygiene at public places 11 cr toilets made
Mission
Smart City Mission Improved urban living 100 smart cities
Ayushman Bharat Universal Health Insurance Scheme Insurance cover of 5 lakh per
Mission for poor family per year
Mission
Universal Immunization program
Indradhanush
Ujjwala Yojna Free LPG connection to rural poor
Ujala Scheme Cheap LED bulbs in all homes
Electricity connections to all remaining Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har
Soubhagya Yojna
un-electrified households Ghar Yojana - Saubhagya
PMAY-G: Rural areas
Pradhan Mantri Providing affordable housing to the
PMAY-U: Urban areas
Awas Yojana (PMAY) poor households
About 1.8 cr houses provided
Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik-
UDAN Scheme Affordable air travel for common man
UDAN
Social security for poor in form of Rs Poor need to subscribe to the
Atal Pension Yojna
1000 to 5000 Rs monthly pension pension fund; Government
Atal Mission for
Rejuvenation and Strengthen urban Infrastructure-
Urban Transformation sewage, street lights, transport, etc
(AMRUT)
To provide students experience in
Atal Tinkering Labs
creating and modifying 3D designs
Government sponsored and
Fasal Bima Yojna
subsidized crop insurance
Soil Health Card
Free soil testing for farmers
Scheme
Kisan Samman Direct cash transfer of Rs 2000 per 4 Direct Income Transfer Scheme
Nidhi Yojana months to Farmers for farmers
Indian youth(17-23 years) may join They would be called
Indian Armed Forces without any long- ‘Agneeveers’ and will get many
Agnipath scheme
term commitments with attractive salary benefits and assistance after
packages leaving armed forces
FACT SHEET: COMPARATIVE POLITICS
 FACT SHEET: TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Approaches Facts/features Main thinkers/theorists

Oldest one : Since pre-

political science era
Method: Abstract reasoning,
Normative Aristotle, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel,
moral arguments, Formal logic
Philosophical T.H.Green, Leo Strauss, Isaiah Berlin
and analytic philosophy
Prescriptive, deductive, value
loaded, idealistic, speculative

Genealogical – treating history

as a genetic process – how a
political phenomenon evolved Machiavelli: used this approach in ‘
over time the Prince’
Studying past to understand Oakeshott, Hobbes, Locke,
Historical
the causes of political Rousseau, Marx, Laski
Approach
phenomenon in present Hegel and Marx also used Historical
Example : comparative approcah ( evolution of ideas/matter
analysis of the French, Russian through Historical Dialecticism)
and Chinese Revolutions, by
Skocpol

Aristotle: 6 types of
constitution/Government
Polybius: division of powers among
Focus on Institutions and
organs of state
structures of political system
Bryce: study of American government
Formal, legal,
in comparative perspective
Institutional state/Government and its organs
Edward Finer: wrote’ The History of
Approach Eurocentric, prescriptive,
Government’- Comparative analysis of
normative, speculative
Government from earliest time
Evolved as Comparative
Duverger, Sartori: Comparative study of
Government
political party and party system
Herman Finer and Carl Fredrich-
other proponents
 FACT SHEET: MODERN APPROACHES TO
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Approaches Facts/features Main thinkers/theorists
Charles Merriam: ‘New Aspects of
Politics’ : founder of behavioural
approach in Comparative Politics
Focus on observing,
Graham Wallas wrote ‘Human Nature
recording, and analysing human
in Politics’
behaviour to understand politics
Arthur Bentley wrote ‘The Process of
Systematic collection and
Government’
examination of facts
Behavioural Both these books help usher
Empirical and positivist
Approach behavioural approach in political science
approach
The eight characteristics features
Scientific testable hypothesis
Value-fact Separation of behaviouralism as given by David
Attempt to make pure science Easton: (1) Regularities; (2) Verification;
of politics (3) Techniques; (4) Quantification; (5)
Values; (6) Systematisation; (7) Pure
Science; and (8) Integration.

Political David Easton- father of the system

System Political system: Inter-related approach –‘ A system Analysis of
Approach institutions, political activities, Political Life’
actors and processes which Gabriel Almond: ‘Comparative
continuously interact with each Politics: A Developmental Approach’
other and to larger society Morton Kaplan: used system
Derived from Biology and approach in IR
General System Theory David Apter: ‘Introduction to Political
Input, Output, Environment, Analysis’
Feedback Karl Deutsch: ‘Nation and World’
'system' replaced ‘state’ as Features/facts of the System
item of comparison Approach:
Easton’s definition:” behaviour
or set of interactions through Developed from the general
which authoritative allocations of systems theory by Ludwig Von
values are made and Bertallanfy
implemented in society” Structural functionalism was
Inputs to the system : built on the system approach
Called the ‘Balck Box’
• Demands : claims for actions approach as it does not go
that people make to satisfy their deeper inside the system
interests and values David Easton gave a ‘flow
• Support: political obligation – model’ of political system
Consent, obey law, pay taxes Good for genralisation and
borad comparison across
Input functions by Almond: culture/region but weak in
political socialization, political details
interest articulation political
interest aggregation political
communication
Outputs : Laws, rules,
regulations, judicial decisions
 Easton identified 4 types of
Input functions as demand:
Participation in political system,
Allocation of goods and services,
Communication and information,
Regulation of behaviour
The sequence of regulatory
mechanism by Easton is: Gate-
keeping at the boundary, Socio-
Cultural norms, communication
channels and reduction
processes

Derived from system Gabriel Almond and G C Powell :

approach used Easton’s system approach to give
Study political structures and structural-functional approach
functions carried out by them in a Almond borrowed most of the
political system terminology of his structural-functional
Structural- Input functions( Almond): approach from Talcott Parsons
Functional political socialization, recruitment, Structural functionalism as a method
approach interest articulation and was developed to study the politics of
aggregation, and political Politics of developing countries
communication Rajni Kothari and Morris Jones used
Output functions: Rule this approach to study Indian politics
making, application, and Fred Riggs also used this approach
adjudication

Gabriel Almond: father of

political culture approach
Political Culture: pattern of orientation Gabriel Almond and Sidney
and basic attitude in a society towards Verba: ‘The Civic Culture’
political system comparative study of Political
Almond & Verba: Attitudes and Democracy in 5
3 aspects: Cognitive, Affective, Nations- USA, Germany,
Evaluative Mexico, Italy, and UK
3 types: Parochial, subject, Talcott Parsons: Influenced
Political participative Almond & Verba through his
Culture definition of culture- sets of
Approach Almond- homogeneous norms, values, and attitude
culture in developed nations Rajni Kothari and Morris
Jones used this approach also
Edward Finer: matured, in studying Indian politics
developed, low, and minimal Almond and Verba
political culture suggested a ‘sleeping dogs’
theory of democratic culture that
implies that low participation
indicates broad satisfaction with
government

New
Institutionalism Both ‘hard’ and ‘Soft’ James March & Johan
Institutions- norms, rules, Olsen: founders of New
behaviour pattern Institutionalism –‘ The New
Institutionalism: (1984)’
 Linked Institutions to macro Douglous C North- Rational
socio-economic structure and Choice New Institutionalism
individual behavior William Scott: ‘ Sociological
Analytical, explanatory & New Institutionalism’
Empirical institutionalism Paul DiMaggio and Walter
3 new Institutionalism: W. Powell- ‘Institutional
Rational Choice, Cultural( isomorphism’ ; ‘The New
sociological), Structural Institutionalism in
Organizational Analysis(1991)’

Political
development Emerged in 1960-70s Lucian Pye: ‘Political culture
and Harry Truman the US and political development’ ;
Modernization President: gave special meaning political development 3 aspects-
theory to development in his famous equality, capacity, Differentiation
speech after WWII, this started
modernisation theory ‘Aspects of political
development’
There is a fixed path of
development & modernization as Lucian Pye identified 6
traversed by western nations; by crises in political development:
following the same path, poor 3rd 1. Identity 2. Legitimacy 3.
world nations would also become Penetration 4. Participation 5.
developed. Unification 6. Distribution
David Apter:’ The politics of
These theories were claimed modernization’- technocratic
to be applicable across cultural, approach
and were able to explain political Gabriel Almond: ‘Political
processes everywhere Development’
James Coleman, and Sidney
Closely linked to US foreign Verba also gave theory of
policy towards developing political development
countries and its attempt to check James Coleman: ‘The
the tides of socialism/communism Development Syndrome-
(containment policy- Truman Differentation-Equality-
Doctrine) Capacity’
Samuel Huntington: ‘Political
To help 3rd world countries Development and Political
become developed & modern by Decay’
following similar path as travelled Huntington identifies political
by USA/western Europe development with the
Approaches: political culture, institutionalisation of political
developmentalism, corporatism, organisations and procedures
democratization, etc. He challenged the idea of
political development as an
Thinkers supporting unilinear process-rather it is
modernisation theory were cyclic
considered traditional Edward Shils: ‘Political
comparativists; those opposing it Development in the New States’
progressive comparativists. ; ‘Center and periphery’
Edward Shils’ categories of
political system: (i)Political
Democracy (ii) Tutelary
Democracy (iii) Modernizing
Oligarchy (iv) Totalitarian
 Oligarchy (v) Traditional
Oligarchy
Organski: ‘The stages of
political development’ – 1.
political unification, 2.
industrialisation, 3. national
welfare, and 4. affluence.
W.W.Rostow: ‘Politics and
the stages of growth’ : 5 stages
of modernization - 1) traditional
society, 2) preconditions to take-
off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to
maturity and 5) age of high
mass consumption
Max Weber, Talcott Parsons,
A.M. Henderson and Joseph la
Palombara: political
development is linked with legal
and administrative development
Fred Riggs: balance
between the principles of
equality and capacity in political
development; Development
Trap- imbalance between
equality and capacity
Halpern: ‘will and capacity’
approach to the study of political
development

Raúl Prebisch- ‘Doctrine of

unequal exchange’ : Father of
Challenges to Modernisation
dependency theory
Theory: Dependency Theory
Theotonio Dos Santos-
Dependency theory criticized ‘The Structure of Dependence’
the dominant model of Dos Santos: 3 types of
development as ‘Eurocentric’, dependency: colonial, financial-
furthering the capitalist interests industrial, technological-
of the ‘West’. industrial
They were influenced by Neo- Fernando Henrique
Marxism, which visualised Cardoso- Associated-
International state system as development-dependent -was
Dependency
global capitalist system in which also president of Brazil
Theories
the developed capitalist nations ( Andre Gunder Frank-
core) dominated and exploited ‘Development of
Underdevelopment’
underdeveloped 3rd world(
Immanuel Wallerstein-
Periphery)
World System Theory; Core,
Latin America became the
Semi-periphery, periphery
fertile ground of dependency
Johan Galtung: structural
theorists
theory of imperialism
They were called progressive
Samir Amin: global law of
comparativists
value -a system of unequal
exchange
 Elites It was critique of democracy, Gaetano Mosca:
Theory pluralism, and socialism
First developed in the context all societies ruled by a
of polity of western Europe numerical minority, the political
In any organisation, class.
Government (of any form- Elites- superior
democracy or dictatorship) only a organizational skills.
small minority- Elites- occupy top Circulation of Elites:
positions, take decisions and rule constant competition between
Remaining people are mere elites, with one elite group
masses who are mostly replacing another repeatedly
bystanders over time
Elite Theory appeared against He wrote: ‘The Ruling Class’
the Pluralist theory, which Mosca’s Elite theory is more
believed that in democratic form liberal than Elite theory of
of Government, political power is Vilfredo Pareto
widely disbursed among multiple
groups/communities Vilfredo Pareto-
Robert Dahl called it ‘ Circulation of Elites- the ruling class
Polyarchy’ replaced by another ruling/aristocratic
class through revolution

‘History is graveyard of
Elites’
2 types of Elites: Lion & Fox
He also gave the concepts
of “residues” and “derivations.”

C Wright Mills: ‘

‘The Power Elites’

Nexus of the leaders of the
military, corporate, and political
class and how the ordinary
citizen is a relatively powerless
subject of manipulation by the
power elites

Robert Michels

‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’

Bureaucratic organization as
rule of elites; not Democratic
Theory of mass mind
formulated on the basis of
the study of German Social
Democratic Party

Schumpeter: “Democracy as a
political Method “

democracy as nothing more

than periodic elections and
ordinary citizens, beyond the act
of voting, should have no role in
shaping policy.
Ortega Gasset

Theory of the Masses,

Political Formula

Karl Mannheim

Organising and directing

Elites; informally organised and
diffused Elites

Burnham

Economic Approach to
Elitism
 FACT SHEET: POLITICAL CULTURE
Sub-
Facts/Info
topic/theme
• Norm, value, belief, attitude, and orientation of people towards politics
and political system
• How people make meaning of ‘the political’, identify themselves and
Meaning others politically
• patterns of political behaviors that result from the political beliefs, values,
and attitudes of individuals.

• Set of values, beliefs, and attitudes within which a political system

operates. (Kavanagh)
• A structure of value and belief in the political system (Macridis)
• Pattern of orientations to political objects among the members of the
nation (Almond & Verba)
• political objects: both tangible political aspects- Institutions, political
parties and intangible aspects- authority, legitimacy, conventions, etc
• “political culture involves attributes including attitudes, feelings,
sentiments, beliefs, and values which concern the nature of politics that give
Definitions form and substance to political processes” (Lucian Pye)
• Set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments that give order and meaning to
a political process and which provide the underlying assumptions and rules that
govern behavior in the political system (International Encyclopedia of the
Social Sciences)
• The activity through which individuals and groups in any society
articulate, negotiate, implement, and enforce competing claims they make upon
one another and upon the whole. Political culture is, in this sense, are the set of
discourses or symbolic practices by which these claims are made” (Baker 1990)

Political
Culture as per Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba compared the political culture of 5
Almond & Verba nations and wrote in 1963 ‘The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and
Democracy in Five Nations’
5 nations were: UK, USA, Italy, Germany, Mexico
It was first empirical study and analysis of Political Culture
3 Aspects of Political Culture :

• Cognitive aspect: How much people are aware about Political system,
processes- Motives, interests & power, Identities, and Institutions
• Affective Aspect : What are their feelings and attachments towards
politics and Political Processes
• Evaluative Aspect : And How they evaluate or assess the outcomes(
policies/decisions) of political system

3 Ideal or pure Types of Political Culture

• Parochial
• General ignorance about political objects and a consequent lack of
involvement in political activities
• Ex: Political culture in poorly developed states in Africa- Somalia, Sierra
Leone
• Subject
 • Widespread knowledge about political objects/processes but a
disinclination to participate in political activities, often because of feeling of
powerlessness
• Ex: Political culture in rural India during Mughal and British colonial
period
• Participative
• People have both knowledge about politics and willingness to participate
in the political process
• Ex: Political Culture in USA

Civic Culture: mix of all three types of Political Culture

Talcott Parsons (1902–1979)- American sociologist; Almond & Verba

were influenced by Parson’s thoughts about Political Culture
Samuel Edward Finer ( 1915 – 1993): he categorized political culture as
Other matured, developed, low, and minimal
prominent W. H. Morris-Jones(1918): He used Political Culture approach; wrote
thinkers related extensively on politics and political culture of India The Governments and
to Political Politics in India(1971), Politics mainly India(1978)
Culture Rajni Kothari (1928-2015) : Politics in India (1970), Caste in Indian
approach Politics (1973), and Rethinking Democracy (2005)
Rousseau,-Durkheim ,Montesquieu, -Weber also deeply influenced
Cultural discourse on socio-political organization

Political culture approach is Modern approach in Comparative Politics

Definitions of Political Culture by Lucian Pye, Almond & Verba
The book ‘Civic Culture’ by Almond & Verba
Often 5 nations studied by Almond & verba
repeated facts in 3 aspects and 3 ideal types of Political Culture
PG ETs First empirical study of Political Culture by Almond & Verba
Who influenced Almond & Verba? Talcott Parsons
Civic Culture- mix of all 3 ideal types
 FACT SHEET: POLITICAL PARTIES
Sub-topic/theme Facts/Info

Political Party is an organized group, often with common

ideologies, political aims and opinions, which aims to acquire and
exercise political power to influence public policy.
As per Leon D. Epstein, Political Party is a group that “seeks to
Meanings/Definition
elect governmental office holders under a given label”.
As per Maurice Duverger, Political Party is a class, a doctrine (set
of ideologies).

Political Parties articulate and aggregate societal interests, public

opinion, and policy demands.
Political socialisation is mainly done by political parties
They offer choice to people in choosing political ideologies, policy
options, and governing vision.
They form Government and help implement public policies for
socio-economic development as per their political belief and
Role & functions of
ideologies
Political parties:
Political Parties recruit, train, and nominate political leaders as
representatives of people.
Political Parties are essential channel for representation in
democratic politics.
Governments in modern era, democratic, authoritarian, or
totalitarian, cannot be imagined without political parties.

Types of Parties: • On the basis of ideology or position on ideological spectrum

Left parties

• Communist, Socialist, Social Democrats (center-left), Green,

Liberals (center-left on Social issues)

Right Parties

• Conservatives, Liberals(economy),Fascist, Christian Democrats

(centre-Right), Nationalist
• On the basis of organization and target voters

Cadre, Mass, Catch-all, Party

• Cadre party: elite parties in the beginning of democracy in UK and

USA. Small size of membership limited to few, those having property,
social status, personality, etc.. For example, the Whigs and the Tories in
UK and the Federalists and the anti-federalists in USA.
• Mass party: Parties offering membership to masses, raises
national issues, and have wide electoral base; for example, Socialist
Parties in 20th century Europe; German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
and the UK Labour Party
 • Catch-all party: Parties which aim to get votes from all
class/sections/ interests; for example, the Congress and the BJP in India
• Ideological attachment ( by Hitchner & Levine)

Pragmatic parties, Doctrinal parties and Interest parties.

• Pragmatic parties: don’t have any fixed ideology; quite flexible in

making alliances to gain power. For example, SP, BSP, & RJD in India
• Doctrinal parties: Have fixed party ideology; for example, CPI in
India
• Interest parties: Representing specific interests of a
section/segment of population; for example, Farmers' League in Sweden;
• Constitutional vs. Revolutionary parties

Constitutional parties: who believe in constitution and work within

its framework: Congress, BJP, and all mainstream parties in the world
Revolutionary party: Hindustan Socialist Republican Army by
C.S.Azad; Revolutionary Socialist Party ; currently many political
parties uses the tag ‘revolutionary’, world over, but they don’t reject
the constitution completely.

• Representative and Integrative parties (by Sigmund Neumann

(1956))

Representative: reflect, represent, and channelize public opinion-

Catch all parties
Integrative: shape public opinion by political mobilization- Socialist
Parties

• Party of Government vs Party of Opposition

Liberals, Conservatives, Christian Democrats and Social

Democrats- habitually governing parties
Communist, Regionalists, Environmentalists and Nationalists -
habitually opposing parties

Party System denotes number, nature, ideological make up,

interactions, and inter-relationships among political parties in a
political system at a given time.
As per Heywood, party system is a relatively stable network of
relationships between parties that is structured by their number, size
and ideological orientation.
Party System: As per Duverger, Party systems are described by the number of
parties within a political system during a given time, along with their
internal structures, their ideologies, their respective sizes, alliances,
and types of opposition, competitions, etc.
As per Sartori , party system is a system of interaction between
political parties in a political system.

Factors • Electoral Rule

determining types of • Duverger’s Law: FPTP- two party system
Party System: • Proportional Representation - multi-party system
• Social Cleavages (Societal fault lines) by Rokkan & Lipset
 • European Societies: Rural/urban; center/periphery; worker/owner;
church/state
• Asian & African post-colonial States: Caste, ethnicity, language,
Religion
• Institutional structure or design of the State/Government
• Federal or Unitary;
• Presidential or Parliamentary
• Time: Maturity of political system
• Larger Socio-political context; political culture; major political
events- partition, Constitutional changes, etc.
• Single party system
• Pseudo(false) party system- as at least two parties required to
form a party system.
• Hegemonic- hegemony of single party
• Single party dominance
• Two Party system
Types of party • Distinct vs Indistinct Bi-partisan system
system: • Two plus half party ( 3rd party) system
• Prolonged Dominance of one party
• Multi- party system- by Sartori
• Moderate Pluralism
• Polarized Pluralism
• Fragmented party system
• Two broad coalition System
Maurice Duverger (1917 – 2014): gave Duverger law- FPTP favours two
party system. Also, types of Party System

His book ‘Political Parties(1954)’

Giovanni Sartori (1924 – 2017): gave the most widely used classification
method for party systems ;

his book ‘Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis

(1976)’
Related Thinkers,
Books & Concepts Stein Rokkan (1921 – 1979): with Martin Lipset he postulated the theory of
social cleavages
His book ‘ Party Systems and Voter Alignments(1967)’
Seymour Martin Lipset (1922 – 2006)- a pluralist thinker; with Rokken
gave social cleavages theory
Other Important books on political party:
‘Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchial Tendencies of
Modern Democracy(1962)’- Robert Michels
‘Political Parties and Party Systems(2003)’- Alan J. Ware
‘Party politics in India(1957)’- Myron Weiner
‘Party building in a new nation(1967)’- Myron Weiner
Duverger Law: FPTP results into two party system
Difference between Interest/pressure group and political party-
Interest/pressure group don’t participate in electoral politics and contest for
Often repeated
political power
facts asked in PG ETs
Catch all party coined by Otto Kirchheimer
Cleavage theory- Rokken & Lipset
Iron law of Oligarchy- Robert Michels in his book Political Parties
 FACT SHEET: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
Sub-
Facts/Info
topic/theme
• Set of rules that structure how votes are cast at election and how these votes
are then converted into seats (Gallagher,2014)
• Institutional rules, norms, and structure by which representation are decided
in democratic political system
Meaning • Electoral System includes Electoral Rules (franchise rule, eligibility rule for
candidates, rules for party, election campaign rules, etc) , Electoral Formula( How
votes are converted into seats), District(Constituency) Magnitude( Numbers of seats
per constituency), and Ballot rules( Ballot box or EVM, how vote are casted, etc)

• Size & Socio-cultural diversity of the political system

• Literacy- Democratic and political
Factors
• Political Culture
affecting
choice of • Nature of the party system
Electoral • Socio-economic context
System: • Power politics, consensus and compromise among ruling elites
• Historical experiences, traditions, practices, lesson learnt

• Voter- representative link- clear in FPTP, not clear in PR

• Govt formation
• Multi-party coalition govt in PR system
Effects of • Strong single party govt in Majoritarian (FPTP) system
Electoral • Party System format
System on • Duverger’s Law: Majoritarian system- two party system and PR system:
multi-party system
political
• Ideological effects: FPTP: less polarization; PR: multi-polar party system
system:
• More political and societal consensus in PR system
• Under representation of marginalized communities (minorities, women,
indigenous people) in majoritarian (FPTP) system

Main Majoritarian system

types of • Also called Plurality System
Electoral • Winning formula: on getting more than 50% votes or more votes than any
System: other candidate
• District magnitude: generally single member constituency
• Variants of Majoritarian system
• First Past the Post system ( FPTP)
• Other names of FPTP
• Single member simple plurality(SMP) system
• Block vote system
• Simple Majoritarian system
• Alternate Vote (AV) or instant runoff
• voters rank candidates in order of preference
• Winning candidate must secure 50% of preferences
• Single member district
• Supplementary Vote ( SV)
• Variant of AV, voters rank only two candidate
• 2nd Ballot system or 2nd runoff voting
• 2nd round of voting between top two candidates in the 1st round
 Proportional Representation (PR) System
• Seats allotted to parties in proportion of votes obtained using complex
mathematical formula
• District magnitude: Multi-member districts/constituency
• Variants of PR system
• Party List PR:
• Voters chose party which nominate representative on seats won by it.
• Seats allotted to party in proportion to votes obtained by it.
• Single-Transferable-Vote( STV) system
• The winning candidate needs to obtain more than a fixed quota of votes
which is calculated through a mathematical formula.
• Voters give rank preferences to competing candidates.
• In the first round of voting only the first preference votes of each candidate
are counted and those candidates who obtain more than the fixed quota of votes are
declared winners.
• In case no candidate gets the required quota of votes then the bottom most
candidate is struck out and his/her second preference votes are allocated to
remaining candidate. This process is repeated until all the seats of the
constituencies are filled.
• Same rule is followed in AV system under majoritarian system but with 2
difference 1. Single member Constituency and 2. Requirement of more than 50%
votes to win the seat in AV
Mixed Representation System
• Hybrid system mixing FPTP and PR
• Total seats divided in 2 parts
• One part elected as per FPTP another part through Party List PR system
• Voters cast 2 votes- one for candidate as per FPTP for their constituency
and 2nd for party as per party list PR
• District magnitude: Single member constituency (FPTP) and Multi-member
districts/constituency for Party List PR

Countries and their electoral system

India, UK, and USA- FPTP for general or major election

Most of the Commonwealth nation- FPTP
Important France: 2nd Ballot system or 2nd runoff voting for presidential election
facts asked Australia: AV system for Parliamentary election
in PG ETs Switzerland: Party list system of PR
Germany: Mixed Representation System( FPTP plus Party List)

Multiple names of FPTP: Block vote system, Single member simple plurality,
majoritarian, simple majority system, etc.
 FACT SHEET: TYPES OF REGIMES
Sub-
Facts/Info
topic/theme
• Political regime denotes principles, norms, rules, decision-making
procedures, institutional arrangements, etc. following which the governance of a
country is carried out.
• Regime, therefore, denotes how political relationships are structured,
and organised in a given society.
Meaning
• As per Roy Macridis, famous comparative thinker, a political regime
embodies the set of rules, procedures, and understandings that formulate the
relationship between the governors(rulers) and the governed(ruled).
•

Types of • Democratic Regime

Regimes • Rulers are chosen by the people through free fair, and periodic election
• legitimate Govt having people’s consent and mandate to rule
• Civil and Political Liberties: Rights & Freedom to Citizens protected by
constitution and courts, which limit the powers of the state
• Rule of Law: Constitutional Government
• Presence of strong & autonomous Civil Society (NGOs, interest groups,
social movements, opinion leaders)
• Free participation of citizens in political processes
• Strong, Independent, and Autonomous Institutional arrangement based
on rule of law.
• Populism: Populist Regimes
• Populism denotes democratic politics for protecting and furthering the
interests of ‘the people’, ‘the real and pure people’, against the ‘corrupt elites’,
and entitled class.
• Populist leaders, party, and movements claim to represent ‘the real and
pure people’.
• In Populism, ‘the real people’ are generally the majority ethnic, racial,
religious community. In the populist ideology, they are the true and real people
of that nation.
• Populist ideology don’t believe in minority rights, pluralism, and multi-
culturalism.
• Populism is anti-elitist, anti-establishment, anti-system, anti-
institutionalist, and illiberal. Populism denotes majoritarianism, as the ‘the
people’ are always in majority.
• It also denotes identity politics. Cultural Nationalism is the most common
identity used in Populism. ‘the people’ are considered as true and pure member
of the nation and political community as defined by the Populist leader/party.
• Authoritarian Regime:
• Authoritarianism denotes any political system that concentrates power in
the hands of a supreme leader or a small elite that are neither chosen by nor
responsible to the people.
• A form of government characterized by the rejection of political plurality (
diversity of culture, political ideologies), the use of a strong centralised power to
preserve the political status quo, and dilution in the rule of law, separation of
powers, and democratic values.
• It denotes blind submission to a central authority, as opposed to
individual freedom of thought, belief, and action.
 • Personalistic: Headed by supreme leader wielding great amount of
individual power- Hitler in Nazi Germany, Francisco Franco Spain, Saddam
Hussein- Iraq, Zia-ul-Haq- Pakistan, Mobutu in Zaire
• It also denotes arbitrary use of power by the ruler, who is not bound by
rule of law or constitution. People have no choice in replacing the ruler by
voting.
• Individuals and groups have very few civil & political rights.

• Totalitarian Regime
• Oppressive Rule by single political party following distinct political
ideology.
• Total control of State/Govt of almost all aspects of public and private life.
• State/Government interfere in both public and private domain to decide
for the people the right way of life- food, dress, entertainment, travel, moral
standards, education, etc.
• For the ruling party the totalitarian regime is project for social
transformation- bringing in new civilisation.
• All these actions are guided by the state ideology. The party becomes
the vehicle to implement the ideology. Difference between the party and state
are diluted.
• Thus, it denotes subordination of all aspects of individual life to the
authority of the state.
• Denotes most extreme and complete form of authoritarianism.
• Benito Mussolini coined the term ‘totalitario’ in the early 1920s to
characterize the new fascist state of Italy, which he further described as “all
within the state, none outside the state, none against the state.” This became
the defining feature of totalitarian regime.

Parliamentary Presidential form of government

vs Presidential • President is directly elected by the people and acts as both head of the
form of Govt State and head of the Government.
• President is not accountable to the legislature, which is also directly
elected by the people.
• Thus, in Presidential form of government there is clear separation of
power between the executive (president) and the legislature
• In Presidential form of government head of state and head of Govt is
same person
• Executive is selected by President; the executive is accountable to the
President and Not to the Legislature
• Not very rigid party discipline; Legislatures may vote on principles on
specific issues cutting official party line
• Example: USA is the best example
Parliamentary form of government
• In parliamentary form of government, executive comes out the
legislature(parliament).
• Leader of the majority party in parliament forms Government and
becomes Prime minister.
• PM heads the cabinet (council of minister), which is responsible and
accountable to parliament.
• President is nominal head of the State. President has very little
discretion to act of his own choice. President is bound to act on the advice of
cabinet headed by PM.
• Hence, parliamentary form of government is also called cabinet form of
Government.
• There is no clear separation between executive and legislature
 • Rigid party discipline and loyalty to official party line. Party can issue
‘Whip’ to vote on party line on specific issues.
• Example: UK, India, Canada, Australia, and most of the European
nation-states
Semi-presidential system
There are both a directly elected president, as head of state and with
substantial executive powers and a presidentially appointed prime minister, who
heads the Government and his cabinet, which is responsible to the legislature.
Example: France, Russia, Sri-Lanka, Congo, etc. follow this hybrid form of
Government.

Difference between Authoritarian and Totalitarian regime? Authoritarian

regime, unlike Totalitarian regime, is not an ideological project; it does not
intervene in the private and public life of citizen; unlike Totalitarian regime it
is status quoist and merely concerned with preserving power

Which democratic form has strict separation of power? Presidential form

Which form of Govt has features of cohabitation? Semi-Presidential
Important system
facts/info asked France has which form of Govt? Semi-Presidential system
in PG ETs Which country has unique system of plural executive ( multiple head of
Govt)? Switzerland which is governed by 7 member Federal council
Which country follow best the separation of power doctrine given by
Montesquieu? USA
Who is the author of ‘Democracy in America’? Alexis de Tocqueville
In which form of Govt head of state and head of Govt is same person?
Presidential form of Govt
In which form of Govt head of state hold only nominal power?
Parliamentary form of Govt
 FACT SHEET: PUBLIC POLICY
Sub-
Facts/info
theme/Topics
Collective or public decision-making process to solve complex common
Meaning problems of society

Essentially a decision taken in public domain

Aim: to solve complex societal problems
Decision taken in public domain, by public representatives or public officials,
by the process of collective decision making
Features
Output of the political system
Political party want political power for implementing public policies conforming
to their political values and ideologies
Public Policy is the life line of Public Administration
“Public policy as the ‘outputs’ of the political system and public policy as ‘the
authoritative allocation of values for the whole society”- David Easton
“Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do”- Thomas
Dye
“a policy is an attempt to define and structure a rational basis for action or
Definitions
inaction” Wayne Parsons
“a course of action adopted and pursued by government” -Nicholas Henry
‘Purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in dealing
with a problem or matter of concern’- Anderson
“it is what governments do and fail to do – to and for their citizens” -Lineberry
• Legislature, executives(govt.), and Judiciary make policies
• Legislative policy: Energy Conservation Act 2001; Reservation quota
for disadvantaged groups, Aadhar Act, etc
• Executive Policies: MNAREGA, Ayushman Bharat Mission, Mid Day
Meal, DBT, etc.
Who makes
• In parliamentary form of Government, both the above policies are
Public Policy ?
actually initiated and made by the Government (executive), which obtains
approval of legislatures, if required.
• Judicial policies: ‘Creamy layer’ policy in reservation, Policy of
Judges appointment (called the Collegium system), Auction of natural
resources such as wireless spectrum, coal block, etc.
Who Implement
Executive; Public Administration
Public Policy ?
Policy analysts, experts, media, political leadership, and executives evaluate
Who Evaluate
Public Policy ? policies

Types of Public • On the basis of arena (site, location) of Policymaking:

Policy • Legislative vs administrative vs judicial
• On the basis of Policy Issues/ subject domains:
• Education policy, foreign policy, defense, economic, environmental
policy, etc.
• Substantive vs Procedural policy
• Example: substantive policy: reservation quota in jobs; procedural
policy: Administrative reforms
• Distributive and re-distributive policy
• Ex: Distributive policy: universal basic Income; re-distributive policy:
Land reforms
• Regulatory vs self- regulatory
 • Ex: Regulatory policy: RERA, Pollution control acts; self-regulatory
policy: policy of masking & social distancing during pandemic.
• Material vs symbolic
• Ex: material policy: farm loan waiver; symbolic policy: national
anthem in cinema hall
• Policies involving public goods vs private goods
• Ex: Policy involving public good : nationalization of banks ; Policy
involving private good : privatization policies.

• Generally, a 6-stage process

• Problem Identification and Agenda Setting
• Policy formulation
• Search for policy alternatives (as solution for the problem identified)
• Policy Adoption
Policy Cycle:
• Choosing a policy alternative
Stages in Policy
• Attaching solution to the problem
Process
• Policy Implementation
• Policy Evaluation
• Feedback and course correction
• But in real life Policy making process may be random, non-linear,
non-sequential, chaotic, and unexpected
• Political system Approach
• Public policy as output of the political system
• Proponent: David Easton
• Group or pluralist theory/model
• Public policy is outcome of group struggle, each group trying to bring
policy to serve its interest.
• Proponent: Robert Dahl and other pluralist thinkers
• Elite theory/model
• Public policy represents values and preferences of a governing elite.
• Proponent: C.Wright Mill and other thinkers of Elite theory
• Rational choice theory
Model or
• Public policy as outcome of actions of individuals who are self-
Approaches to
interested, rational, and utility maximizers.
public policy:
• Proponent: Herbert Simon; Vincent Ostram ( Public choice theory-
similar to Rational Choice theory)
• Institutionalism
• Public policy is a function of institutional structure, norms, rules, and
procedures.
• Proponent: Bryce, Lowell and Ostrogorski ( old) ; March & Olsen
(New Institutionalism)
• Incremental Model: policy as small variations on past policies;
Proponent: Charles Lindblom
• Game Theory: policy as rational choice in competitive situations;
Proponent: Von Neumann
Types of Policy • Formal Evaluation
Evaluation • Evaluating routine tasks, budget, procedure of policy implementation
• Target group satisfaction Evaluation
• Survey to assess satisfaction of the target group
• Output and Outcome Evaluation
• Identifying and measuring output and outcomes
• Comparing them with intended output and outcome
• Expenses and effectiveness Evaluation
• Cost- benefit analysis
• Evaluation of long term consequences
 • Impact assessment on core problem other than symptoms of
problem, general people other than the target group, other unintended
consequences

• Internal/Executive Evaluation
• Appraisal of program/schemes under executive direction
• Niti Aayog
• Legislative Evaluation
• Parliamentary standing committee
Arena of Policy • Audit : CAG and PAC
Evaluation: Indian • People’s representatives : MP, MLAs
Scenario • Political parties and leadership
• Expert Evaluation
• Policy experts, NGO, Academics, policy institutions
• Specific Commissions : ex: Administrative reform commission
• Media and opinion leaders

• Counter Factual Method

• Business as usual vs business under policy
• Measuring Results
• Output vs Outcome
• Efficiency vs Effectiveness
• Cost Benefit Analysis
Methods of
• Ratio of cost and monetized benefits(outcomes)
Policy evaluation
• Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
• Effectiveness (outcome) vs cost ratio
• Experimental Methods
• Observation on sample of target and non target groups
• Statistical Surveys
• Sampling, questionnaire, interviews, observations, secondary data
• Vaguely Defined Problem
• Multiple goals/objectives
• Conflicting goal ;
• equity vs efficiency
• Measurement Issues
Challenges in
• Choice of criteria and metrics
Evaluation of public
• Limited time span, resource crunch, skill, competency, value
Policy
subjectivity
• Lack of Information and Data
• Bias and partisan
• Professional and personal bias, political compulsions, partisan
behaviour
Some landmark • Right to Information Act 2005
policies in recent • Right to Education (RTE) 2006
times • National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)-2006
• Demonetization- 2016
• GST- 2017
• Aadhar Act and Direct Benefit Transfer- 2016
• The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act-RERA-2016
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, 2014
• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
• Universal Health Care Policy: ‘Aayushman Bharat’
• Free Electricity and water policy in New Delhi
• Citizenship Amendment Act -2019
• Vaccination Policy for Covid-19
 • Political Parties
• Top Leaders, Ideologues
• Prime Minister’s Office(PMO)
• PM and his advisors- Economic Advisory Council to the Prime
Minister, Security Advisor, Advisor to PM
• Niti Ayog
• Ministry/Department/Agencies
Main • Minister and Secretary
Actors/Institutions in • Cabinet
Policy Making in • Cabinet Secretariat and Cabinet Secretary
India • Cabinet Committees: Appointments, Economic Affairs, Parliamentary
Affairs. Political Affairs. Security. Investment and Growth, Employment &
Skill Development, Accommodation
• Civil Society
• NGOs, mass leaders, public opinion, People’s movement, interest &
pressure groups
• Legislatives: Parliament & its committee
• Judiciary: SC
FACT SHEET: GENERAL ISSUES OF
CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE
 FACT SHEET: GLOBAL JUSTICE
Sub-
Facts/Info
topic/theme
• Notion of global justice raises fundamental questions on our
responsibilities and rights as world citizen, and the nature of relationship
among individual, societies, and states in global arena
• Justice cannot be bounded by state boundaries, neither it is the
preserve of some privileged people/culture/nation.
Meaning • widening of the scope of justice to the global level, beyond the
boundary of state
• In realm of international relation it means just and fair distribution of
global resources, benefits and responsibilities, and equal status to all
nations

• Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all human beings are members of a

single community
• the belief that all people are entitled to equal rights and justice, no
Cosmopolitanism
matter what their citizenship status or other affiliations, such as nationalism,
happen to be.
• Ideas of Cosmopolitanism and global justice are related
• John Rawl, attempted to give a theory of global justice through his
book ‘Law of People’-1993
• Rawls proposed 8 principles and 3 institutions which shall be agreed
upon by rational liberal and non-liberal but decent people at global level. He
also suggested limited assistance to non-decent and burdened people to
Rawls’
bring them into world federation of people.
Conception of
• But in pursuit of wider agreement and his conviction about limited
Global Justice
responsibilities towards people of other nations, his law of people have more
critics than admirers.
• Rawls didn’t agree to expand his difference principle at global level.
This became the main critique of his theory of global justice

Rawls’ Law of • By a “law of peoples”, Rawls means a “political conception of right

People and justice that applies to the norms and principles of international relation
among people of the world”
• 3 kinds of People: liberal, decent non-liberal, outlaws and burdened
people
Characteristics of Decent NON-LIBERAL people: well-ordered hierarchical
society
• Society must not be aggressive; It must conduct its affairs in ways
that are peaceful and respectful of other societies.
• It must provide basic human rights- life, liberty, property, right to
formal equality- to all its members.
• Those who administer the law must believe that the law incorporates
a common good idea of justice
• Must have a ‘decent consultation hierarchy’ in which the interest of
all members of the society are taken into consideration
Rawls’s Law of people:
• 1st step: social contract among citizen of each liberal society/people
• 2nd step: Agreement on 8 principles and 3 organizations among
representatives of liberal people in ‘original position’ and under the ‘veil of
 ignorance’
• 3rd Step: Decent NON-LIBERAL people would also accept the law of
peoples – why?
• Because it would be rational choice consistent with their
commitments to be well ordered decent people.
• 4th step: Decent people will help non-decent non-liberal, burdened
people develop into well-ordered decent people and accepting Law of
People.
Rawl’s law of people: 8 principles, 3 organisation
Eight Principles governing ‘Law of Peoples’

1. Peoples (as organized by their governments) are free and

independent, and their freedom and independence is to be respected
by other peoples.
2. Peoples are equal and parties to their own agreements.
3. Peoples have the right of self-defence but no right to war.
4. Peoples are to observe a duty of nonintervention.
5. Peoples are to observe treaties and undertakings.
6. Peoples are to observe certain specified restrictions on the conduct
of war (assumed to be in self-defence).
7. Peoples are to honour human rights
8. Peoples have a duty to assist other peoples living under unfavorable
conditions that prevent their having a just or decent political and social
regime.

Three global organizations

1.One for ensuring fair trade among people
2.Cooperative banking institution from which people may borrow-
3.A confederation of people like UN

Amartya Sen wrote ‘Idea of Justice( 2009)’ to explain his idea of Global
Justice
Non- contraction theory of justice
3 components

First: uses elements of social choice theory and practical public

reasoning to arrive at agreed upon issues to realize justice at global
Theory of global level – no need to search ideal order
justice by Amartya Second: Instead of just rules and Institutional fairness, focusses on
Sen how justice can be realized for people across globe
Third: Instead of building ideal global institutions, trying to realize
justice by drawing strength from multiple sources-Media, NGOs, global
movements, regional associations, international treaties/conventions,
global leaders, UN and other international organisations

So, instead of aiming for perfectly just order and institution, we may attempt
to reduce injustice and advance justice by practical reasoning

Thomas Pogge
Charles Beitz
Martha Nusbaum
Main Proponents
John Rawls
of Global Justice
Amartya Sen
Henry Odera Oruka
Simon Caney
 FACT SHEET: NATIONALISM
Sub-
Facts/Info
topic/theme
• Nationalism: identification with one's own nation (national
consciousness) and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture
and interests as opposed to those of other nations
• Nationalism is a phenomenon which emerged in the eighteenth
century in western Europe and-then spread during the 19th and 20th
Meaning
centuries to other parts of the world.
• Nationalism has been the most potent ideology in modern times for
human Collectivity, more than religion, cosmopolitanism, race, and ethnicity
• But Nationalism acquired negative connotation in Europe due to its
association with Fascism and cause for two World wars

Nation: a large body of people united by common descent, history,

culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.
"Psychological bond that ‘define’ a people and differentiate them
from others- subconscious conviction of belonging to one community
"A nation is a historically constituted, stable community of people,
formed on the basis of conman language, territory, economic life and
psychological make-up manifested in a common culture".(Joseph Stalin)
Thus, nation is large group of people who have same ( real or
imagined) culture, food habits, dress, way of life, worldview, past history,
and future aspiration. Normally people of a nation live in a fixed
geographical area for centuries.

Benedict Anderson: who wrote ‘Imagined Community(1983)’

Definitions Nation: a socially-constructed community, imagined by the people
who perceive themselves as part of a group-
Thus, Anderson declares nation as imagined community.

Ernest Gellner: who wrote ‘Nations and Nationalism(1983)’

‘Nationalism is political principle that holds that national and political

units should be congruent.’

Anthony D. Smith: who wrote ‘Nationalism(1994)’

"an ideological movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy,

unity and identity on behalf of a population deemed by some of its
members to constitute an actual or potential 'nation'”

Types of 2 main types: gradualist and nationalist

Nationalism- Gradualist:
Anthony D Smith
state sponsored patriotism
Through colonization
Provincialism

Nationalist:
 ethnic nationalism
territorial nationalism

• Political institution having sovereignty over a fixed territory, and

population residing within that territory, having an effective government, and
capacity to enter into relations with other states as equal.
• Political community that successfully claims the monopoly of the
legitimate use of physical force(violence or coercion) within a given territory
(Weber)
• Kind of political subdivision of globe
State • State is defined as having:( As per the Montevideo Convention
(1933)
• a defined territory and boarder
• a permanent population
• Sovereignty: both internal & external
• an effective government
• the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

• A state whose population considers themselves as a nation

• When territorial boundaries of a nation is same as that of the state
• When a nation has its own state
• All modern states which are members of UN are considered as
Nation-state
Nation vs State • Emerged first in 19th & 20th Century Europe, when Linguistic and
Ethnic nations got their own state
• De-colonized states of Latin-America, Asia, and Africa were also
called nation-states
• In true sense, very few countries can be defined as Nation-State

Tagore
• Tagore was totally against the ideology of nationalism
• To him, nation( nation-state) is organized political and economic
union of people for mechanical purpose- power, material gain, competitive
advantage
• For Tagore, nationalism divides humanity and restrict liberty and free
thought
• He was true cosmopolitan
Gandhi
Nationalism in • To him, western nation-state was violent soulless machine
thoughts of modern • He was influenced by Mazzini’s nationalism in Italy
Indian Political • He countered militant nationalism, propounded by Savarkar and
Thinkers Tilak, through his book Hind swaraj (1909)
• But he differed from Tagore as Gandhiji was not against Indian
attaining political nationalism
Savarkar
• Seems to have followed western notion of Nation
• To him, Hindus are a nation, in all sense
• Hindu Rashtra(Nation)- Common Territorial identity, Common Racial
Identity( Jati), Common Cultural Identity
• Believed in cultural nationalism, NOT religious nationalism

Some other Partha Chatterjee in his book ‘The Nation and Its Fragments(1993)’ criticized
Important info/facts Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Community
 In his book Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative
Discourse; Partha Chatterjee gave the concept of nationalism as derivative
discourse in post-colonial societies

Some other Important books on nationalism:

Nationalism – Five Roads to Modernity- Liah Greenfeld

Liberal Nationalism and Its Critics- Gina Gustavsson (Editor), David
Miller (Editor)
The Cultural Defense of Nations- Liav Orgad
National Identity - Anthony D. Smith
The Invention of Tradition- Eric J. Hobsbawm
The Ethnic Origins of Nations: Anthony D. Smith
Nationalism and Modernism: Anthony D. Smith

Notes on Nationalism: George Orwell

Nationalism- Rabindranath Tagore
On Nationalism- Romila Thapar
Nationalism and the State- John Breuilly
Marxism and the National and Colonial Question- Joseph Stalin
Why Nationalism- Yael Tamir
 FACT SHEET: CLIMATE CHANGE
Sub-
Facts/Info
topic/theme
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global temperatures and weather
patterns, in particular, a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards
and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced
by the burning of fossil fuels.

Climate change in linked to global warming, which is rise of atmospheric

temperature due to increased presence of Green House Gases (GHGs), such as,
Meaning
CO2, Methane, Water vapour, Nitrous oxide, Fluorinated Gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6),
etc.

These Green House Gases trap heat energy re-radiated by earth, called the
blanket effect, and don’t allow the heat to escape to outer atmosphere. Due this green
house effects the earth’s atmosphere becomes warmer. This is called global warming.
Global warming causes climate changes.
Main Green CO2, Methane(CH4), Water vapour, Nitrous oxide( N2O), ozone (O3), Fluorinated
House gases Gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6), etc
• Pre-Industrial Era: 250 part per million Co2
Rising CO2 Sources of Co2 balanced by Sink
level in • Now, CO2 level rose to 412 ppm. Rising avg. global temp by 1 ° C from
atmosphere pre-industrial level

Impact of
Global Rise in sea level, melting of Polar Ice & Permafrost, flooding, unusual rain patterns,
warming and coastal flooding, drought , desertification , pandemic, more severe and frequent
Climate cyclones/storms, excess heat waves, etc.
Change
Clean and
Green Energy Solar, Wind, Hydro, Green Hydrogen- they don’t produce CO2
Sources
Development ( socio-economic) which can be sustained for ever without
Sustainable
exhausting all the natural resources. It denotes inter and intra-generational equity,
Development
global justice in distribution and use of natural resources, and sustainable living.
Major
Environment 5 June,1972: UN conference on the human environment at Stockholm
and Climate Sweden- UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme) was established at
Change Nairobi Kenya and ‘Principle 21’- sovereignty over national resources vs
treaties and responsibility for transnational pollution of nations- was adopted.
Agreements 5 June 1972: First World Environment Day celebration started
1985-1987:
Brundtland Commission report-” Our Common Future”, concept
of ‘Sustainable Development’ became mainstream discourse in
global economic management.
Vienna Convention- 1985: for protection of the Ozone layer in
Stratosphere
Montreal Protocol- 1987, to ban CFC which caused Ozone hole,
was signed.
1992:
 UN conference on Environment & Development (UNCED)-Rio
Earth Summit was held;
‘Agenda 21’: action plan to limit CHG emissions.
UN Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC);
Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) set up. Yearly
Conference of Parties (COP) signing UNFCCC was planned.
CBDR-common but differentiated responsibilities was adopted
Till date 26 COP held, last was in Glasgow, UK
1997:
KYOTO Protocol: signed during 3rd COP under UNFCCC in
Kyoto, Japan.
binding targets for industrialized 41 countries to cut greenhouse
gas emissions (Avg 5.2 %) from 1990 base during 2008-12
First and only legally binding targets for reduction of CHGs
India and China were out of the legally binding targets for
reduction of CHGs
This was resented ( not liked) by USA and western Europe

2002:
World Summit on sustainable development (WSSD),
Johannesburg;
Sustainable development red-defined as interdependence of
socio-economic development and environmental protection.
2007
Bali CoP: ‘Road Map’ for Climate Negotiations ; 2009
Copenhagen COP failed to reach to agreement on Framework for
climate change mitigation beyond 2012
2015 : Paris Climate Accord (COP 21)
COP 21: Paris Climate Accord: New regime on climate change
efforts based on the concept of Intended Nationally Determined
Contribution (INDC)- mandatory but self-decided emission cut and
other measures by signing parties from 2020 till 2035 to meet the
goal of limiting rise of atmospheric temperature to within 2 degree
compared to pre-industrial levels.

Important
facts/info often 1st UN summit on Human Environment : Stockholm Conference, 5 June,
asked in PG 1972
ETs Stockholm + 50 : Conference on Environment and climate change at
Stockholm, 5 June 2022 to commemorate 50th anniversary of the Stockholm
Conference, 5 June, 1972
5 June 2022: 50th anniversary of the World Environment Day
Sustainable development: the concept was given by the Brundtland
Commission, 1987
Famous books on Sustainable development:

Rachel Carson’s The Silent Spring (1962)

The Tragedy of the Commons (1968)- Garrett Hardin
‘Limits to Growth’-1972 by the ‘Club of Rome,
UN report ‘Only One Earth’ at the Stockholm Conference, 1972
Our Common Future (1987)- Brundtland Commission

5 Global Commons : The high Seas, Deep Sea, The atmosphere ·

Antarctica , The Outer Space.
 1st legally binding targets for reduction of CHGs: Kyoto Protocol( COP 3)-
1997
Temperature rise control target- Paris Climate Accord- 2015-below 2
degree ( from the pre-industrial time)
CBDR-common but differentiated responsibilities- was adopted in Rio
earth Summit- 1992
First UN agency in Africa- UNEP (United Nations Environment
Programme) in Nairobi, Kenya; set up in 1972
India’s NDC targets:

Reduction of emissions-intensity target of 33%–35% by 2030 below 2005

levels;
To increase the share of non-fossil-based energy resources to 40% of
installed electric power capacity by 2030

Last COP : COP 26 at Glasgow UK in 2021

Next COP: COP 27 at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in 2022
Note the difference between the Vianna convention 1985 on Ozone layer
protection and the Montreal protocol 1987 for banning CFCs for protecting
Ozone layer
Ozone layer is in Stratosphere ( in which planes fly)
Ozone Hole was noticed over the north pole during 1980s
Bhutan is the only carbon negative ( reduction in CO2 level) country in the
world
India Aims to Become Carbon Neutral by 2070
Green Hydrogen are hydrogen fuel produced from green and clean
energy sources. India has launched Green Hydrogen Mission
USA pulled out of Paris Climate Accord in 2017
Climate change Strategy: 1. Mitigation ( try to minimise its impact) 2.
Adaptation( try to live with it)
1988: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Data
collection, report on Global warming
IPCC received the Nobel Peace prize in 2007 ; USA’s Vice-President Al
Gore and IPCC’s R.K. Pachauri, Chairman of IPCC received the prize
FACT SHEETS- INTERNATIONAL RELATION
 FACT SHEET 1 : IR THEORIES
IR. 1A: REALISM: REALIST APPROCAH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features

National Interest defined in terms of Power is the bases of IR

and Global politics
Interest and power are signposts of politics
Statism: States are the main actors in IR
International state system is Anarchic- absence of any world
Govt. Each state is to survive by self-help
Core Themes No Idealism, universal morality, benevolence, altruism in IR
Each nation can do anything to protect its national interest,
only limitation is the relative power and capabilities
Politics is autonomous of universal moral principles. Politics
has its own rules of morality.
Nations while protecting their national interests are not bound
by universal moral precepts.

3 ‘S’ : Statism, Survival, Self-Help

Statism: States are main actors of IR
Survival and Self-Help: International state system is anarchic;
hence self-help is only way for survival of state
Great variation in relative powers of the states
Balance of Power: In absence of world govt for survival Power
must be balanced by power.
States are defined as rational actors, pursuing their interests
Features
rather than being agents of morality.
Interests rather than national morality guides actions of states
in global world order.
State pursue goal of ‘security maximization’ or ‘power
maximization’ for its survival
Security Dilemma( coined by John Herz) : lack of trust- each
state increasing its capabilities/power- end result heightened
tension, no increase in security

Hans Morgenthau is father of Classical Realism

Gave 6 principles of Realism in his book ‘Politics among
nation(1948)’
Based on human nature: competitive and egoistic human
nature as base of realist approach
Behaviours of States matches human behaviour
Classical Realism
Interest and power are signposts of politics
Politics has its own standard of morality.
National interest, and Not national morality, decides foreign
policy
Other thinkers: Thucydides, Thomas Hobbes, E.H. Carr, Arnold
Wolfers

Neo Realism
 Propounded by Kenneth Waltz in his book ‘Theory of
International Politics(1979)’
Instead of human nature its bases its theory on Anarchic
Structure of International state system and great variation in
relative powers and capabilities of states.
Also called structural realism
States aim security, power is means to attain security
Hence, States are security maximiser

Offensive: State are power maximiser

States try to achieve security through domination and
hegemony
John Mearsheimer-chief proponent
Defensive: States are security maximiser, for them power is
Offensive Vs only means to achieve security goal.
Defensive Neo Realism States maintain moderate and reserved policies to attain
security
Structural modifiers- security dilemma, geography, elite beliefs
and perceptions
Kenneth Waltz, Robert Jervis, John Herz, Stephen
Walt, Jack Snyder

Thucydides: Father of Realism; His ’Melian dialogue’(on

Peloponnesian War- between Athens & Sparta) is regarded as a
classic realist account.
Machiavelli : His ‘Prince’ a classic in Realism
Thomas Hobbes: His ‘Leviathan’ is realist in approach
Main Thinkers-
Hans Morgenthau: Father of IR; ‘Politics Among
Classical Realism
Nations’ (1948)- gave 6 principles of Classical Realism
Interest & Power Flag post/placard of Politics
Interest defined in terms of power- bases of IR
Politics separate from morality
E. H. Carr : ‘The Twenty Years' Crisis’ (1939)

Kenneth Waltz: Father of Neo-Realism

wrote ‘Man, the State, and War’,( 1959)
‘Theory of International Politics’ (1979)- this book gave birth to
Neo-realism
John Mearsheimer: Offensive Neo-realism; “The Tragedy of
Main Thinkers- Neo- Great Power” (2001)
Realism Robert Kaplan: ‘’The Coming Anarchy ”(paper articles), Asia's
Cauldron; pioneer in system approach in IR
Robert Jervis : Perception and Misperception in International
Politics
Reinhold Niebuhr : Christian realism ; ‘Moral Man and Immoral
Society’(1932), ‘Nature and destiny of Man’(19390
 FACT SHEET IR 1.B: LIBERALISM: LIBERAL
APPROACH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features

Taking human nature as positive (rational, co-operative,

tolerant), it focusses more on co-operation, interdependence,
international institutions, etc. in IR
National Interests are varied, multi-dimensional, cannot be
solely defined in terms of power
States are main but not the sole actor
NGOs, MNCs, International Institutions, cobweb of
Core Themes people/groups linked through multiple channels of interactions
Free trade, free flow of capital, modernisation, globalisation,
democracy, people to people contact and cooperation,
international regime and institutions, shall bound/integrate nations
towards cooperation and interdependence
Vision of less conflictual and more peaceful and progressive
world joined by common interests and bound by interdependence
and integration.

Liberalism and realism are two contending mainstream

theories in IR
Deals with ‘Low politics’ Issues- Economic, Social, ecological,
technological (High politics- National security, War, Diplomacy-
dealt in by realism)
Idealism- Belief in moral values, cosmopolitanism, progress,
Features
peace, Institutions
Closely linked to liberal democracy- free market capitalist
economy, Democratic welfare state- and Liberalisation,
Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG)
2 variations: Classical and Neo-Liberalism
Neo-liberalism has gone too close to neo-realism in ideology

Less idealistic, more pragmatic

Primacy of state, power politics, anarchic world order but belief
in Institutions to facilitate peace and cooperation
States are rational actor, seeking to maximize their interests-
which are varied- in the anarchic world order
In cooperative venture, states are concerned with absolute
Neo Liberalism gains, not relative gains, but concerned about cheating
State may shift loyalty and resources to institutions if they are
mutually beneficial and fulfil interests of the state
Obstacle to cooperation: areas of no common interest (zero
sum game), cheating- no compliance by others,
International regimes and institutions help govern a competitive
and anarchic world system

Democratic peace
theory Liberal belief that democracies often avoid going to wars due to
people’s pressure
 Given first by Immanuel Kant (‘Perpetual Peace’)
Democratic Peace Theory: Michael W. Doyle

Given by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye

Multiple and layered channel of interconnections: Inter-state,
trans governmental, and transnational
Absence of Hierarchy among Issues: overlapping issues- no
Complex primacy to security/military issue
Interdependence theory Minor role of Military force in resolving conflicts in globalized
world
It has become core principle of neo-liberalism. It is half way
between realism and liberalism, between power politics and
cooperation, between high and low politics.

Classical:
Immanuel Kant: gave ‘Perpetual Peace’ Theory
Thomas Paine: wrote ‘Rights of Man(1791)’
Jeremy Bentham: Father of utilitarianism
Woodrow Wilson: 14 point - statement of principles for peace
Neo-Liberalism
Main Thinkers Democratic Peace; Security Community
Michael W. Doyle- ‘’Democratic Peace’’, ‘’Liberalism and World
Politics’’
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye: Complex Interdependence
Theory- ‘Power and Interdependence’
David Mitrany- Functional integration theory-‘ The Functional
Theory of Politics(1975)’
 FACT SHEET IR 2: IMPORTANT IR BOOKS AND THEIR AUTHOR(S)

Ideology Book( year) Author Theme

Realism Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Hans 6 principles of
Power and Peace (1948) Morgenthau classical realism
War between
Athens & Sparta-
Melian dialogue (about 400 BCE) Thucydides
Peloponnesian
war
Gave theory of
1.‘Theory of International Politics’(1979)
Kenneth Neo-realism
2. Man, the State, and War
Waltz Level of
Analysis
Offensive Neo-
realism- states are
John power maximisers;
The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001)
Mearsheimer conflict between
great powers will
never see an end
Realist account
The Twenty years' Crisis (1939) E. H. Carr of International-
war period
Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932) Reinhold Christian
Nature and destiny of Man (1939) Niebuhr realism
1) Theses
on the state of
current world
affairs in the
post-Cold War
era
2) Conflict
among
1) The Coming Anarchy nations in
(article,1994) south China
2) Asia's Cauldron (2014) Robert Sea
3) Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and Kaplan 3) growing
the Future of American Power (2010) importance of
the Indian
Ocean and its
perimeter
states as the
new
geopolitical
center of the
developing
world
political
psychology:
Perception and Misperception in International Robert cognitive
Politics( 1976) Jervis psychology to
decision making in
IR-
The Art of War(1521) Niccolò A realist
 Machiavelli account of military
history, strategy, or
theory; in the form
of Socratic
dialogue
ancient
The Art of War(5th Century BCE) Sun Tzu Chinese military
treatise
Realist account
of state of nature,
Thomas state, sovereignty,
Leviathan (1651)
Hobbes a-moral and value-
free international
system, etc.
unit level
analysis and
System and Process in International Politics Morton A.
(1957) Kaplan system theory in
IR

Liberalism •Jus ad Bellum

(right to war)
•Jus in Bello
(rights in war)
Hugo •Rights of
On the Law of War and Peace(1625)
Grotius Individuals
•Humanitarian
Intervention
•Freedom of
the Seas
Perpetual Immanuel Democratic
Peace (1795) Kant peace theory
Idealism in IR-
Woodrow peace,
14 point peace principle(1918)
Wilson cooperation,
interdependence
Gave principles
After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in Robert
of neo-liberalism in
the World Political Economy(1984) Keohane
IR
Soft Power: The Means To Success In World Joseph Nye coined
Politics( 2004) Nye ‘soft power’ in IR
Gave theory of
complex
Power and Interdependence-World Politics in Keohane interdependence
Transition (1977) and Nye Primary book
of neo-liberalism in
IR
Gave
1.Liberal Peace: Selected Essays ( 2011) Michael W. democratic peace
2. ’Liberalism and World Politics’’( 1986) Doyle theory

Gave theory of
David
The Functional Theory of Politics (1975) Functional
Mitrany
integration
 International Regimes (1983) Stephen D. international
Krasner regime as
international
process and
collection of rules,
norms of
behaviour in IR
Gave Two-
Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic Robert Level Game theory
of Two-Level Games (1988) Putnam for international
organisation
Role of
domestic factors in
Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Andrew shaping
Theory of International Relations (1997) Moravcsik international
relations

Marxism Early Marx-

Theory of
Alienation
materialistic
conception of
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts history
(1844) class struggle,
The German Ideology (1845),; published in conflict in capitalist
1932 society, social
The Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) revolution "The
Karl Marx history of all
Das Kapital (Capital)- 1967 With hitherto existing
Engels society is the
The Holy Family(1844) With history of class
Other books by Marx: Engels struggles“
The Poverty of Philosophy’ ; ‘The Eighteenth With Dissection of
Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’ ;’The Civil War in Engles Capitalism, its
France’ ; ‘the Grundrisse’; ‘Theories of Surplus contradiction,
Value’ ;'the critique of political economy’, ‘The destructive
Class Struggles in France’, and ‘The Critique of tendencies
the Gotha Program of 1875’ a critique of the
‘Young Hegelians’
and their thoughts
Note He wrote
on class struggle,
and socio-political
history of France.
Critique of
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and
Frederick capitalist
the State (1884)
Engels nuclear family
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880)
World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction Gave ‘World
(2004) System Theory’-
Immanuel
The Modern World-System ( 1974) Core, Semi-
Wallerstein
The Capitalist World-Economy (1979) periphery, and
Periphery
The Development of Underdevelopment Andre Gave the
(1966) Gunder Frank dependency
 Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin theory
America (1967)
Unequal
exchange between
the ‘Core’ and
Samir
Unequal development(1974) ‘periphery’
Amin
Amin coined
the term’
Eurocentrism’
‘Prison Notebooks’ (1929-35) A Gave theory of
Antonio
Great and Terrible World: The Pre-Prison ‘cultural
Gramsci
Letters, 1908-1926 Hegemony’
critique of
“realist” theory of
IR ; provides a
The follies of globalisation Theory (2000) Justin historical-
The empire of civil society (1994) Rosenberg materialist
approach to the
international
system
reciprocal
relationship
between power
Production, power, and world order (1987) Robert W. and production
Political economy of a plural world (2002) Cox Globalisation:
global civil society,
power and
knowledge
Beyond Realism and Marxism(1990)
‘The Transformation of Political Community’ Andrew
Critical Theorist
(1998) Linklater
Critical Theory and World Politics (2007)
critique of both
Herbert capitalism and the
One-Dimensional Man (1964)
Marcuse Communist society
of the Soviet Union
Criticism of
modernisation;
Jürgen
The Theory of Communicative Action (1981) adaptation of
Habermas
Talcott Parsons’
AGIL Paradigm
Feminism J. Ann Feminist re-
Gendering world politics (2001)
Tickner formulation of 6
J. Ann Principles of
Gender in international relations (1992) Morgenthau
Tickner
Bananas, Beaches and Bases(1990) Cynthia Role of women
Enloe in IR as plantation
sector workers,
diplomatic wives,
sex workers on
military bases, etc.
tackles themes
of tourism,
 nationalism,
militarism,
consumerism,
diplomacy, and
domestic work.
‘Women and Wars’ (2013) Carol Cohn
Gendering Global Conflict. Toward a Feminist Laura Women’s issue
Theory of War (2013) Sjoberg in conflict & war
Busting the
Megan myth of only man
Beyond the Band of Brothers (2015)
MacKenzie capable of military
service
Just War Theory( 1991)
Jean
New Wine in Old Bottles: International Politics
Bethke
and Ethical Discourse (1998)
Elshtain
Women and War(1995)
Feminist International Relations: An Christine
Unfinished Journey(2001) Sylvester
Feminist International Relations: 'Exquisite Marysia
Corpse'(2013) Zalewski
Feminism and international relations (1994) Sandra
Whitworth
Social Propound
Constructivism constructivist
Social Theory of International Politics (1999) Alexander approach to the
Wendt study of
international
relations
Formative book
Nicholas
World of our making ( 1989) on constructivist
Onuf
approach to IR
An
evolutionary-
constructivist
World Ordering: A Social Theory of Cognitive Emanuel social theory of
Evolution( 2019) Adler change and
stability of
international social
orders
Importance of
Peter J. regions in post-
A world of regions (2005)
Katzenstein cold war global
politics.
National Interests in International Society Martha
(1996) Finnemore
Empire of Humanity: A History of Michael
Humanitarianism (2011) Barnett
Security Communities (1998) Emanuel a group of
Adler and states that enjoy
Michael relations of
Barnett dependable
 expectations of a
peace.
Barry New
Buzan, Ole perspective on
Security: A New Framework for Analysis
The Wæver and non-military
Copenhagen Jaap de Wilde. security
School People, States and Fear: The National
Barry
Security Problem in International Relations
Buzan
(1983)
 FACT SHEET IR 3.1: MAJOR COLD WAR EVENTS IN
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia

US foreign policy towards containment of Communist

expansion worldwide, especially in 3rd world
Truman “US would provide political, military and economic
1947
Doctrine assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external
or internal authoritarian forces”
Called ‘containment’ policy

Blockade of West Berlin by USSR; Western Allies

Berlin organised the Berlin Airlift to keep food and supplies flowing to
1948-49
Blockade West Berlin
1st major crisis of the cold war

Korea was Japan’s colony; after defeat of Japan in WWII, it

was divided into North and South Korea along 38 degree
1950- latitude; North-Communist; South: Capitalist
Korean War
1953 1950-53: War between north & south Korea supported by
USSR/China and USA respectively
1st major war during the Cold war

Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal

The Suez This led to invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed
1956
Crisis by the United Kingdom and France
Known as 2nd Arab-Israel war, after the 1st war in 1948

countrywide revolution against the USST supported

Hungarian
1956 communist Government
Revolution
Was suppressed by USSR

USSR shot down U-2 reconnaissance plane of USA over

U-2 its territory claiming it was Spy plane
1960
Incident Resulted into diplomatic crisis and cancelling the 1960
Paris Summit between the WWII allied powers

Civil war in Congo after it gained independence from

Congo Belgium
1960-65
Crisis Proxy war between USA and USSR; they supported rival
groups

Erection of 1961
the Berlin Wall Major diplomatic activities concerning the city of Berlin
 The ‘Iron Curtain’ manifested in form of physical barrier (
the Berlin Wall) between the ‘East’ and ‘West’

a failed attempt by the USA to topple the Communist

regime in Cuba by supporting opposition groups (Cuban
Bay of Pigs
1961 exiles)
Invasion
This angered Cuban President Fidel Castro and led to
Cuban Missile Crisis

Colombo Indo-China War- peace attempt by 6 NAM countries who

1962
proposal met at Colombo

Cuba became communist led by Fidel Castro in 1959. It

allowed USSR to install nuclear missiles facing USA
USA blocked sea access to Cuba, heightened tension
between the superpowers
Cuban
1962 Sanity returned to both superpower and war avoided
Missile Crisis
1st real possibility of nuclear war during the cold war
IR theory of decision making used this as case study-
Graham Allison wrote ‘Essence of Decision: Explaining the
Cuban Missile Crisis’

Vietnam (Indochina) was French Colony. During WWII

Japan took over Indochina;
1955: France leaves, new state of Vietnam was divided into
North & South along 17 degree Latitude ; North-Communist;
The South : Capitalist
1955-75
Vietnam War 1965: USA sends massive land troops to south Vietnam to
fight Communist forces; war lingers till 1975;
Communist won, Vietnam United as communist nation;
huge negative impact on USA
This led to renewed cold war called ‘ New Cold War’

a period of political liberalization and mass protest in the

Czechoslovakia against the dominance of USSR
The Prague Was suppressed by USSR but lasted for 8 months as
1968
Spring people/civilian resisted
Finally the Velvet Revolution ( 1989) set the country free
from Soviet domination.

Israel and Arab countries fought 5 wars; most intense were

Arab-Israel •​1967: The Six-Day War ( 3rd Arab-Israel war)
1967-73
Conflicts •​1973: The Yom Kippur War( Ramadan War, or October War)- led to
oil crisis, Camp David Accords

Islamic revolution in Iran led by its spiritual leader Ayatollah

Khomeini
Iranian
1979 Iran overthrew the US supported Shah dynasty and
Revolution
became an Islamic Republic
Since then, US has strained relation with Iran
 1978: Communist coalition toppled the centrist govt; USA
helped the ‘Mujahideen’ opposing the communist Govt.
Afghanistan
1979- 89 USSR sent a large troop to protect the communist regime;
Crisis
proxy war between USSR and USA lingered for 10 years,
when in 1989 USSR pulled out of Afghanistan

9 November 1989: the wall dividing east and West

Fall of the
1989 Germany was broken- Germany unified
Berlin war
Signalled end of the cold war

August August Coup by hardliner communist leaders against Gorbachev; failed by

Coup in USSR 1991 street protest led by Boris Yeltsin
Dissolution December
Gorbachev Resigned, USSR dissolved
of USSR 25, 1991
 FACT SHEET IR 3.2:
MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS, EXCLUDING THE COLD WAR EVENTS-TABLE 1
Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia
Formal treaty ending the WWI
Treaty of Versailles 1919 It also sowed the seed of WWII by treating Germany very harshly
pricking its national pride
19th Amendment of the US Constitution- granting voting rights to
1920,
Women's Suffrage women after a long struggle
USA
New Zealand, in 1893, 1st country to give voting rights to Women
Stalin Became
1924 Stalin’s doctrine: 1. Leninism 2. Socialism in single country
USSR chief
The Great Wall street, the US share market, crashed in October 1929
1929
Depression starting the
Series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and
The New Deal 1933 regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to counter
the effects of the Great Depression
Played under the backdrop of Nazi Germany’s idea of racial
Berlin Olympic
1936 purity; Athlete Jesse Owens, busted this racial myth by winning 4
Games
gold medals- Hitler watched
Hitler, as part of theory of Lebensraum( nation need space to
Annexation of the
1938 breath), annexed the Sudetenland region of neighbouring
Sudetenland
Czechoslovakia; the allied power just watching
1 September 1939- Hitler attacked Poland, the allied powers
WW II Begins 1939
declared war on Germany; WW II begins
A non-aggression pact between Hitler and the Stalin that enabled
Molotov–
1939 those two powers to partition Poland between them
Ribbentrop Pact
Obviously Hitler broke this pact two years later
Operation
1941 June 22, 1941- Hitler launched attack on Russia
Barbarossa
Dec 7 , 1941- Japan did a massive air attack on U.S. Navy ships
Pearl Harbour
1941 parked at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, US military base in pacific ocean;
Bombing
USA joined WWII
June 6, 1944- Codenamed Operation Neptune- most crucial
The D-Day- victory of the Allied forces which captured Normandy, France- led to
1944
invasion of Normandy liberation of France and victory of Allied powers in the Western
Fronts
6 and 9 August, 1945- USA dropped Nuclear bomb ( named
Nuclear Bombing
1945 ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’) on Hiroshima ( 6Aug- Little boy) and
on Japan
Nagasaki( 9 Aug- Fat Man)
End of WWII 1945 Sept 2, 1945- Japan surrenders, WWII ends
Truman Doctrine 1947 US foreign policy of containment of Communism
Independence of
Burma and Ceylon
1948
(Sri Lanka) from
Britain
Official name ‘European Recovery Program’- USA giving aid of
The Marshall Plan 1948 $13 billion to 16 Western European countries to rebuild their
economy after WWII
May 15, 1948
Birth of Israel 1948
1st Arab-Israel War
 Berlin Blockade 1948 24 June, 1948: USSR surrounding West Berlin, air lift operation
by USA and its western allies
Start of the Cold War
Apartheid 1948 Beginning of apartheid in South Africa.
30 member countries
Creation of NATO 1949
North Macedonia latest to Join in March 2020
1st Oct, 1949- Establishment of the People's Republic of China(
Rise of Communist
1949 PRC) under leadership of Mao Zedong; The Republic of China (
China
RoC) led by Chiang Kai-shek relocates to Taiwan.
USSR goes
1949 2nd nuclear country, 3rd was UK, 4th France, 5th China
Nuclear

MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS, EXCLUDING THE COLD WAR EVENTS-TABLE 2

Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia
First Hydrogen
1952 USA tested First Hydrogen Bomb- code-named Mike,
Bomb Test
Bandung
1955 29 African Asian countries participated
Conference.
Warsaw Pact 1995 Easter Bloc counter to NATO; now dissolved
Pakistan’s
1956 Pakistan adopts its own Constitution
Constitution
Treaty of Rome, which would eventually lead to the European
Treaty of Rome 1957
Union
Launch of Sputnik 1 by USSR and the beginning of the Space
Age.
Sputnik 1
1957 Yuri Gagrin- 1st man to space- 1961; Valentina Tereshkova 1st
The Space age
woman in space
Laika, the Dog, 1st animal in space
French Fifth
1958 French Fifth Republic established
Republic
Great Leap Mao Zedong launched Great Leap Forward- economic and social
1958
Forward campaign as part of 2nd Five year plan
Uprising in Tibet against China leads to the exile of the Dalai
Dalai Lama to India 1959
Lama to India
Beginning of the
1959 1st Nov, 1959
Vietnam War
American Civil
1960 Against racialism, equal civil rights to Blacks
Rights Movement
1950- Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual
Sino-Soviet split. 1960
Assistance
independence of
1962 From France
Algeria
Martin Luther King
Jr. delivers "I Have a 1963 Very famous speech on jobs and freedom
Dream" speech
Assassination of
1963 22 Nov, US president Kennedy assassinated
John F. Kennedy
Segregation ends
1964 Civil Rights Act abolishes segregation in the USA.
in USA.
Singapore gains 1965 separated from Malaysia to become an independent and
independence sovereign state.
Mao Zedong launched Cultural Revolution- purging ( cleaning,
Cultural Revolution
1966 removing) remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from
in China
Chinese society
3rd Arab-Israel war
resulted in Israel occupying the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula(
Six-Day War 1967
from Egypt), the West Bank( from Jordan) and the Golan Heights(
from Syria).
Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of ASEAN ; 10
ASEAN founded 1967
members; Headquarter- Jakarta
Sino-Soviet border
1969 near Manchuria
conflict
20 July- under the Apollo Mission, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
Man on Moon 1969
become the first two humans on the moon.
known as the Jordanian Civil War- between Jordanian army under
Black September 1970 the leadership of King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation
Organisation (PLO), under the leadership of Yasser Arafat
17 Israeli Olympic team members( during the Munich Olympic-
Munich massacre 1972
1972) killed in terrorist act by Black September terrorist organization
Sharp rise in oil prices causing global energy crisis
Oil crisis. 1973
Break of Bretton Woods exchange System
Carnation Overthrow of authoritarian regime of Estado Novo ; transition to
1974
Revolution Democracy
a remarkable counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out
Operation Entebbe 1976
by Israeli commandos at Entebbe Airport in Uganda
economic policy reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to
Open Door policy
1978 open China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country
of Deng Xiaoping
Start of China becoming capitalist
a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement in Poland, using
Solidarity methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers' rights
1979
movement. and social change
Lech Wałęsa was the main leader of the movement
Taking hostage of 52 US diplomats and citizens by the students
supporting the Islamic Revolution in Iran; they took over the U.S.
Iran hostage crisis 1979
Embassy in Tehran
The crisis went for 444 days!
Iran–Iraq War. 1980
a surprise airstrike conducted by the Israeli Air Force on an
Operation Opera 1981
unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor near Baghdad
undeclared war between Argentina and the UK over two British
Falklands War. 1982
dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands ;
Israeli invasion of
1982
Lebanon
Bombing of U.S.
1983 results in 63 deaths.
Embassy in Beirut
Invasion of
1983 Grenada is an island nation in Caribbean sea
Grenada by USA.
Bhopal Gas Leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from the Pesticide plant of
1984
disaster. Union Carbide, killing several thousands
Mikhail Gorbachev 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Communist
 Party of the Soviet Union.
a political scandal in USA involving the sale of arms to the
Iran–Contra affair 1985
Khomeini government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Space Shuttle Challenger breaks apart 73 seconds into its flight,
Challenger disaster 1986 killing all seven crew members aboard.
Major setback to NASA space programs
The Chernobyl nuclear accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power plant
1986
disaster Worst Nuclear accident
Perestroika( economic restructuring) and Glasnost( Political
Perestroika and Openness) by Mikhail Gorbachev
1988
Glasnost Many consider them as Genie taken out of Bottle by Gorbachev;
led to fall of USSR
Tiananmen Square Chinese troops fired at student-led demonstrations held in
1989
Massacre Tiananmen Square, Beijing
US invasion of
1989
Panama
Code name: Operation Desert Storm
Liberation of Kuwait, which was annexed by Iraq by US -led
Gulf War 1990
coalition of 35 nations

German
1990 3 Oct, West and East Germany united
reunification.
Operation Solomon 1991 a secret Israeli military operation to airlift Ethiopian Jews to Israel.
Yugoslav Wars 1991 Beginning of breakup of Yugoslavia- Balkanisation
Peaceful breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and
Velvet Divorce 1993
Slovakia.
World Trade Center
1993 Terrorist attack on the WTC, New York
bombing.
EU was born 1993 1st Nov, 1993- European Union Becomes Reality
Amazon.com is
1994 By Jeff Bezos
Born
Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom
Hong Kong back to to China.
1997
China Hong Kong and Macau- Special Administrative Region following
“one country, two systems" policy
Asian financial Impacted much of East Asia and Southeast Asia ; raised fears of
1997
crisis a worldwide economic meltdown
Google founded 1998 Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin.
Euro introduced 1999 The new currency of EU- Euro introduced
UN The Millennium To discuss role of UN in new millennium
2000
Summit UN MDG- 8 Millennium Development Goals-2000-2015
9/11 2001 11 Sept, 2001- Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on USA
Despite Hans Blix, the head on Un enquiry commission finding no
US-Iraq War 2003
Nuclear or WMD in Iraq USA attacks Iraq with its coalition of willing
Facebook Founded 2004 By Mark Zuckerberg
Steve Jobs introduced iPhone, which changed the mobile handset
The iPhone 2007
market
Sub-prime lending
2008 Engulfed almost entire globe
Financial crisis
 Bin Laden Killed 2011 At Abbottabad, Pakistan by US Navy SEAL
Russia Annex Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea
2014
Crimea USSR was expelled from G-8
Street protest in Hong Kong against possible dilution of ‘one
Hong Kong
2019 country, two system’ policy which gives some autonomy to the Hong
Protests
Kong
COVID-19, the worst Pandemic engulfs the globe, changing the
The Pandemic 2020
very way human lived on planet Earth
February, 2022- Putin’s Russia invades Ukraine on pretext of self-
Russian Attacks on defense as it apprehend Ukraine joining NATO
2022
Ukraine Ukraine’s President: Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Ukraine’s Capital: Kiev
 FACT SHEET IR 3.3:
IMPORTANT TREATIES, COVENANTS, AGREEMENTS
TABLE -1
Treaties Year Facts, Features, Impacts. Relevance

Signed between ancient Greek city-states of Athens

Thirty Years' 446/445
and Sparta
Peace BCE
Ended the First Peloponnesian War

royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of

Magna Carta 1215 England
Granted certain rights to Feudal Lords and Barons

Ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War,
and gave the Westphalian template of International state
Westphalia Treaty 1648 system- Sovereignty, territorial integrity, equality, non-
interference in domestic issues, etc.
The treaty is still very much relevant.

Established military alliance between England and

Treaty of Paris France against Spain.
1657
(1657) There are many ‘treaty of Paris’ ; included here only
as arbit info

Unites the Kingdoms of England and Scotland to

Treaty of Union 1707
create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Peace of Utrecht 1713 Ends the War of the Spanish Succession.

Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II grants Diwani rights to

Treaty of
1765 the British East India Company, India.
Allahabad
Start of British Colonial Rule in India

Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and the British

Treaty of Purandar 1776
East India Company, India.

Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and the British

Treaty of Salbai 1782 East India Company, India. To end the first Anglo-
Maratha War

Treaty of between Tipu Sultan and the British East India

1784
Mangalore Company to end the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

Treaty of 1792
Seringapatam between Tipu Sultan and the British East India
Company to end the third Anglo-Mysore War.
 The Nawab of Arcot give away territories in India to
Carnatic Treaty 1801
Great Britain for two hundred rupees

After the end of Napoleonic Wars, the 5 great powers

Treaty of Paris of of Europe- Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the
1815 and Congress of 1815 United Kingdom- entered into an agreement
Vianna This general consensus among great power in Europe
was called ‘the concert of Europe ’which lasted till WW I

between the East India Company and Nepal after the

Treaty of Sugauli 1816 Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16
It fixed the boundary line of Nepal,

peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–

Treaty of Nanking 1842
1842) between the United Kingdom and China

Ends the First Sikh War between Great Britain and the
Treaty of Lahore 1846
Sikh Empire.

First Geneva Establishes rules for the humanitarian treatment of

1864
Convention battlefield casualties.

Setting up the Universal Postal Union( UPU), which

became the second oldest international organization
Treaty of Bern 1874
The oldest is International Telecommunication
Union(ITU), set up in 1865

Treaty of
1879 Ends the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
Gandamak

Triple Alliance
1882 Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
(1882)

Convention for the Preservation of Wild Animals,

London
1900 Birds and Fish in Africa
Convention of 1900
First international agreement on wildlife conservation.

Formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War.

Treaty of
1905 Japan defeated Russia, giving confidence to many
Portsmouth
Asian colonial nations

International
1912 The first international drug control treaty.
Opium Convention
Treaty of Brest- 1918
Litovsk Between Russia and the Central Powers; Russia pulls
out of World War I.
 the most important of the peace treaties that brought
World War I to an end.
Treaty of Versailles 1919 But it sowed the seed of WWII by treating Germany
very harshly
Also called treaty of Paris

brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end

Treaty of
1919 United Kingdom recognizes Afghanistan's
Rawalpindi
independence

Treaty on the
Creation of the Union
1922 Birth of USSR
of Soviet Socialist
Republics

Treaty of Berlin 1926 Germany and the Soviet Union pledge neutrality.

Kellogg–Briand signed by Germany, France, and the United States

Pact or 1928 They pledged not to take recourse to war
Pact of Paris These were series of treaties to avoid WW II

Geneva
Establishes rules for the treatment of prisoners of war;
Convention on 1929
predecessor of the 1949 Third Geneva Convention.
Prisoners of War

Statute of
1931 Creates the British Commonwealth.
Westminster

The Convention codifies the declarative theory of

statehood as accepted as part of customary international
law
Montevideo
1933 It also states rights & duties of states
Convention
Give 4 criteria to statehood: a permanent population,
a defined territory, government, and capacity to enter into
relations with the other states

Czechoslovakia Surrenders the Sudetenland to

Munich Agreement 1938
Germany.

Also known as Hitler–Stalin Pact, Nazi–Soviet Pact or

Nazi–Soviet Alliance
Molotov–
1939 a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and
Ribbentrop Pact
the Soviet Union
Of course this didn’t stop Hitler to attack Russia

a military and political alliance between Fascist Italy

Pact of Steel 1939
and Nazi Germany
 Tehran Conference 1943 Top leaders of 3 allied powers met at Tehran , Iran
after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
the three leaders coordinated their military strategy
against Germany and Japan and made a number of
important decisions concerning the post World War II era

creates IMF and World bank

Bretton Woods
1944 Bretton woods exchange system for global trade
system
The exchange system came to an end in 1973

also called the Washington Conversations

Dumbarton Oaks
1944 Idea of setting up the UN were formulated and
Conference
negotiated

Also known as the Crimea Conference

Conference of the Victors, the allied powers, to decide
the post WWII world
Yalta Conference 1945
Attended by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet
Premier Joseph Stalin.

Potsdam Another conference of the allied power to plan the

1945
Conference post-war peace

UN set up
San Francisco
1945 51 nations( Poland next day) signed the UN charter
Conference
on 26 June 1945

a legal agreement between many countries, signed at

Geneva in 1947, whose overall purpose was to promote
General
international trade by reducing or eliminating trade
Agreement on Tariffs 1947
barriers such as tariffs or quotas
and Trade (GATT)
On 1st January 1995, WTO started functioning as new
Avatar of GATT, though GATT still exists

North Atlantic Also known as the Washington Treaty

1949
Treaty NATO was set up

Treaty of London 1949 Created the Council of Europe

Universal
UDHR was proclaimed by the United Nations General
Declaration of Human 1948
Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948
Rights (UDHR)

Genocide
1948 Signed at Paris; Criminalizes genocide
Convention
 IMPORTANT TREATIES, COVENANTS, AGREEMENTS
TABLE -2

Treaties Year Facts, Features, Impacts. Relevance

Formally ends the war between the Allied

Treaty of San Francisco 1951
powers and Japan, ending the WWII

collective security non-binding agreement

between Australia , New Zealand separately, and
ANZUS Treaty 1951
the United States to co-operate on military matters
in the Pacific Ocean region

Also known as the Baghdad Pact

Central Treaty Organization Military alliance between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan,
1955
(CENTO) Turkey and the United Kingdom
formed in 1955 and dissolved in 1979.

Formed in 1955 by the Manila Pact, signed in

1954
Members( 8): the United States, France, Great
Southeast Asia Treaty Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines,
1955
Organization (SEATO) Thailand and Pakistan
Was dissolved in 1977
Note: Pakistan was member of both CENTO
and SEATO

Meeting of 29 newly independent Asian and

African states, which took place in 1955 in
Bandung Conference 1955 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
It was precursor to the NAM Summit at
Belgrade- 1961

Called the Warsaw Pact

Established the military alliance of communist
Warsaw Treaty Organization 1955
Eastern Bloc under the leadership of USSR
Was dissolved in 1991

Established the European Economic

Treaty of Rome 1957
Community.

Established the International Atomic Energy

Agency( IAEA)
International Atomic Energy
1957 IAEA promotes the peaceful use of nuclear
Treaty
energy, and to inhibit its use for any military
purpose, including nuclear weapons.

Indus Waters Treaty 1960

 a water-distribution treaty between India and
Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank
Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water
India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Satluj

Establishes the Latin American Free Trade

Montevideo Treaty 1960
Association.

International treaty on diplomatic intercourse

Vienna Convention on
1961 and the privileges and immunities of diplomatic
Diplomatic Relations
missions

International Convention on
Elimination of racial discrimination, and
the Elimination of All Forms of 1969
criminalize hate speech
Racial Discrimination (ICERD)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful

Montreal Convention 1971
Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation

signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and

Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin
Camp David Accords 1978
The accord led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel
peace treaty.

Common VISA for European Community

Schengen Agreement 1985
member nations

International agreement regulating treaties

between states.
Vienna Convention on the Known as the "treaty on treaties", it establishes
1969
Law of Treaties rules, procedures, and guidelines for how
international treaties are defined, drafted,
amended, interpreted, and generally operated

Meeting between US President George Bush

Malta Summit 1989 and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev
during which they declared the end of Cold war

a peace conference, held in Madrid and co-

sponsored by US and USSR.
It was an attempt to revive the Israeli–
Madrid Conference 1991
Palestinian peace process through negotiations,
involving also Arab countries, including Jordan,
Lebanon and Syria.

Maastricht Treaty 1992

Foundational treaty to establish European
Union (EU)
 Signed between the then-twelve member states
of the European Communities
Created the ‘Euro Zone’- new EU currency

set up a framework that would lead to the

resolution of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian
conflict.
It was the first face-to-face agreement between
Oslo Accord 1993
the government of Israel and the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO).
Established Palestinian interim self-
government,

Free trade agreement between Canada, the

United States of America, and Mexico
North American Free Trade
1994 NAFTA is now replaced by United States-
Agreement (NAFTA)
Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which
entered into force on July 1, 2020

United Nations Convention Provides universal legal controls for the

on the Law of the Sea 1994 management of marine natural resources and the
(UNCLOS) control of pollution

non-binding UN pact to encourage businesses

United Nations Global and firms worldwide to adopt sustainable and
2000
Compact socially responsible policies, and to report on their
implementation

created Union of South American Nations

UNASUR Constitutive
2008 (UNASUR)
Treaty
Signatories: twelve South American nations
 FACT SHEET IR 3.4: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL TREATIES, CONVENTIONS,
AGEERMENTS

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes

Antarctic freedom of scientific investigation and bans military activity on the
1959
Treaty continent
First arms control and environmental treaty

Forbids the placing of nuclear weapons or any other weapons

Outer Space
1967 of mass destruction on celestial bodies and into outer space in
Treaty
general.

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

Stockholm First UN summit on environment and sustainable development
1972
Conference UNEP- United Nations Environment Programme was set up in
1972

To protect the stratospheric Ozone hole, banned used of CFC

Montreal
1987 It was the outcome of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the
Protocol
Protection of the Ozone Layer

Landmark agreement on sustainable development

to devise strategy for stabilizing CHG (greenhouse gases)
emissions at safe levels on the basis of equity and in accordance
with ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities’
Agenda 21: Developed states should take the lead, committing
Rio Earth themselves to restoring 1990 levels of CHG emissions by the year
1992
Summit 2000.
UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
framework for further action ; bound signing parties/nations to
continue dialogue through Conference of Parties (CoP).
Since Rio summit, 26 CoP have been held till date. All global
negotiations and Climate agreements are signed through the CoP
mechanism

3rd CoP held at Kyoto, Japan

Set legally binding targets for developed nations to limit or
reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to at least 5.2 per cent
Kyoto
1997 below their 1990 levels by 2012
Protocol
Kyoto Protocol also established 3 innovative market
mechanisms for meeting emission targets- Clean Dev Mechanism
(CDM), Joint implementation, Carbon

Bali Climate 2007

Change It was Cop 13- 13th meeting of CoP to UNFCCC
Conference Roadmap for new Emission Reduction Regime post Kyoto
Protocol after 2012
 CoP 15 of UNFCCC
Copenhagen The Summit was to decide a new framework for climate change
2009
Summit mitigation beyond 2012
But no final agreement on the new Regime post Kyoto

CoP 21 under UNFCCC

The agreement set goal to limit global warming to well below 2
degree compared to pre-industrial levels.
The agreement legally binds all parties to communicate
commitment, in terms nationally determined contribution (NDC), to
Paris reduce their CHG emissions in order to reach the goals of the Paris
Climate 2015 Agreement.
Agreement However, implementation of NDC itself is not legally binding.
By 2020, all countries had to submit their nationally determined
contributions (NDCs) for reducing CHG emission and other climate
change actions by 2035.
US, in 2020, become the first nation in the world to formally
withdraw from the Paris climate agreement.

Glasgow CoP 26 under UNFCCC

Climate Change 2021 The latest CoP and Climate change conference held in
Conference Glasgow-Nov, 2021
 FACT SHEET IR 3.5: ARMS CONTROL TREATIES

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes

freedom of scientific investigation and bans military activity on
Antarctic Treaty 1959
the continent
First arms control and environmental treaty

Banned Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer

Partial Test Ban Space and Under Water
1963
Treaty (PTBT) First nuclear arms control treaty
India signed and ratified the treaty

Anti-Ballistic
Signed by USA and USSR
Missile Treaty 1972
Limits the use of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems
(ABM)

Limits the spread of nuclear weapons through non-

proliferation, disarmament, and the right to utilize nuclear
Non-
technology for peaceful purposes.
Proliferation Treaty 1968
India has neither signed nor ratified
(NPT)
Israel and Pakistan also not signed
North Korea signed but came out of it in 2003

Biological effectively bans biological and toxin weapons by prohibiting

Weapons 1972 their development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling
Convention (BWC) and use

bi-lateral nuclear arms limitation treaty between USA and

USSR during the height of the cold-war
Signed by US president Richard Nixon and Leonid
Brezhnev, general secretary of USSR
SALT (Strategic
This agreement set limits on the number of strategic
Arms Reduction 1972
ballistic launchers of the US and USSR for a period of five
Talks)
years pending a comprehensive agreement.
The agreement set target for reduction of ICBM and SLBM
(Inter-continental ballistic and submarine-launched ballistic
missile).

Threshold Test established a nuclear "threshold," by prohibiting nuclear

1974
Ban Treaty tests of devices having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons

Signed by US president Jimi Carter and Leonid Brezhnev,

general secretary of USSR
SALT II 1979 SALT II was not ratified due to the deterioration of the
relation between USA and USSR following the Soviet
intervention in Afghanistan.
 Moon Treaty 1979 The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the
Moon and Other Celestial Bodies as per the international law,
including the United Nations Charter.

Signed by USA and USSR

Eliminates nuclear and conventional ground-launched
INF Treaty 1987
ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500
kilometres

bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet

Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic offensive
arms
START resulted in the removal of about 80% of all strategic
nuclear weapons then in existence
START
START 1 was followed by Start II ( signed in 1993) and in
(Strategic Arms
2010 it was renewed as ‘New START Treaty’ between USA
Reduction Treaty)- 1991
and Russia, extending deep reductions of American and
START I and Start
Soviet or Russian strategic nuclear weapons through February
II
2026
START II banned the use of multiple independently
targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) on intercontinental
ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Hence, it is often cited as the De-
MIRV-ing Agreement

Signed in Helsinki, Finland

Treaty on Open
1992 Establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance
Skies
flights over the entire territory of its participants.

Chemical
Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and
Weapons 1993
Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
Convention (CWC)

Bans nuclear weapons test explosions and any other

Comprehensive nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in
Nuclear-Test-Ban 1996 all environments.
Treaty (CTBT) India has not signed CTBT
yet to enter into force

Strategic Also known as treaty of Moscow,

Offensive Limits the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the United
2002
Reductions States.
Treaty(SORT) was superseded in 2011 by the New START treaty

Vienna 1990- series of agreements on confidence and security-building

Document 2011 measures between the states of Europe

Arms Trade multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade in

2013
Treaty conventional weapons
 Wassenaar 1996 promoting transparency and greater responsibility in
Arrangement transfers and trades of conventional arms and dual-use goods
and technologies
India is party to the agreement

is a multilateral export control regime (MECR)

to help member countries to identify those exports which
Australia Group(
1985 need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of
AG)
chemical and biological weapons.
India Joined AG in 2018

Voluntary association of 48 countries that are capable of

exporting and transporting nuclear technology
Nuclear
Purpose of the NSG’s guidelines is to prevent civilian
Suppliers Group 1975
nuclear material, equipment, and technology from reaching
(NSG)
countries that might use it to construct nuclear weapons
India is Not a member of NSG

UN backed treaty of nuclear disarmament

first legally binding international agreement to
comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate
Treaty on the
goal being their total elimination.
Prohibition of
2017 But till date only about 50 nations have signed the treaty.
nuclear weapons
None of the 9 nuclear nations, including India has signed the
(TPNW)
treaty.
USA has openly opposed the treaty calling its allies not to
sign the treaty.
 FACT SHEET IR 3.6: CONVENTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Treaty Year Facts & Features

Universal Declaration of UDHR was proclaimed by the United Nations

1948
Human Rights (UDHR) General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948

Signing parties commits to respect the civil and

political rights of individuals, including the right to
International Covenant on
life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech,
Civil and Political Rights 1966
freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to
(ICCPR)
due process and a fair trial.
China and Cuba have Not signed ICCPR

It commits the signing parties to work toward

International Covenant on the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights
Economic, Social and Cultural 1966 (ESCR) to the individuals, including labour rights
Rights (ICESCR) and the right to health, the right to education, and
the right to an adequate standard of living.

Name given to UN General Assembly

International Bill of Human
1994 Resolution 217
Rights
Includes UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR

Convention on the international bill of rights for women

Elimination of All Forms of to eliminate discrimination against women and
1979
Discrimination against Women girls in all areas and promotes women's and girls'
(CEDAW) equal rights

Protection of civil, political, economic, social,

Convention on the Rights of
1989 health and cultural rights of children
the Child (CRC)

International Convention on
the Protection of the Rights of Monitored by The Committee on Migrant Workers
All Migrant Workers and 2003 (CMW)
Members of Their Families
(ICRMW)
International Convention for
to prevent forced disappearance defined in international
the Protection of All Persons
2006 law, crimes against humanity.
from Enforced Disappearance
(CED)
Convention on the Rights of to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of
Persons with Disabilities 2007 human rights by persons with disabilities and ensure that
(CRPD) persons with disabilities enjoy full equality under the law.
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.1: UN: ESSENTIAL FACTS, GK,
TRIVIA
Information
Facts & Features
Item
Finalised in San Francisco Conference (April 25–June 26, 1945)
Formation Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944- Finalisation of basic principles
Yalta Conference: Those principles were re-affirmed
Inauguration
24 October, 1945
Day

maintaining international peace and security,

protecting human rights,
Objectives delivering humanitarian aid,
promoting sustainable development,
and upholding international law

Headquarter New York City

51
Nos. of
50 members signed the UN charter on June 26, 1945
Founding
Poland, the 51st founding member, signed in Oct, 1945
Members
India is one of the founding member
Current
193 ; last member to join UN- South Sudan in 2011
members

1. the General Assembly- all members- equal votes

2. the Security Council- 15, 5 permanent members have veto
6 organs or
3. the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
principal
4. the Trusteeship Council; now dissolved
organisations
5. the International Court of Justice( ICJ)- at Hague
6. and the UN Secretariat, headed by UN secretary General

UN Year Set Up/

UN special
specialized Headquarter Function
Agency
agencies Current Head
Nov,1945/ Paris
Helping improve education worldwide
Director General
UNESO and to protecting important historical and
(DG): Ms Audrey
cultural sites around the world.
Azoulay
Food and leads international efforts to fight
Oct, 1945/ Rome
Agriculture hunger. technical knowledge and
DG: Qu Dongyu
Organization (FAO) information to aid development.
attainment by all peoples of the highest
WHO (World 1948/ Geneva possible level of health.
Health DG: Dr Tedros Health: a state of complete physical,
Organisation) Ghebreyesus mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
ILO 1919/ Geneva Promotes international labour rights by
DG: Guy Ryder formulating international standards on the
freedom to associate, collective
 bargaining, the abolition of forced labour,
and equality of opportunity and treatment.
UNIDO (United
promotes industrial development for
Nations Industrial 1966/ Vienna
poverty reduction, inclusive globalization
Development DG : Gerd Müller
and environmental sustainability.
Organization)
1865 (Oldest)/
ITU
Geneva protect and support everyone's
(International
Secretary fundamental right to communicate, set
Telecommunication
General- Dr global standard for telecommunication
Union)
Hamadoun Touré
1874 ( set up by
treaty of Bern; 2nd
UPU ( Universal helps to ensure a truly universal
oldest)
Postal Union) network of up-to-date postal services
DG: Masahiko
Metoki
IMO
1948/ London
(International sets standards for the safety and
Secretary-
Maritime security of international shipping
General- Kitack Lim
Organization)
Set up in 1998
under the Rome
permanent international court with
Statute
ICC jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the
Headquarter:
(International international crimes of genocide, crimes
Hague, Netherland
Criminal Court) against humanity, war crimes and the
President:
crime of aggression
Justice Piotr
Hofmański
WMO (World 1950/Geneva promoting international cooperation on
Meteorological President: David atmospheric science, climatology,
Organization) Grimes hydrology and geophysics
Exchange rate, global economic
1944/Washington
IMF(International development, structural adjustment
MD: Kristalina
Monetary Fund) program, loan to tide over Balance of
Georgieva
payment
1944/
Funding development projects to both
World Bank Washington
Government and NGOs for education,
Group President: David
energy, health, development
Malpass
 IR 4.2 : UN FUNDS, PROGRAMS, RELATED
AGENCIES
Information
Facts & Features
Item
UN Funds, United Nations Development Programme
Set up: 1965
Programs, helping to eradicate poverty, reduce
UNDP Headquarter:
related inequalities and build resilience so countries
New York City
agencies can sustain progress to meet SDG
Set up : To promote socially and environmentally
1975 sustainable human settlements development
UN-HABITAT
Headquarter: and the achievement of adequate shelter for
Nairobi, Kenya all.
United Nations International Children's
Set up: 1946 Emergency Fund
UNICEF Headquarter: to save children’s lives, to defend their
New York City rights, and to help them fulfil their potential,
from early childhood through adolescence
World Food Programme
Set up: 1961
world’s largest humanitarian agency
WFP Headquarter:
was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
Rome, Italy
2020.
Set up: 1969
UNFPA Headquarter: United Nations Population Fund
New York City
Set up: 1950
United Nations High Commissioner for
UNHCR Headquarter:
Refugees
Geneva
Set up: 2010
gender equality and the empowerment of
UN WOMEN Headquarter:
women
New York City
Set up :
Called "Atoms for Peace" organization
IAEA 1957
"Atoms for Peace" was famous address of
(International Atomic Headquarter:
US president Eisenhower
Energy Agency Vienna
Aim: to promote the safe, secure and
Related Agency DG: Rafael
peaceful use of nuclear technologies
Mariano Grossi
Set up: 1995
WTO Headquarter: World Trade Organisation
Geneva
Set up: 1951
IOM Headquarter: International Organization for Migration
Geneva
United Nations Framework Convention on
Set up: 1992
Climate Change
UNFCCC Headquarter:
Conference of parties ( CoP) for climate
Bonn, Germany
talks held every year under UNFCCC
UN Commission Set up: 1992 To oversee the outcomes of the 1992 Rio
on Sustainable Headquarter: Earth Summit on Sustainable Development
Development (CSD) New York City
 Set up: 2006
UN Human to promote and protect human rights
Headquarter:
Rights Council around the world.
Geneva
Office of the High to promote and protect human rights that
Set up: 1993
Commissioner for are guaranteed under international law and
Headquarter:
Human Rights stipulated in the Universal Declaration of
Geneva
(OHCHR) Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948
Current
Secretary António Guterres- Portuguese
General
First
Secretary Trygve Lie- Norwegian
General
SDG- Sustainable Development Goals- 17 key Goals for entire humanity, adopted
in 2015, for universal call to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030
all people enjoy peace and prosperity:

1. No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health and Well-being, (4)
Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7)
Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth, (9)
UN SDG
Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, (10) Reducing Inequality, (11)
Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12) Responsible Consumption and
Production, (13) Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land,
(16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the
Goals.

Also remember MDG (Millenium Development Goals)- 8 goals- 2000-2015

1st Asian to become secretary General- U Thant of Myanmar

U Thant is also the longest serving UN secretary General
1st South Asian to be elected as President of General assembly- Vijaya
Laxmi Pandit- India
1st Pakistani to be elected as President of General assembly-
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
Current President of General assembly, Abdulla Shahid, is from Maldives
1965: Numbers of security council members increased to 15
NIEO: New International Economic Order- proposal by ‘South’ in UN
Trivia
under UNCTAD(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development-
1964) and during the 4th NAM summit at Algiris; rejected by developed
‘North’
All the climate talks, called CoP, are done under UNFCCC (United Nation
framework convention on climate change), which was framed during Rio
earth Summit-1992
G-77: at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to
promote its members' collective economic interests
Now China is 2nd biggest fund giving nation , after USA, to UN

FACT SHEET IR 4.3: SOME ADDITIONAL TRIVIA RELATED TO UN

FAMOUS QUOTES/ENDEAVOURS
 UN Secretary
Info item Addl. Info/Trivia
General
Quote:
1.“The United Nations was not
created to take humanity to heaven,
but to save it from hell”
2. “Everything will be all right -
2nd UN Sec Gen(1953-61)
you know when? When people, just Dag
Swedish
people, stop thinking of the United Hammarskjold
Known for his quotes/one liner
Nations as a weird Picasso
abstraction and see it as a drawing
they made themselves. - Dag
Hammarskjold

Quote: “The one common

undertaking and universal
1st UN Sec Gen (1946-53)
instrument of the great majority of Trygve Lie
Book: ‘In the Cause of Peace (1954)’
the human race is the United
Nations.”
7th UN Secretary General
“State should be viewed as the
He was from Ghana
servant of its people and not vice Kofi Anan
Wrote “We the Peoples: A UN for the
versa”
Twenty-First Century”

6th UN Sec Gen (1992-96)

From Egypt
Boutros It included Preventive diplomacy,
Agenda For Peace- 1995
Boutros-Ghali peace making peace-keeping, and
Post-conflict Peace building ( in this
order)

The Resolution states that in any cases

UN General where the Security Council, because of a lack
Assembly of unanimity among its five permanent
“Uniting for Peace"
resolution- 377 A members (P5), fails to act the GA will do
(1950) whatsoever possible, by collective actions, to
maintain peace.
8 global
development 8 MDGs: No extreme poverty and hunger,
goals to be universal primary education, gender equality
achieved by 2015 and women empowerment, reduce child
“Millennium Development Goals
fixed after the mortality, improve maternal health, combat
(MDGs)”
Millennium HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases,
Summit of the UN environmental sustainability, global partnership
in 2000 for development
2000-2015
17 key Goals
“SDG”- 2015-30 for entire For sustainable development
humanity
 FACT SHEET IR 4.3: UN CHARTER- CHAPTERS AND THEIR CONTENTS

Chapter
of UN What it contains Addl. Info/Trivia
charter
Chapter Purposes and
I Principles- Article 1-2
Chapter Membership Article 3-
2 5
Chapter UN Organs; Article 7-
3 8
Chapter The General UNGA- like Parliament of UN
4 Assembly; Article 10-22 Much less powerful than UNSC
The Security Council; UNSC- like Government of UN
Chapter
Article 23-32 15 members- 5 permanent with Veto
5
From 11 to 15 member- 1965
Chapter Pacific Settlement of
Peacekeeping force/mission- not mentioned in UN charter
6 Disputes ; Article 33-38
Article 39-51; Action
Using force to bring Peace
with Respect to Threats
Chapter Peacekeeping mission: called chapter six and half ( why?)
to the Peace, Breaches
7 As it is in between chapter 6 (Pacific Settlement of
of the Peace, and Acts of
Disputes) and chapter 7 ( using force for peace)
Aggression
Chapter Article 52-54;
Regional IGOs- such as ASEAN
8 Regional Arrangements
Article 55-60;
Chapter
International Economic
9
and Social Cooperation
ECOSOC- Economic and Social Council , one of the six
Article 61-72; The
Chapter principal organs of the UN, responsible for the direction and
Economic and Social
10 coordination of the economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural
Council
activities carried out by the UN
Declaration Regarding
Chapter
Non-Self-Governing
11
Territories
Chapter International
12 Trusteeship System
The Trusteeship Council, which was set up under UN
Chapter The Trusteeship
mandate system, was dissolved in 1994, when Palau, the last
13 Council
of the original 11 trust territories, gained its independence.
Article 92-96; The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations
Chapter
International Court of Headquarter: Peace palace, Hague, Netherland
14
Justice (ICJ) ICC Also co-located
Chapter Article 97-101; The
UN secretary General Heads the UN Secretariat
15 Secretariat
Article 102-105;
Chapter Miscellaneous Provisions
16 regarding International
Treaties
Chapter Article 106-107;
17 Transitional Security
 Arrangements
When adopted by a vote of two thirds of the members of the
Article 108-109; General Assembly and ratified in accordance with their
Chapter
Amendments to UN respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the
18
charter Members of the United Nations, including all the permanent
members of the Security Council.
50 members signed UN charter, at San Francisco, 26 June
Article 110-111; 1945
Chapter
Ratification and Poland Signed UN charter on 15 October 1945- 51 founding
19
Signature member
India is one of the Founding Members
 FACT SHEET IR 4.4: UN SECRETARY GENERALS
Name Country Period Addl. Info/Trivia

Trygve Lie Norway

1946 1st *Sec-Gen UN
1952 Wrote’ In the Cause of Peace’
2nd and perhaps most popular Sec-Gen UN
Dag 1953-
Sweden Wrote ‘Markings( 1963)’
Hammarskjöld 1961
Famous for his Quotes on UN
Longest serving UN Sec Gen
1961-
U Thant Myanmar 1st from Asia
71
Wrote ‘View from the UN’
Kurt 1972-
Austria Wrote ‘In the Eye of the Storm’
Waldheim 81
Javier Also was PM of Peru
1982-
Pérez de Peru Longest lived UN Sec-Gen
91
Cuéllar Wrote ‘Pilgrimage for Peace’
Oversaw breakup of Yugoslavia and the Rwandan
genocide
Boutros 1992-
Egypt 1st from Africa
Boutros-Ghali 96
Published ‘Agenda For Peace’ in 1995
Wrote ‘Unvanquished: A U.S.–U.N. Saga’
Won 2001 Nobel Peace Prize
“We the Peoples: A UN for the Twenty-First Century”
1997-
Kofi Annan Ghana UN global compact and MDG during his tenure
2006
In September 2016, Annan was appointed to lead a UN
commission to investigate the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar
Ban Ki- South 2007- 2nd from Asia
moon Korea 2016 UN SDG
António
Portugal 2017- Current UN Sec-Gen
Guterres
*Sec- Gen: Secretary General
 FACT SHEET IR 4.5: INDIA’S PARTICIPATION IN UN PEACEKEEPING MISSION

Peace Keeping
Year Addl. Info
Mission
UN Peacekeeping in 1950-
Operation Tomahawk by USA forces
Korean war 54
1954–
Indo-China Indo China- Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
70
United Nations
1956–
Emergency Force
67
(UNEF) in Middle East
United Nations
1960–
Operation in the Congo
64
( ONUC)
United Nations
1992-
Transitional Authority in
1993
Cambodia
United Nations
1992–
Operation in
94
Mozambique(ONUMOZ)
United Nations 1993–
Operation in Somalia 94
United Nations
1994-
Assistance Mission for
96
Rwanda
1989- The United Nations Angola Verification Mission I (I UNAVEM)
Angola
1999 was a peacekeeping mission in Angola during the civil war.
1999-
Sierra Leone United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)
2001
2006–
Ethiopia-Eritrea United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE)
08
Since
Lebanon Currently ongoing UN peacekeeping
1998
Since Ongoing- UN Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic
Congo
2005 of the Congo or MONUSCO
UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) is a United
Since Nations peacekeeping mission tasked with maintaining the
Golan Heights
2006 ceasefire between Israel and Syria in the aftermath of the 1973
Yom Kippur War
Since
Ivory Coast United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOC)
2004
Since
Haiti United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
1997
Since
Liberia United Nations Mission in Liberia
2007
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.6 : WORLD BANK GROUP

Information
Facts & Features
Item
Was set up in 1944 along with IMF as outcome of Bretton Woods agreement to
Formation
provide concessional loan to European countries for reconstruction post WWII

To provide concessional loan to European countries for reconstruction

post WWII
Since 1960s, it has changed and widened its role. Now it provides long
term low interest loans technical assistance to both Government and Non-
Government developmental projects in middle-income or creditworthy poorer
Objectives
nations in the areas of Health care, education, energy, agriculture, water &
electricity, environmental protection, sustainable development, etc.
It is further widening its role from project financing to macro-economic
management by broader "structural adjustment” loans to Middle & low
Income nations

Headquarter Washington, D.C.

World Bank Group Consists of:

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)-

popularly called the World Bank
It is group of 2. International Development Agency (IDA)
5 organisations 3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
4. and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
5. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

Current
189
members
Current
David R. Malpass- American economist
President
First MD Eugene Meyer

In addition to providing loans, the World Bank’s assessment of a member

government’s economic performance significantly influences the borrower’s
access to other donor aid and private capital
To position itself as “Knowledge Bank” where it tried to position itself as
the repository of ‘development expertise’.
Trivia Member nations of IMF automatically becomes its members
Sources of funds: by selling World Bank bonds to investors and
Contributions from Members
voting rights proportionate to economic strength (share of
the Bank's capital stock held by the member)
World Bank is technically an agency of the United Nations system
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.7 : IMF: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Information
Facts & Features
Item
Finalised in The Bretton Woods Conference- 1944, formally known as the United
Formation Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated
in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA
Inauguration
1944
Year
Initial: oversee the new monetary order that was established by the Bretton Woods
agreement
Objectives
After collapse of Bretton Woods agreement: Reducing global poverty, encouraging
international trade, and promoting financial stability and economic growth
Headquarter Washington, D.C.
Nos. of
Founding 44
Members
Current
190
members
Current MD Kristalina Georgieva- Bulgarian economist
First MD Dr. Camille Gutt

Gita Gopinath is the Chief Economist of IMF from 1 October 2018

IMF became infamous in 3rd world countries due to its ‘Structural
Adjustment’ program to help poor countries tide the Forex crisis
Trivia Chief Institution through which L.P.G. guided by the Washington
consensus - was carried out in 2nd & 3rd world countries
Member states contribute fixed quota proportion to their economic
strength and getting proportionate voting rights
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.8 : WTO: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

Information
Facts & Features
Item
Finalised in the Uruguay rounds of GATT in 1995, which is UN forum for trade.
WTO is new Avatar of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ) which is a
Formation
legal trade agreement among many nations under UN conference on Trade and
Employment in 1947 at Geneva
Inauguration
1 January 1995
Day
Regulating and facilitating ‘free’ trade among member nations and dispute
Objectives
resolution related to trade
Headquarter Geneva, Switzerland
Nos. of
Founding 23
Members
Current
164
members
Current MD Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala- Nigeria- 1st Women DG
First MD Peter Sutherland- Ireland

Doha Round, started in 2001 is the latest rounds of trade talks

Important
Doha Development Agenda: to improve the trading prospects of
WTO rounds of
developing countries.
talks
Stalemate of Doha Round on Agriculture and subsidies

ITO (International Trade Organization) was to set up along with IMF and
World bank as outcome of Bretton Woods conference in 1944; but due to
reluctance of USA, ITO never became reality.
India is the founding member of WTO
China joined WTO in 2001
Trivia
trading territory (custom territory) may become member- Hong Kong and
Taiwan; EU is also a member.
Each member has permanent mission or representative at WTO
headquarter at Geneva
One Member One Vote- Unlike IMF
 FACT SHEET IR 5.1: REGIONAL COOPERATION ORGANISATIONS: ASIA
Regional
Facts & Features
Forum

Association for South East Asian Nations

Established: •​1967- Bangkok Declaration
10 Members: 5 founders- Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand Plus Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR,
ASEAN
Myanmar (Burma) and Cambodia
Headquarter: at Jakarta, Indonesia
Current chairmanship: Cambodia
Latest ASEAN Summit: Oct, 2021 at Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

Set up: 8 December 1985 at Dhaka, Bangladesh- SAARC charter
signed
SAARC Members: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Sri-
Lanka (Founders) plus Afghanistan (joined in 2007)
Headquarter: at Kathmandu, Nepal
Latest SARRC Summit: 18th at Kathmandu- Nov, 2014

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic

Cooperation
members of BIMSTEC: India, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal
(SAARC nations) plus Myanmar and Thailand (non-SAARC nations)
BIMSTEC
Called mini-SAARC, India investing in it as an alternative to SAARC
under its ‘Look east Policy’
Headquarter: at Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Latest BIMSTEC Summit: 4th - Kathmandu, Nepal August 2018

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
21 Members- USA, Canada, Russia, China, Australia, New Zealand,
Chile, Peru, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and 7
ASEAN nations
APEC
It is backed by USA
More than 50% of World’s GDP
Headquarter : at Singapore
Latest APEC summit: Nov, 2021 chaired by New Zealand, held
virtually.

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

a free-trade agreement involving the ASEAN Plus Six (excluding India)
It is backed by China
The RCEP is the first free trade agreement between China, Japan, and
RCEP South Korea, three of the four largest economies in Asia.
RCEP is the world's largest trading bloc- $2.3 trillion trade potential in
2019
Headquarter: Hanoi, Vietnam
India backed out and didn’t join RCEP
 BRICS Acronym coined for an association of five major emerging national
economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
Formed in 2009, S. Africa joined next year
Headquarter: Shanghai, China
BRICS Development Bank: now called New Development Bank
Latest BRICS Summit: Host- India, Sept, 2021- virtual

Pacific Economic Cooperation Council

A network of member committees composed of individuals and
institutions dedicated to promoting cooperation across the Asia Pacific
PECC
region
23 members- many ASEAN members, China, Japan, Korea, etc
Headquarter: Singapore

Also called Shanghai Pact, is a Eurasian political, economic, and

security alliance; set up in 2003
Members: 8: Shanghai Five- China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia
Shanghai and Tajikistan PLUS India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan
Cooperation India, Pakistan Joined in 2017
Organisation The SCO is the largest regional organisation in the world in terms of
(SCO) geographical coverage and population, covering three-fifths of the
Eurasian continent and nearly half of the human population.
Headquarter: Beijing, China
Latest SCO summit: Sept, 2021- virtual

Members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United
Arab Emirates
Gulf All members are Monarchy
Cooperation Founded 1981
Council (GCC) Headquarter: Riyadh in Saudi Arabia.
Proposed to become "Gulf Union" with tighter economic, political and
military coordination.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, mostly being
Muslim-majority countries
Objective:” the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to
OIC "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of
promoting international peace and harmony"
SAARC nations who are members of OIC: Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Maldives
Headquarter: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

The Indian
Ocean Rim Aims:
Association Social development of Indian Ocean Rim region.
(IORA) Enhancing security and protection from piracy.
Trade facilitation.
Set up on 6 March 1997
Headquarters: Ebene, Mauritius
23 members- Australia, Bangladesh, the Comoros, France, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius,
 Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri
Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Collective
Military alliance in Eurasia consisting of Armenia, Kazakhstan,
Security Treaty
Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
Organization
Headquarter: Moscow
(CSTO)

BCIM: The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Forum for Regional

Other Cooperation
Forum/economic CPEC: China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
corridors in Asia BBIN: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) initiative
CMEC: China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC)

IGO to include whole Asia and to integrate separte regional

organisations- ASEAN, SAARC, SCO, GCC, etc
Asia
Set up 2002
Cooperation
Members: 34 country- India, China, Indonesia, and almost all Asian
Dialogue (ACD)
countries
Headquarter : Kuwait

Mekong MGC was set up in 2000 at Vientiane, Laos to cooperate in the areas
Ganga of tourism, culture, education, and transportation.
Cooperation 6 member countries- India, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and
(MGC) Vietnam
 FACT SHEET IR 5.2: GLOBAL IGOs AND REGIONAL
ORGANISATIONS: OTHER THAN ASIA
Regional
Facts & Features
Forum/IGO

An inter-governmental organisation (IGO) of world’s largest and

advanced economies and wealthiest liberal democracies- Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, and USA
Set up in 1973; 1st Summit- 1975
Headquarter: None! as it is not based on a treaty and has no
G-7 permanent secretariat or office
It was called G-8 from 1997 to 2014, when Russia was also a
member; after Russian annexation of the Crimea, it was expelled from
the group
Also called ‘Library Group’
Latest G-7 Summit : June 2021 in Cornwall, England

IGO comprising 19 countries and the European Union (EU).

Composed of both industrialized and developing nations- 90% GDP,
75-80& trade, 2/3rd population, and half the land !
India, Brazil, Argentina, China, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea,
South Africa- developing nation and member of G-20
Set up in 1999
G-20
Headquarter: does not have a permanent secretariat or Headquarters
Current President: Indonesia
Primary forum for international economic and financial cooperation
among developed & developing world
Latest G-20 Summit: Oct, 2021- Rome, Italy
Next planned at Bali, Indonesia in Oct, 2022

Founded in Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1961 by newly independent 3rd

world countries
5 founding members- 1. Josip Broz Tito from Yugoslavia 2.
Jawaharlal Nehru from India · 3. Gamal Abdel Nasser from Egypt 4.
NAM Sukarno from Indonesia 5. Kwame Nkrumah from Ghana
Its Algiris Summit in 1973 led to demand of NIEO- New International
Economic Order
Latest Summit: October 25–26, 2019 in Baku, Azerbaijan
Current Presidency: Azerbaijan, till 2022

G-77
Set up in 1964, at Geneva, by 77 developing nations as an outcome
of UNCTAD- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development-
1964
UNCTAD itself is an IGO based at Geneva
Since then membership of G-77 increased to 134
Headquarter: same as UN Headquarter
Work for the economic interest of developing nation, new economic
order( NIEO), and sustainable and equitable development
 Latest Summit : 45TH Annual Meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs
– Nov, 2021, New York
Present Chairmanship: Pakistan

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Set up: 1949
Security Alliance: mutual defence in response to an attack by any
NATO external party.
Members: 30 (USA, UK, and other European nations)
Recent members: Montenegro in 2017 and Macedonia 2020.
Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium

officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual

Assistance among USSR and Eastern Bloc nations
WARSAW Set up: 1955, Warsaw, Poland
PACT Direct rival to NATO
Headquarter: at Moscow, USSR.
Was Dissolved in 1991

European Union
Set up: 1993 by the Maastricht treaty
Political and economic union of European nations
27 Members- UK, France, Germany, and all western/central/south
plus few erstwhile Eastern Bloc European nations.
North Macedonia- latest member to join EU – march 2020
EU UK exited EU ( BREXIT)- on 31 January 2020
Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium
Behave like supra-nation: Has European Parliament, Common
currency (Euro), common VISA (Schengen Visa), Common Foreign and
Security Policy, common market
European Commission- its executive arm
EU is member (represented) of UN, WTO, G7, G20

African Union
Replaced Organisation of African Unity (OAU), set up in 1963
Set up : 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
AU 55 members: almost all African Nation
Headquarter: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Largest regional organisation in terms of membership count
Latest Summit: 34th- February , 2021- virtual

North American Free Trade Agreement

Set up 1994
Members: USA, Canada, Mexico
Headquarter: The NAFTA Secretariat is located in separate national
NAFTA
offices in Mexico City, Ottawa and Washington
One of the largest trade blocs in the world by GDP
NAFTA is now replaced by United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
(USMCA), which entered into force on July 1, 2020

MERCOSUR
 Official name : Southern Common Market
South American trade bloc
Set up : by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991
Full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1
December 2016.
Associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana,
Peru and Suriname
Headquarter: Montevideo, Uruguay.

Union of South American Nations

Regional IGO of 12 South American countries
Headquarter: Quito, Ecuador
UNASUR
Set up in 2008
Almost defunct (non-working) as most of the members have
withdrawn

Organization of American States

Set up 1948
OAS
35 Members: of both North and South America
Headquarter: Washington, USA

Commonwealth of Independent States

Formed in 1991 by erstwhile republics under USSR
CIS 9 members: 4 central Asian republics ( except Turkmenistan which is
associate member), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova, and Russia
Headquarter: Minsk, Belarus

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Set up: 1960 in Baghdad
Members: 5 founders- Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and
OPEC
Venezuela plus: 7 African nation( Libya, Angola, Algeria, Gabon, Guinea,
Nigeria, Congo), UAE
Headquarter at Vienna, Austria

The Cairns Group is a coalition of 19 agricultural exporting countries

which account for more than 25 per cent of the world’s agricultural
Cairns Group
exports, and one observer (Ukraine).
Set up in Cairns, Australia, in 1986

The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty

Collective security non-binding agreement between Australia, New
Zealand, and the United States to co-operate on military matters in the
ANZUS Pacific Ocean region
ANZUS was overshadowed in late 2021 by AUKUS, a trilateral
security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States.

Now
Dissolved or
Defunct UNASUR: Union of South American Nations; Set up: 2008 ; but by
organisations 2019 most members withdrew
SEATO: set up in 1954 by Southeast Asia Collective Défense Treaty,
or Manila Pact, as cold war military alliance; was dissolved in 1977
CENTO: Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO), originally known as
the Baghdad Pact, a cold war military alliance, set up in 1955, dissolved
in 1979
Pakistan was member of both SEATO and CENTO ; both the
organisation was backed by USA for its strategic interests in Asia.
WARSAW PACT: see above.
NAFTA- replaced by USMCA
FACT SHEETS: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
IR 6: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
 FACT SHEET IR 6.1: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
INSTRUMENTS IN RECENT TIMES
Foreign Policy
Year Facts & Features
Component

India’s extended neighbourhood can be said to stretch from

‘Extended
1998- the Suez Canal to the South China Sea.
Neighbourhood’
2004 This includes West Asia/the Gulf, Central Asia, Southeast
policy
Asia and the Indian Ocean Region

Policy of non-alignment, without fear or leaning to one side

1977- or another
Genuine NAM
79 This was against the Policy of leaning more towards USSR
Under Indian PM Morarji Desai

India’s security is coterminous with the region and any

1971-
Indira Doctrine interference of external powers is taken as a threat to India’s
77
security.

Under PM Narsimha Rao

To develop political, economic and security co-operation
‘Look East’
1991 with countries in Southeast Asia
Policy
To act as a counterweight to China in Southeast Asia
More engagement with ASEAN

Under PM Narendra Modi

to promote economic cooperation, cultural ties and develop
‘Act East’ Policy 2014 a strategic relationship with countries in the Asia-Pacific region
focus is being given to the development of the North East
region.

Good relation with immediate neighbours, in south Asia, by

Gujral Doctrine 1996
extending one way ( non-reciprocal ) concessions

ASEAN India Free Trade Agreement

AIFTA 2009 The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement was signed
and entered into force on 1 January 2010

‘Look West’ 2014

Policy To engage more with Middle East and Gulf countries-
politically, economically, and culturally
Free Trade Agreements with Gulf Cooperation
Council(GCC)
Closer ties with OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries)
 Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation
5 SAARC nations- India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri
Lanka Plus Myanmar and Thailand
BIMS-TEC 1997
Secretariat is in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Referred to as the mini SAARC.
Due to political conflict between SAARC members, India
focussing on BIMS-TEC

Top level bilateral talks of foreign and defines minister of

2+2 Talks each country
India is holding 2+2 talks with USA Japan, and Australia

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

Strategic dialogue between the USA, Japan, Australia and
India
QUAD 2007
Started in 2007, on Japan’s initiative
Joint military exercises called ‘Exercise Malabar’
Latest QUAD meeting: March 2022- virtual

Set up in July 2022 during the visit of US president to West

I2U2- Western
2022 Asia
Quad
India, Israel, USA, UAE- members

Free Trade Agreement

FTA
India signed FTA with Sr-Lanka and ASEAN

Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

CEPA India signed CEPA with South Korea ( 2009), Japan(2010),
and UAE( 2022)

FACT SHEET IR 6.2: INDIA’S FRIENDSHIP AND STRATEGIC TREATIES

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Indo-Bhutan
Was extended by signing 2007 Treaty of Perpetual Peace
Treaty of Perpetual 1949
and Friendship
Peace and Friendship

Also called Delhi Pact

bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan in which
Liaquat–Nehru
1950 refugees were allowed to return, abducted women and looted
Pact
property were to be returned, forced conversions were
unrecognized, and minority rights were confirmed.

India-Nepal 1950
Treaty of Peace and The treaty allows free movement of people and goods
between the two nations and a close relationship and
Friendship collaboration on matters of defense and foreign policy.

Indo–Soviet
Treaty of Peace, Signed in the backdrop of India-Pakistan conflict in 1971
1971
Friendship and Raised questions on India’s commitment to NAM
Cooperation

Signed in 1972 after the Bangladesh war

signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President
Shimla
1972 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd July 1972
Agreement
Agreement to solve all issues by bilateral talks without
involving external agencies

India–
Bangladesh Treaty of
Signed by the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi and
Friendship, 1972
the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Cooperation and
Peace

India Bangladesh Exchange of the landlocked territories

Land Boundary 1974 was revived in 2015; for this Indian Parliament enacted
Agreement 100th constitutional Amendment Act 2015.

Signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between Indian

Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J. R.
Jayewardene
It was to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by enabling the
India- Sri Lanka 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and the
1987
Accord Provincial Councils Act of 1987
India sent its Force- Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF),
which had to fight a bitter and tough battle with LTTE
This failed accord became prime reason for loss of life of
Rajeev Gandhi

The Lahore Declaration was an agreement between India

and Pakistan to reduce the risk of accidental or unauthorized
use of nuclear weapons.
Signed at Lahore by Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif and
Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee after the historic Lahore
Summit
Lahore
Before the Summit, Vajpayeeji rode the inaugural Delhi–
Declaration and 1999
Lahore Bus service to reach Lahore from Delhi.
Lahore Treaty
But this bonhomie (friendly relation) lasted only for a short
time as soon afterwards Pakistan forces entered into Kargil,
which led to the outbreak of 1999 Indo-Pakistan Kargil War in
May 1999.
Lahore Bus service was suspended after 2001 Parliament
attack.

Agreement between India and Nepal regarding the development of

Mahakali treaty 1996
watershed of Mahakali River
 FACT SHEET IR 6.3: INDIA’S FTAS AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP

FTA
Year Signed with Addl. Info, Features, Trivia
Agreement
CEPA-
South Korea-
Comprehensive
2009
Economic Most Comprehensive FTA
Japan-2010
Partnership
UAE-2022
Agreement
CECPA-
Comprehensive
Economic
2021 Mauritius
Cooperation and
Partnership
Agreement
CECA-
Comprehensive Singapore
Economic (2005) and
Cooperation Malaysia (2011)
Agreement
BECA: Basic
Exchange and
2020 USA
Cooperation
Agreement
India-Sri Lanka
Free Trade 1st FTA of Sri-
1998
Agreement Lanka
(ISLFTA)
Previously
known as the
Bangkok
Agreement
Oldest
preferential trade An initiative under the United Nations Economic
Asia Pacific agreement and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Trade Agreement 1975 between countries (ESCAP) for trade expansion through exchange of
(APTA) in the Asia-Pacific tariff concessions among developing country
Members: members of the Asia Pacific Region.
Bangladesh,
China, India, Lao
PDR, Republic of
Korea and Sri
Lanka
ASEAN-India
A free trade area among the ten member states of the Association of
Free Trade Area 2009
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and India
(AIFTA)
FACT SHEETS- WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHTS
 FACT SHEET WPT 1: FACT SHEET: WESTERN
CLASSICAL THINKERS- AS PER CUET-PG SYLLABUS
Thinker Facts to remember
Plato
(around 400- Forms or ideas are essence and
350 BC) reality of every observable object by our
senses, they are eternal and
unchangeable, absolutely true definitions
of concepts- nature of being anything
Theory of Forms
What objects we see in observable
world are copy or shadow of their Form
of the intelligible world
Forms represent true/real knowledge
, can be known by reason

‘Good’ is the supreme form, all other ‘Forms’

subordinate to it
Idea of the Good
Idea of Good is like Sun, in whose light all
other things made visible
Visible world- life in the cave, in chains, in
shadow, not real
Allegory of Cave Vs.
Intelligible world- World of sunlight outside the
Concepts cave, the real world- world of ideas/Forms

Justice is doing one’s own duty as per

one’s station of life
Each individual and each class
Theory of Justice
performing its duties best to their
abilities/aptitude without interfering in
other’s domain

“State is individual writ large”

“Statecraft is soul-craft”
3 class- philosopher kings, Auxiliary
(soldiers), producers
Open class system- allotment of class
Ideal State
on the basis of education and tests
Community of wives & properties,
no family life and pvt property to guardian
class (kings & soldiers)
Free, compulsory education & training

Republic, Statesman, Laws, Timaeus (dialogue)

Books Plato’s book chronology: A. Apology B. Republic C. Statesman D.
Laws
Books on
Plato The Open Society and its Enemies- Karl popper- critic
Plato Today- R.H.S. Crossman- critic
The Platonic Legend- W. Fite- critic
 Lectures on the Republic of Plato- R.L. Nettleship- praise
The Man and His Work - A.E. Taylor- praise

Plato was first to use Socratic dialectical method

Sabine said, “What Aristotle calls the ideal state is always
Other
Plato’s second-best state”
important
He was idealist, romantic, and utopic thinker
facts
Was student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle
His school in Athens: The Academy

Aristotle Concepts
(384–322 BC) World of being (ideas) and world of
becoming (material world of our senses)
are one and same
Theory of Form Reality can be understood from our
and Causes senses, no need for imagining any
other(intelligible) world
4 Causes- Formal, Material, Efficient,
Final

Justice is virtue, virtue in action

Distributive justice- justice as
'fairness’ in distribution of income,
offices, rewards, honours
based on the principle of equity-
Theory of Justice proportional and arithmetic equality
Corrective or rectifactory justice :
regulating the social or ethical
relationships between the citizens -
simple reciprocity- do with others what
you would do with yourself

Historical theory of origin of state

State in time: after individual & family
but in essence state prior to individual &
family
Theory of State State (Polis) represent supreme
moral and ethical virtue of a political
community
State is required for fulfilled and
flourished individual life (Eudemonia)

6 types, based on rule by whom, and

whose interest?
Rule by one- Monarchy & tyranny
Rule by few- Aristocracy & Oligarchy
Types of
Rule by many- Polity & democracy
Constitution/Govt
Tyranny, Oligarchy, and Democracy
are unjust, perverted forms of govt
His choice- combination of Polity and
Aristocracy
 Revolution- cycle Cycle of change- Monarchy- tyranny-
of change of Govt aristocracy-oligarchy- polity-democracy-monarchy
form

Household -Husband, wife, children,

slave, property
Low opinion about Women:

Household/family inferior to men, an incomplete

defective male!
has reason, but without authority;
hence, she has to be under command
of male!

Property & Unlike Plato, he supported private property &

Wealth wealth but with conditions
Slave- like household property
Slavery
Supported slavery but with many conditions

Aristotle denied citizenship to

foreigners, slaves and women and other
manual and menial workers.
Who is Not a Citizen?
mere residence in the polis does not
make a persons a citizen-aliens and
slaves reside along with citizens in the
same city.
Also right of suing and being suied
Theory of also doen not make one ekigible for
Citizebship citizenship
Merely descent from a citizen also not
sufficient critiera for citizenship.
a citizen is anyone who is entitled to
share in deliberative or judicial office.
Citizen posses Ethical & Moral virtue
Citizen are those who rule and are
being ruled
Citizenship was a public duty
Good Citizen- good human being

Politics
Nicomachean Ethics
Books
Metaphysics, Rhetoric
On the Soul

Other
important Student of Plato in his ‘Academy’;
facts Teacher of young Alexander the Great of Macedonia
Founded Lyceum -his own Academy
Master writer on Biology, Mechanics, Astronomy, Logic,
Economics, Politics, Theology, rhetoric, Poetics
Considered as true Scientist, ‘THE Philosopher’, ‘First
Teacher’, The Master of Them That Know'
 Father of Political Science, Political Realism, founder of
Historical and Comparative methods, Constitutionalism, and
formal Logic

Machiavelli Concepts
(1469 – 1527) Supreme goal of the Prince (king)- to
maintain the state-safety & security
Statecraft- real- State- non-ethical amoral entity, not
politic bound by conventional morality
Political actions are to be judged only
by its outcome- ‘end justifies means’

"Flexible Disposition “, Pragmatism,

Ruthlessness, Cunningness,
Deceitfulness, Boldness, courage, and
Shrewdness, and Will power
Loin & Fox: combined qualities of
Virtù- qualities
strength/force and Shrewdness
required in the
Mastery in power politics
Prince/king
Judicious mix of violence/cruelty and
benevolence
Fear rather than Love for political
obligation
Pretentions: should wear mask

Fortuna is a malevolent and

uncompromising source of human
misery, pain, and disaster.
Compared Fortuna with fickle,
tempestuous (angry, violent) women- like
Fortuna: Fate,
furious river
Destiny
Fortuna is enemy of political order,
the ultimate threat to the safety and
security of the state
A prince having Virtù can respond to
and tame the Fortuna.

Favoured Republic than Monarchy as

form of Government
Republics more flexible, public
Republicanism
spiritedness, better able to achieve
common Good, and secure freedom to
people/community

Good Republic
His ideal was Ancient Roman
Republic
His Ideal Republic
Good Laws & good Institution,
Flexible Institutions, Mixed Constitution:
Monarchy +Aristocracy+ Democracy,
Public Discourse, Active contention
(conflict) between the people and nobility,
 Armed people, Encouraging Immigration,
Inculcating Public spiritedness, Civic
Virtue and Civic Religion among the
citizen, Renewal or re-invention of the
Republic every 10 year
Republicanism of USA represent
many of these qualities.

Politics should be separated from

Religion
Instrumental view on religion- in
disciplining people and help ruler
manipulate people’s emotions
Religion-
Criticized Christianity, raised the
Secularism
Pagan( Pre-Christian beliefs) civic
religions of ancient societies such as
Rome
kept silence on his views on after life,
eternity of soul, salvation,

‘The prince’
Books
‘The Discourses on Livy’- his idea of Republicanism

Was a senior diplomat in Florence Republic after fall of

Medici Monarchist rule
Other Represents Italian Renaissance- humanism, secularism,
important scientific reasoning
facts Called ‘child of his time’
Founder of modern political science, modern conception of
State, and Republic, Father of political realism

Quotes Teacher of Evil- Leo Straus

on him the murderous Machiavelli -Shakespeare
Thomas Concepts
Hobbes (1588 Negative view of nature of man
–1679) Bundle of matter in motion, motion
creates emotions
Man guided by appetites, desire, and
passions
Self-preservation and glory- chief
Nature of Man appetites
Power is the means to satisfy man’s
desires
Happiness -continuous progress of
desire, restless and perpetual desire for
more power
Competition, fear & suspicion of others

State of Nature
Human life without any political order-
no civil society/Government
no limit to right of natural liberty
Private Judgment- each one judge,
jury, executioner
 Unsatiable desire for power & glory,
competition, fear & mistrust- war of ‘all
against all’
life of man, Solitary, Poor, Nasty,
Brutish, and Short

Agreement/covenant with one and all

to form civil society and state/Government
Transferred their rights, will, and power
to a 3rd party- the sovereign- Leviathan
The Sovereign is Not party to the
contract
Social Contract Power of the sovereign is absolute,
unlimited, undivided, unalienable
People get peace, price- to obey
command of the sovereign
The contract is valid only till the
sovereign is able to maintain peace and
security

As people get peace, they should obey

the laws & commands of the sovereign
Grounds for No Political Obligation-
Political
to protect right of self-preservation, to
Obligation
protect family and honour, when the
sovereign is not able to maintain peace
and security

‘De Cive’ (On the citizen), ‘De Corpore’ (On the Body) , ‘De Homine ‘
(liberating Man)
Books
• ‘The Elements of Law’, ‘Natural and Politic’
• ‘Leviathan’- his seminal creation- social contract/sovereign

1st modern thinker who gave secular basis of sovereignty,

individual autonomy and liberty, direct relation of individual to
state, social contract, scientific approach to social
Other arrangements
important Grandfather of Liberalism and individualism
facts Pioneer of realism in politics
First modern political scientist
first to modernize the tradition of Natural Law
First modern thinker to give idea of negative Liberty

John Concepts
Locke (1632 – Somewhat positive view of man’s
1704) nature
Man has God gifted sense of reason
Nature of man Able to self-govern and live with
others in peace
Seeks pleasure, avoid pain, is self-
interested but is rational

State of Nature
 Human life without any common
superior authority to judge between them
Not pre-political, pre-social- can
happen any time- statelessness
Each individual is free, equal and
independent; but bound by law of nature
Private Judgment: Each one is judge,
jury and executioner
Each individual possesses natural
right-liberty, equality, life, property
State of general ‘peace, goodwill,
mutual assistance and preservation’
But peace is fragile, possibility of
conflict anytime

to remove the inconvenience of nature

of state and to better protect their rights
men enter into contract with ‘one and all’
to set up sovereign community by
transferring some of their rights
Political community, then by majority
set up the Govt.- legislative and
executive;
Social Contract
legislative is supreme, executive
subordinate to legislative
Govt/sovereign is not absolute, is
party to the contract and bound by its
obligation to act for common good
2 stage contract, 1st stage by express
consent of all, 2nd stage by majority vote
and tacit consent

The Government is also party to the

contract
Govt. is to follow natural law, is not
above law, not absolute
Govt as trustee to the community
Nature of
Limited Government
Government
The community is permanent-
Government changeable anytime
Popular sovereignty- sovereignty resides
in people, expressed by majority of the
representatives.

Theory of
Property Rights property as ‘fruit of labour’ : persons
own their own body and labour, when
they mix their labour with that which is
unowned it becomes their property.
right to property includes the rights to
life, liberty
3 principles of property-no wastage,
sufficiency condition, lobour restriction
 duty of charity toward poor and have
nots
Govt has no right to take property
without the consent of the property owner

Consent is the basis

Tacit consent by subsequent
generations
right to dissent against the unjust law
Political or any immoral law
Obligation grounds of NO political obligation:
government fails to maintain peace
and order, protect natural rights, protect
them from external aggression, act
arbitrarily and becomes tyrannical.

‘A Letter Concerning Toleration’ • ‘Two Treatises of Government’ •

Books ‘An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ‘• ‘Some Thoughts
Concerning Education’

Spiritual father of European enlightenment

Other
Father of classical liberalism and capitalism
important
Influenced both French and American revolution and
facts
American declaration of Independence
 FACT SHEET WPT 2: FACT SHEET: MODERN
WESTERN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS- AS PER CUET-
PG SYLLABUS
Thinker Facts to remember
Rousseau Concepts
(1712-1778) Isolated living of human without speech,
language, society, and private property
State of Savage man- 2 innate feeling- 1. self-love
nature and Pity for others
life was frugal, lazy, contended, peaceful-
‘noble savage’

Private property, division of labour, laws to

protect property rights.
Origin of
Resourceful vs resourceless- inequality
inequality
dimensions of inequality: Wealth, rank,
power, personal merit

Impact of civilization corrupted ‘noble savage’ and de-based

civilization human nature
Individualism
State based on individual rights and negative
and negative
freedom is immoral, unjust, and inequal State
liberty

People as equal enter into contract with

others and with all to form political ‘Community’
–Republic or Body Politic
Individuals subsume their power, rights,
possessions, identity to the community,
become its indivisible part
They gain: common force for protection,
Social
equal citizenship, sovereignty, civil liberty, moral
contract
freedom, identity, forum for just & moral act
The community and each of its members
are directed by ‘General Will’ – ‘sum of real
wills’- serve common interest- common
Good
By obeying laws flowing from General Will,
one gain moral freedom

Not a one-time event but a continuous

process
Features of
Popular Sovereignty: cannot be delegated
his Social
to Government or representatives
Contract
As citizen of the community, one gets back
both Political and Personal Liberty

General Will
General will is ‘real will’ of the community
 Real will- guided by the higher self
Actual will- guided by lower self
Laws flowing from general will – just,
morally good, liberating

‘Social Contract’
‘Emile, or On Education’
‘The Confessions’- autobiography
Books
Essays: ‘discourse on science and arts’ and ‘discourse on origin of
inequality’
Article: ‘Discourse on political economy’

Philosophical father of French Revolution

Other Favoured positive liberty, direct democracy, self-government,
important unalienable popular sovereignty
facts Against representative democracy
Romanticism and utopic ideas- like Plato

J.S.Mills Concepts
(1806–73) Liberty and individual autonomy -vital
human interests, propellor of civilization
2 sources of threat: State/govt and mass
Society ( greater threat)
Harm principle- one is free to act as per
Liberty one’s will until no one is harmed
Any unique, new idea/thought should be
protected even if it is false or partially true
Self-regarding vs other-regarding Actions
Personal liberty expressed through
'experiments in living’ is everyone’s right

Minority voice threated by state, mass

society
In democracy, harmed by Populism,
Minority
Majoritarianism, tyranny of Majority
Rights
To protect Minority rights: PR electoral
system, Plural voting, Second chamber of
parliament

Added quality in estimation of pleasure

Higher vs lower pleasure
Higher pleasure- pleasures “of the intellect,
of the feelings and imagination, and of the
His
moral sentiments”
principles of
Lower Pleasure: physical and sensual- men
utility
share with animals
He made Bentham’s classical utilitarianism
more moral, ethical but also diluted its
pureness.

Subjection of
Women
 Women’s subjection by men has its origin in
physical superiority of men
No logical or rational basis of women’s
subjection
Men & women equal in moral goodness,
virtue, capabilities
Gender is social construction, not natural
Utility loss: by stopping 50 % of human to
flourish as rational, equal being
Marriage- the chief institution of Subjection
Women should get property, custody, legal,
and political rights.

Referred himself as a qualified socialist

Supported worker’s participation in
management, distribution of profit between
workers and managers, decent wages to
workers, and worker’s cooperatives.
Advocated distribution of lands of big
Liberal
landlords to landless tillers, diffusion of wealth,
Socialism
laws for limit on inheritance, inheritance and
wealth tax, labour unions, and decent wages to
workers
supporter of cooperatives- farmer’s
cooperative, consumer cooperative, worker’s
cooperatives.

A System of Logic (1843), Principles of Political Economy (1848) • The

essay On Liberty (1859), Utilitarianism (1863) • Considerations on
Books
Representative Government (1861), • The Subjection of Women (1869)-
with his wife Harriet Taylor

Like his father, he worked for East India Company

His father, James Mill, was friend of Jeremy Bentham
Was contemporary of Marx, who was living in England, but
Other
did not have interactions with him.
important
Considered as reluctant democrat, liberal feminist, and
facts
qualified Socialist
Compared with Nietzsche for range of intellectual thoughts
Champion of Liberty, women, and minority Rights.

Karl Marx Concepts

(1818 – 1883) Material conditions of life determine
consciousness/idea
Dialectical (inbuilt contradiction) Conception
of matter/object/entity
History as stages of different mode of
Historical
material production
Materialism
Mode of production- Forces of Production
plus Relation of Production
Each mode of production brings its own
superstructure- polity, culture, laws, media,
education
 Alienation Alienation: a condition of oppression,
disaffection arising from loss of control over
productive activity
4 Types of Alienation:

Alienation from product of labour, Alienation

from the act of production, Alienation from
species-being, Alienation of man from man

Not only the worker but capitalist class also

face alienation, but they cope up better with
wealth & resources

Labour alone generate value in any product;

Exchange value of the labour power
(purchased at the market rate) is less than the
Theory of
use value of that labour put into the product
Surplus labour
Surplus of use value of labour over its
exchange value is retained by the capitalist as
profit, for Marx, it is theft!

Freedom in social production, which one

joins without any compulsion and as equal
Freedom is regaining human essence of
social creativity: Man producing to realize
Conception
essence of being Human, act of self-realization
of Freedom
Political vs Human emancipation: political
freedom- superficial- part of superstructure;
true freedom only freedom and equality in
base- mode of production

Change in mode of production would be

brought by a social revolution by the working
class
Social revolution is natural Dialectic
process- contradiction within the existing mode
Theory of of production
Revolution At a certain stage of development in mode
of production the forces of production come into
conflict with existing relations of production
Then comes the period of social revolution
which changes the ‘base’ which in turn changes
the ‘superstructure’

Theory of
State State is part of the society’s superstructure
State promote and protect the interest of the
dominant class - state is the organ of class
dominance
“the executive of the modern state is but a
committee for managing the common affairs of
the whole bourgeoisie”
 Relative autonomy of state- state is not
free to act of its own

His main creations:

Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844)- Early Marx-

Theory of Alienation
The German Ideology (1845), with Engels- materialistic
conception of history; published only in 1932
The Manifesto of the Communist Party(1848) : with Engels-
class struggle, conflict in capitalist society, social revolution "The
history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class
struggles“
Books
Das Kapital( Capital)- 1967, later volumes published by Engels
after death of Marx.- Dissection of Capitalism, its contradiction,
destructive tendencies

His other Books/creations:

‘The Poverty of Philosophy’ ; ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis
Bonaparte’ ;’The Civil War in France’ ; ‘the Grundrisse’; ‘Theories of
Surplus Value’ ;'the critique of political economy’, ‘The Class Struggles in
France’, ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’, ‘The Critique of
the Gotha Program of 1875’

Was from Germany, but lived in England in exile

Influenced by German Philosopher Friedrich Hegel,
Economists Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Ludwig Feuerbach (a
Other young Hegelian)
Important Inverted Hegel’s dialectic idealism
Facts Lifelong friendship and partnership with Frederick Engels, a
German Philosopher settled in England.
Young vs matured Marx- The German Ideology (1845) is the
dividing line ; this division was given by Loius Althussar

John
Rawls(1921 - Arguably the greatest political philosopher of 20th Century
2002) He revivided the normative political theory and social contract
tradition with his seminal creation ‘ Theory of Justice(1971)’
Rawls Theory of Justice as Fairness:
Assumptions and definitions:
Social contract: people come together, leaving ‘state of
nature’ to frame rules to construct society
Initial position: Beginning of a society or political system
when members of society frame rules to govern social life
Veil of Ignorance: members of society framing rules are
ignorant of their status and position in society
Rawlsian individual : Stripped down abstract individual :
free, and equal, rational, self-interested but not egoist,
individualistic, autonomous but having ‘sense of justice’, and
conservative risk takers
3 principles of justice:
Equality Principle: Each person has an equal right to the
most extensive liberties compatible with similar liberties for all
Fair Equality of opportunity principle: Social and
economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are
attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of
fair equality of opportunity.
Difference Principle: Social and economic inequalities
should be arranged so that they are to the greatest benefit of the
least advantaged persons,
Lexical priority of Rawls’ 3 principles of Justice:
1st priority- Equality of liberty principle; 2 priority Fair Equality
of opportunity principle and 3rd priority- the Difference Principle
Other facts about Rawls’ Theory of Justice:
Justice as first virtue of any social arrangement
Society as system of mutual advantage
Concept of overlapping consensus
Based on the difference principle
Criticized by communitarians for unincumbered self,
individualism, and undermining community
Criticized by Feminists for being biased towards males;
Rawlsian individuals seems to be men, thinking on the pradigm
of male dominated society
Susan Miller Okin reformulated Rawls’ principle of Justice
from the feminist perspectives
Rawls ignored only one social contract thinker- Hobbes- in
his political thoughts
His theory of justice is end-state theory as it suggests a
particular distribution pattern
Rawls gave rise to modern Liberalism which supports welfare
state, progressive taxation, and distributive justice
 FACT SHEET- WPT 3: WESTERN CLASSICAL
THINKERS- OUTSIDE SYLLABUS (IN VERY BRIEF)- IN 2
TABLES
TABLE 1
Thinker Important facts

Theological (religious) views on politics

Gave 5 proof of ‘existence of God’
Happiness is contemplation of God
God is source of reason, wisdom, virtue, and happiness
But these virtues (reason, wisdom, etc) can be acquired by anyone, in
Thomas
any culture, any religion
Aquinas (1225-
Gave theory of just war: ordered by legitimate authority( the sovereign),
1274)
just cause, to promote good and to avoid evil
wrote several important commentaries on Aristotle's works
Division of labour, individual autonomy, against slavery
Monarchy best form of govt/Constitution
Book: Summa Theologica

Italian philosopher, influenced the development of Western philosophy

and Western Christianity
Saint Wrote: The City of God, On Christian Doctrine, and Confessions.
Augustine (354 Doctrine of original sin: Man is by nature ‘sinful’, as he is product of
430) ‘original sin’(sin of Adam and Eve). He cannot escape from Sin.
Just war theory: right conduct in war" (Jus In Bello) and “justification to
go to war" (Jus Ad Bellum)

A Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher

master of Latin prose- wrote many books on Rhetoric
Coined new Latin words- evidentia, humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and
essentia
Cicero (106 Gave concept of Rights based on law and custom
–43 BC) Wrote: ‘The Bogomils’, ‘De Re Publica (On the Commonwealth)’ and ‘De
Legibus (On the Laws)’
Cicero's writings are said to initiate the 14th-century Italian Renaissance
He also influenced Enlightenment and its thinkers- John Locke, David
Hume, Montesquieu and Edmund Burke

Ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism, a highly

influential school of philosophy
His Epicurean community inspired Karl Marx and other socialist thinkers
His ideas also influenced Enlightenment movement and its thinkers-
Epicurus John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Jeremy Bentham
(341–270 BC) ‘The Garden’- his academy in Athens
Gave happiness((eudaimonia) formula- taraxia (peace and freedom from
fear) and aponia (the absence of pain) – have good friends, seek peace and
calm inside, work for yourself and for pleasure
Gave secular basis of ethics and morality- be ethical to be happy
 Hugo
Grotius(1583 – Was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian
1645) Laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law
Books: ‘On the Law of War and Peace’ and ‘The Free Seas’
Gave ‘just war’ theory; rationalism in IR
Contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of Rights-
belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to act or as a means of
realizing something.
Pioneer of the doctrine of ‘international society’- idea of one society of
state bound by laws and mutual agreements
Hedley Bull (of English school of IR) called him intellectual father of
Westphalia Peace Treaty- 1648

Dutch philosopher, considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-

century
One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment
Gave modern conceptions of the self
Books: ‘the Ethics’; in this book he opposed Descartes' philosophy of
Spinoza
mind–body dualism
(1632 –1677)
His Ethics: reality is perfection, highest virtue is the intellectual love or
knowledge of God/Nature/Universe
3 types of knowledge—opinion, reason, intuition ; intuitive knowledge
provides the greatest satisfaction of mind
Hegel said of him” You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all”

Important 14th-century Italian political thinker

Marsilio of
Book: Defensor Pacis (The Defender of Peace)- which supported
Padua (1275 –
separation of temporal power ( king) from spiritual power( church)
1342)
Hence, he is considered to have propounded Medieval Secularism

Gave Elite theory- all societies ruled by a numerical minority, the political
class.
The political class- Elites- superior organizational skills.
Gaetano
Circulation of Elites: constant competition between elites, with one elite
Mosca (1858 –
group replacing another repeatedly over time
1941)
But his theory of political class is different in arguments from ‘The Power
Elite’ described by C. Wright Mills.
Mosca’s Elite theory is more liberal than Elite theory of Vilfredo Pareto

English philosopher and political thinker

Student of T.H. Green, influenced by Hegel, Kant, Rousseau, Plato;
considered to be one of the most Hegelian of the British Idealists
Proponent of “Absolute Idealism”
Bosanquet
Synthesized German and English Liberalism
(1848 –1923)
“state is the ethical idea”

Books:
The Philosophical Theory of The State (1899)
Psychology of the Moral Self (1904)
Vilfredo
Pareto (1848 – An Italian Economist, political scientist and philosopher.
1923)
 Elite theory- Circulation of Elites- the ruling class replaced by another
ruling/aristocratic class through revolution
Pareto optimality- an economic state where resources cannot be
reallocated to make one individual better off without making at least one
individual worse off.
Many critics, like Karl Popper, called him Fascist supporter- theoretician
of totalitarianism

German-born American political thinker.

Power as co-creation in group by communication to realize public realm;
power with (against power to or power over)
Civic republicanism or civic Humanism- active citizenship, civic
Hannah engagement and collective deliberation
Arendt (1906 – Threat to human freedom from totalitarianism, administrative
1975) bureaucracy
Nature of power and evil
Studied and compared American and French Revolutions

Book: The Origins of Totalitarianism(1951), The Human Condition(1958), On

Revolution (1963), Crises of the Republic (1972)

Canadian political scientist of left (socialist) orientation

"Possessive Individualism": individual as the sole proprietor of his or
her skills and owes nothing to society for them
For him, Hobbes gave birth to the culture of possessive individualism
CB and Locke furthered it
Machpherson Capitalism- negative freedom; supported positive freedom
(1911–1987) Extractive (power over other) vs Developmental Power (creative
freedom, ability to fulfil self-appointed goals)
Book: The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to
Locke (1962); The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (1977); The Real
World of Democracy (1965)

"Clash of Civilizations"- future wars would be fought not between

Samuel P. countries, but between cultures
Huntington “Third wave of democratization”- beginning 1974
(1927 –2008) Other books: Political Order in Changing Societies (1968), The Crisis of
Democracy(1975)

British social and political thinker and historian of ideas.

"Two Concepts of Liberty"- negative freedom or freedom from
interference vs 'positive freedom', or freedom as self-mastery
Positive liberty- slippery slope- may lead to totalitarianism
“Three Critics of the Enlightenment:” analysed counter-Enlightenment
Isaiah views
Berlin (1909 – Value pluralism: moral values- equality, justice, etc.- may clash, may be
1997) incompatible to each other, and to different cultures.
“The Hedgehog and the Fox”- 2 types of thinkers, 1st who see world with
the lens of a single defining idea; 2nd who draw on a wide variety of
experiences- Fox
Other Books: ‘Four Essays on Liberty’ ; ‘Concepts and Categories:
Philosophical Essays’; ‘Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas’
 Hegel (1770 One of the greatest political philosophers of modern era; chief figure of
–1831) German idealism.
Gave historical progression of idea (thesis, anti-thesis, synthesis)
through dialectical process
Marx turned upside down historical dialectical thought of Hegel to give
historical materialism
Absolute idealism: duality of mind-body and subject and object are
overcome

State:

Organic, historical and integrative theory of state

State is a super organism
It is the end in itself
Embodiment of highest order of Freedom and Right
Only as a member of the state the individual has objectivity, truth, and
ethical life
“State is the march of God on Earth”
State subsumes family and civil society and fulfils them
It is above any moral law as it is the creator of morality

Civil Society: all-inclusive community within the state; conception of

organic society, in which identity of individual and family is subsumed
Civil Society: Differentia between Family & State
Civil Society: Universal Egoism and System of Needs
Family- Thesis; Civil Society- Anti-thesis; State- Synthesis
Book: ‘Elements of the Philosophy of Right’

German political philosopher and one of the main Enlightenment thinkers

Doctrine of transcendental idealism: space and time are mere "forms of
intuition" which structure all human experience
Categorical Imperative: reason/rationality as the base of ethics &
morality, universal moral principles which guides us to begave ethically
Immanuel
Deontological Ethics- moral action only if the action itself is right under a
Kant (1724 –
1804) series of rules (means should be ethical)
Perpetual peace (among nations): through universal democracy and
international cooperation
Books: ‘Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch’; ‘Critique of Pure
Reason’; ‘Critique of Practical Reason’

Nietzsche
(1844 –1900) A German political philosopher, cultural critic, composer, and poet
One of the greatest political thinker of 19th century
Post-modernist: critique of objective truth in favour of perspectivism
Critique of religion and Christian morality
"Death of God"- Enlightenment, by excessively focusing on science &
reason, has killed God
Nihilism : negating knowledge, existence, and the meaning of life;
normlessness, valuelessness; negating all established social norms
Will To Power: main driving force within human
Doctrine of eternal return: universe, energy, and everything will recur in
infinite cycle
Deep influence on political thoughts of existentialism, postmodernism
and post-structuralism
 French Political Philosopher.
Main thinker of Existentialism (explores the problem of human
existence and centres on the lived experience of the thinking, feeling, acting
Jean-Paul
individual.)
Sartre (1905 –
Also known proponent of phenomenology and Marxism
1980)
Deep impact on critical theory and post-colonial theory
Books: ‘Being and Nothingness’ and ‘Existentialism Is a Humanism’
Awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused to accept that!
 TABLE 2: OTHER WESTERN THINKERS

Thinker Important facts

Charismatic Chinese communist leader and thinker

Founded the Communist China (People’s Republic of China) in 1949
His thoughts: communism in rural societies, rejecting elitism, thought
reform, indoctrination, state as supreme educator, communalism, social
experimentation, militant nationalism
adopted communism to Asiatic form, took it to rural areas, to
agriculture labourer, linked it to cultural revolution
Gave theory of Antagonistic vs non-antagonistic contradictions
His Programs:
1934- Historic ‘Long March’
1956- The Hundred Flowers Campaign- ‘Let hundred flowers blossom
and hundred schools of thought contend’(socio-political openness
program)
1958- The Great Leap Forward- economic transformation of China
1966- Cultural Revolution- purging anti-revolutionary elements from
society
"Two Bombs, One Satellite" project; “Three-anti and Five-anti
Campaigns”
Mao Zedong His Books
or Mao Tse- On Guerrilla Warfare-1937
tung(1893 – On Contradiction-1937
1976) On Protracted War (lectures)- 1938
On Practice- 1937
On People's Democratic Rule-1949
The Little Red Book ( his sayings)
Art of war
His famous Quotes:

“Politics is war without blood, while war is politics with blood.”

“Political power grows out of the barrel of the gun...”
Three years of hard work : ten thousand years of happiness.
A revolution is not a dinner party.
“An army of the people is invincible!”
“War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is
necessary to take up the gun.”
“Communism is not love. Communism is a hammer which we use to crush the
enemy.”
“Historical experience is written in iron and blood.”
“The atom bomb is a paper tiger which the United States reactionaries use to
scare people. It looks terrible, but in fact it isn't.”

Bolshevik revolution leader, founder of Communist Russia & USSR

Revolution led by vanguard party (the Communist party)
Democratic centralism, Imperialism as height of capitalism
Lenin (1870 –
Worldwide network of revolutionary activities- Comintern
1924)
Stalin coined the term ‘ Leninism’
Books: ‘The State and Revolution’ ; ‘Imperialism, the Highest Stage of
Capitalism’

Robert Dahl
American political thinker of liberal & pluralist thoughts
 Pluralist theory of democracy- political competition between interest
groups
"Polyarchy": political power distributed in many people
One of chief proponents of “Behaviouralism”
One of the greatest theorists of Democracy
Gave the most famous definition of ‘Power’
Books: ‘A Preface to Democratic Theory’, ‘Who Governs?’

Influential American Libertarian Thinker

Entitlement theory of Justice; procedural theory of Justice against
Rawl’s theory of Justice based on distributive Justice
Supporter of Minimal state, low taxation
Robert “a distribution of goods is just if brought about by free exchange
Nozick(1938 – among consenting adults from a just starting position, even if large
2002) inequalities subsequently emerge from the process”- his core thought
Critic of John Locke’s ‘Mixing of labour’ theory of property
Books: ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia’; ‘a libertarian answer to John
Rawls' A Theory of Justice’

Very Influential British Economist and Libertarian Thinker

Intellectual father of Neo-liberal Capitalism
His thoughts influenced Margret Thatcher and Reagon in bringing Neo-
Friedrich
liberalism
Hayek (1899 –
Proponent of minimalist state; free market economy
1992)
Opposed ‘social justice’, ‘distributive justice’ as unnatural and against
human freedom

Book: ‘The Road to Serfdom’

English political thinker of social liberalism tradition

British idealism movement – as a reaction against the thinking of John
Locke, David Hume, John Stuart Mill, and other empiricists and utilitarian.
T.H. Green Hugely influenced by German idealism of Hegel and Kant
(1836 –1882) Ethics & morality in social life- moral philosophy: reason is source of
morality/ethics
State to provide conditions for best moral/ethical conduct by individual
Book: ‘The Principles of Political Obligation’

British liberal political thinker and sociologist

Proponents of social liberalism- social democracy
Hobhouse ‘wealth had a social dimension and was a collective product’
(1864 –1929) Books: Liberalism (1911), Social Evolution and Political Theory (1911),
The Philosophical Theory of the State (1918)

Benedict
Anderson (1936 Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian- but lived in USA
– 2015) Books: ‘Imagined Communities (1983)- famous theorization of
nationalism- nation as imagined community
‘Print Capitalism’: role of print media in bring capitalism and
nationalism
 Print capitalism also meant a culture in which people were required to
be socialized as part of a literate culture- mainstream language/culture
He also theorized nationalism in Multi-ethnic empires, and rise of
nation-states after fall of Empires post WWI

Austrian-British political thinker

‘Scientific theories are those which can be falsified by experiments’
Supporter of liberal democracy and criticism of social injustice and
ailments
Supporter of flourishing ‘open society’- moral universalism
His targets : Plato, Marx, Hegel (Enemy of open society)
Karl Popper
Preferred Piecemeal social engineering over Utopian social
(1902 –1994)
engineering
Attempted to reconcile classical liberalism, social democracy, and
conservatism
Critic of Plato, Marx, Rousseau- all those who idealized closed society
Books: ‘The Open Society and Its Enemies’; ‘The Two Fundamental
Problems of the Theory of Knowledge’

Irish statesman, economist, and political philosopher

A noted Conservative- founder of British modern conservatism
Opposed French Revolution: ‘Reflections on the Revolution in France’-
Edmund
Burke (1729 – Revolution was destroying the fabric of good society and traditional
institutions of state and society
1797)
Was instrumental in impeachment of Warren Hastings, Governor-
General of India

Scottish Enlightenment philosopher

Philosophical empiricism- knowledge only from sensory experience
Philosophical skepticism :question the possibility of knowledge
Naturalism: all enquiry from the method of natural science
Feelings/emotions/experience over reason: “Reason is, and ought only
David Hume to be the slave of the passions”
(1711 1776) “Ethics based on emotion or sentiment rather than abstract moral
principle”
“Statement of fact alone can never give rise to a normative conclusion
of what ought to be done”- is-ought problem
Influenced utilitarianism, logical positivism, the philosophy of science
Books: ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’

English political philosopher

Founder of modern utilitarianism- Greatest Happiness principle- moral
actions are those which brings greatest happiness to greatest number
Jeremy
Supported legal rights; called natural law and natural rights as
Bentham (1747 –
“nonsense upon stilts"
1832)
His famous students- J.S. Mill, Robert Owen

Books: ‘A fragment on government’(1776); "Essay on Political Tactics"(1791)

Wittgenstein
(1889 –1951) Austrian-British philosopher
Considered by some to be the greatest philosopher of the 20th century
Attempted to identify the relationship between language and reality
and to define the limits of science
Wrote ‘Tractatus’ in which he gave Logical positivism- as influencer of
Vianna Circle of philosophers

An Austrian political economist, who taught in Harvard University, USA

Wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy’ – critique of classical
democracy
Negative view of democracy: “democracy is the mechanism for
competition between leaders, much like a market structure”
Schumpeter
“Participatory role for individuals in representative democracy is
(1883 –1950)
usually severely limited”
Minimalist definition of democracy “as the method by which people
elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will”
Criticized, by Robert Dahl and others, for such negative & elitist view
of democracy.

Seymour An American sociologist and political thinker (political sociology)

Martin Studied democracy in comparative perspective
Lipset(1922 Books: ‘Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (1960)’; ‘Party
-2006) Systems and Voter Alignments( 1967)’ with Stein Rokkan

American political scientist and communications theorist.

Father of Policy Science- gave 7 stage Policy Cycle concept
Defined democracy as ‘Who Gets What, When, and How”
5 question model of communication: "Who (says) What (to) Whom (in)
What Channel (with) What Effect"
Harold
"Garrison State"- a political-military elite composed of "specialists in
Lasswell (1902 –
violence" in a modern state
1978)
One of the main contributor to the ‘Behavioural Revolution’ in 1950s
Founder of Political Psychology
Content analysis methods- to dissect propaganda messages and
newspaper editorials

An American political thinker of liberal tradition

Gave ‘Equality of Resources’ in his book ‘Sovereign Virtue’
“every person is entitled to equal concern and respect in the design of
Ronald the structure of society”
Dworkin (1931 – “Luck Egalitarianism”- Luck should not make well-off or poor
2013 Liberty- ‘Do Values Conflict?’- liberty and equality do not necessarily
conflict. ‘Liberty is only liberty to do whatever we wish so long as we do
not infringe upon the rights of others.’
Criticized Isaiah Berlin's conception of liberty as "flat"

Michael
Walzer (born Prominent American political thinker of Communitarian ideology
1935) Gave ‘Complex equality’ in book ’Spheres of Justice’
Communitarian critique of liberalism- with Alasdair MacIntyre and
Michael Sandel
 ‘Just and Unjust Wars (1977)’- ethics in wartime
‘On Toleration’- toleration in various settings, including multinational
empires

Canadian political philosopher of Marxist ideology

Marxism, egalitarianism and distributive justice
Books: ‘Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence’- defended Marx’s
Gerald Cohen
(1941–2009) historical materialism
‘Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality’- criticism of Lockean ‘self-
ownership’ principle and moral argument in favour of socialism

Canadian-American Political Thinker

Pioneer in moral theory and revisiting social contract theories
‘Morals by Agreement’ -neo-Hobbesian social contract theory of
morality
David Gave ‘contractarian ethics’
Gauthier (1932) ‘Justice as Mutual Advantage’-moral norms are those that rational,
self‐interested persons would accept in regulating the pursuit of their self‐
interest
Wrote history of political philosophy, especially of Hobbes and
Rousseau

Canadian Political Thinker

‘Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights’:
Will Kymlicka
gave his concept of multiculturism, toleration. and minority rights
(born 1962)
Note: Bhikhu Parekh wrote ‘Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural
Diversity and Political Theory’

Canadian-born American political scientist.

Proponent of both Behavioralist and post-Behavioralist revolutions
Gave ‘system concept’- political system- input, conversion, output,
feedback and environment; political system as ‘black box’.
Defined Politics “ as the authoritative allocation of values for the
David Easton society”
(1917 2014) Books:
‘The Decline of Modern Political Theory(1951)’
‘The Political System. An Inquiry into the State of Political
Science(1953)’
‘A Framework for Political Analysis(1965)’

Leo Strauss
(1899 –1973) German-American political philosopher of classical political tradition
Gave ‘‘Straussian’ Approach’ to interpret classical texts by esoteric
method
Deeply influenced by Martin Heidegger, great German thinker
‘post-Behavioralist revolutions’- revival of normative political theory
Rejected ‘fact–value distinction’; politics cannot be separated from
norms/values; politics include value judgment
Wrote path-breaking books on Spinoza and Hobbes
Critic of modern form of liberalism and its individualism
 Advocated return to classical political philosophy- Plato, Aristotle
Books:
‘Natural Right and History’ ; ‘What Is Political Philosophy?’
‘The Crisis of Political Philosophy’;’ Liberalism Ancient and Modern’

German philosopher- regarded as one of the most important

philosophers of the 20th century.
Phenomenology: study of the structures of experience and
Martin consciousness.
Heidegger (1889 Hermeneutics: methods of textual interpretations
–1976) Existentialism: study of problem of human existence and centres on
the lived experience of the thinking, feeling, acting of individuals
Wrote ‘Being and Time (1927)’- his philosophy of being- “Dasein”-
experience of being peculiar to human

American political scientist, known for his theory of political

development and modernization of Third World nations
His theory of political development: equality to the political culture, the
problems of capacity to authoritative governmental structures, and the
Lucian Pye question of differentiation to non-authoritative structures.
(1921 –2008) Books:
‘Political Culture And Political Development’(1965) ; ‘Politics,
Personality, And Nation-Building (1962)’
Note: Rostow, Organski, David Apter, Edward Shils, etc also gave
theory of political development and modernization

Norwegian sociologist, known as father of peace studies

Negative and Positive peace:
Negative Peace: absence of violence
Positive Peace: restoration of relationships, the creation of social
Johan systems that serve the needs of the whole population and the constructive
Galtung(1930) resolution of conflict
Books:

‘Violence, Peace and Peace Research (1969)’

‘Peace By Peaceful Means (1996)’ ;
‘50 Years: 100 Peace and Conflict Perspectives (2008)’

English-born American political philosopher

Contributed in American independence by his 2 influential writing :
Thomas ‘Common Sense ‘ and ‘The American Crisis’
Paine (1736– wrote ‘Rights of Man (1791)’ in defence of French Revolution
1809) In his ‘Agrarian Justice (1797)’, he introduced the concept of a
guaranteed minimum income through a one-time inheritance tax on
landowners.

Montesquieu
(1689 –1755) French political philosopher, best known for his ‘ Spirit of the Laws
(1748)’ in which he gave the principle of separation of power between
legislatives, executive, and Judiciary
His ‘separation of power’ ensures Liberty
Influenced both French and American revolution.
 German-born Italian Political Philosopher
Robert
Gave ‘Iron law of oligarchy’ - rule by an elite, or oligarchy, is inevitable
Michels (1876
within any democratic organization
1936)
Book: ‘Political Parties(1911)’

British political thinker

Steven Lukes
Gave ‘3 Facets of Power’- power as dominance, power as agenda
(1941)
setting (power of non-decision), ideological and hegemonic power

French philosopher and Sociologist

Gave the term’ Sociology’
Father of Positivism
Influenced by the utopian socialist Saint-Simon
Influenced- J.S.Mill, Émile Durkheim
August Created ‘Religion of Humanity’- a secular religion
Comte Books:

Course of Positive Philosophy

System of Positive Polity
A General View of Positivism
FACT SHEETS- INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHTS
 FACT SHEET IPT : INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
AS PER CUET-PG SYLLABUS

Thinker Main concepts/facts/books

Lead the 1st wave of modern Indian Thinkers

‘Father of Modern India’; ‘Pioneer of Indian Renaissance’

Concepts:

Liberal Humanism- all mankind are one great family of which numerous
nations and tribes are only various branches
Judging socio-religious practices through reason and social utility
He saw unity in all religion: 1. Universal Supreme being 2. Existence of
soul 3. Life after death
Note: But he ssems Not to believe in Existence of soul and Life after
death; Brhamo Samaj does not believe in both these things.
Spiritual Synthesis: synthesized transnational humanist culture
Cosmopolitanism: proposed ‘World Congress’
Social reforms before political freedom
English rule- God sent opportunity for social reform and modernization
of Indian society
Champion of Civil Rights, women’s education, liberal political economy
Raja Ram Societies:
Mohan Roy
(1772 – Atmiya Sabha in 1815, the Calcutta unitarian Association in 1821 and
1833) the Brahmo Sabha in 1828

Journals:

Brahminical Magazine’; Bengali weekly- ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ ; Persian

weekly -‘Mairat Al Akbar’; English weekly -‘Bengal Gazette’

School/colleges:

Hindu College(Presidency College); the Anglo-Hindu School; Vedanta

College

Books/essays:

Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (A Gift to Monotheism)- 1803 ;

The Precepts of Jesus- The Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820)
Modern Encroachments on the Ancient Rights of Females (1822)
The Universal Religion (1829) ; History of Indian Philosophy (1829)
Many translations of Vendantic texts and Upanishads in Hindi, Bengali,
English

Bhimrao Great scholar and architect of Indian Constitution

Ambedkar(1891 His thoughts/concepts:
–1956)
Caste system: biggest weakness of Indian social system
Only by elimination of Caste system, socio-economic progress possible
 Social democracy: Socialism with liberal democracy and constitutional
Government-“Democracy to work towards socialism but have its basis in a
regime of rights”
Supported state socialism
Constitutional morality: adopted it from George Grote;
Pragmatism: from John Dewey, his teacher at Colombia University
Graded inequality: inequality based on group identity- caste system
Social Justice- Justice prevails upon ensuring Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity
Trinity of Rights: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Social reform is prior to political and Economic reform
Political democracy useless without social democracy

Books:

‘Castes in India- 1916’ ;

‘Annihilation of caste-1936’
‘Who Were the Shudras? 1946’ ;
‘The Untouchables -1948’
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
‘The Budhha and his Dhamma-1957’
Gandhi and Gandhism
Philosophy of Hinduism
The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution
States and Minorities
Book on him : ‘Ambedkar: Towards An Enlightened India’- Gail Omvedt

Journals:

‘Bahishkrit Bharat in Marathi’ ; ‘Mook Nayak’

‘Janata’ and ‘Samata’ magazines

Societies:

Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha 1924

Samata Sainik Dal -1924
Samaj Samata Sangh-1927
Depressed Classes Education Society-1928

Political Parties:

1937: Independent Labour Party

1942: Scheduled caste federation
1956: The Republican Party

Other Facts:

Publicly Burnt ManuSmriti in 1927

Participated in Round table conference, got separate electorate for
Dalits
But agreed to leave separate electorate as per the ‘Poona Pact’ with
Gandhiji
Was member of Viceroy’s executive Council
Chairman of the drafting committee of constituent assembly
Was against the Panchayati raj System- it would sustain caste system
First law minister of India, but resigned on issue of ‘Hindu Code Bill’
 Converted to Buddhism in 1956; in 1936 he declared he would not die a
Hindu

Gandhi- his
idea of Swaraj His idea of swaraj contained in ‘Hind Swaraj’, published in 1909
Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by Mazzini’s Italy
Influence on political thoughts of Gandhiji
John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau( civil disobedience), Leo
Tolstoy- an pacific anarchist ; Italy’s Mazzini, Dada Bhai Naoroji Un-British
Rule in India , Gopal Krishna Gokhle ( his political Guru), Jainism( non-
violence), Vaishnavism(Catholicism)
Swaraj- meaning
Literal: self- governance, freedom, liberation
For Individual: self-mastery, self-restrain, self-realization, moral
goodness
For community/polity- self-governing autonomous community life without
any formal coercive authority (state)-A kind of Enlightened Anarchy
4 components of Swaraj: Polity, Economy, Social Order, and Dharma
His other thoughts/concepts:
Oceanic circle: self-governing, self-reliant, autonomous communities,
starting from village in concentric circle- nation as communities of
community
Vision of decentralized, non-hierarchical, participative and substantive
democracy
Satyagraha: active resistance based on truth and non-violence,
involving soul-force and power of truth
Sarvodaya- Good for all; Antyodaya- good to the last one in the row-
the poorest of the poor
Trusteeship: Capitalist class as trustee of wealth of the society, uses it
for welfare of the masses and society
Bread labour: each one need to do the manual work equivalent to value
of his material consumption- honour/dignity to manual labour
Freedom from want: limiting our want- voluntarily poor
Instead of western modern civilization, he had vision of ideal civilization,
which is not materialistic, individualistic, mechanistic, and dependent on
western medical treatment, transport, trade, and way of life
Rejected Determinism, believed in relative truth and one step at a time
News paper/Journal/Magzines
Indian Opinion- Newspaper
Young India - weekly journal
Navajivan - Newspaper
Harijan - weekly newspaper in English
Gandhi’s Ashrams: Chronology
Phoenix Settlement, established in 1904 in KwaZulu Natal;
Tolstoy Farm, established in 1910 outside of Johannesburg
Sevagram Ashram (est. 1936 in. Wardha).
Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India by Gandhiji; Founded in
1915 near Ahmedabad
Sabarmati Ashram- 1917 (Kochrab Ashram shifted and re-named)
Other facts:
Went to South Africa to fight case of Gujrati businessman
Considered himself Enlightened Anarchist
He followed Deontology- Means ( to achieve end) should also be good;
choices and rules should be right
 Won Kaisar-i-​Hind in 1915, which he returned in protest against
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was from Apology
of Plato; he called Socrates ‘Satyavir’
Translated John Ruskin’s ‘Unto This Last’ as ‘Sarvodaya’ in Gujrati; he
published it in nine instalments in Indian Opinion
Was given title of ‘Mahatma’ by Rabindranath Tagore
Considered Gopal Krishna Gokhle his political guru
Sadagraha (Satyagraha) term was suggested by his borther Maganlal
His autobiography- My Experiments with Truth

Revolutionary Hindu nationalist leader and political thinker

Concepts/thoughts

Who are Hindu?

People following religions of India,
whose ancestors had lived on ‘Bharatvarsha’,
and who consider ‘Bharat’ as Punyabhumi

Religion of India: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, etc

Hindutva: Hinduness; feeling of being Hindu
3 elements of Hindutva: Hindu Nation ( territory), common Racial
Identity( Jati), and common Cultural Identity

Societies:
Vinayak Abhinav Bharat, India House, Free India Society
Damodar Books:
Savarkar
(1883-1966) ‘The Indian War of Independence-1909’ ;
‘Mera Aajewan Karawaas – 2007’
‘Hinditva: Who Is a Hindu? -1923’ ;’
Kaala Pani’ -2007’ ;
‘Mopla- 1967’

Other Facts:

He called 1857 revolt as 1st war of Independence

Influenced by Joseph Mazzini, western Enlightenment and nation-state
1910: arrested in London for revolutionary activities; sentenced to life
imprisonment at Kalapani- A&N islands
1923- conditional release, sent to Ratnagiri Jail- social reformer, writer
President of Hindu Mahasabha for 7 years- 1937-43
Despite being its philosophical founder, never Joined RSS
Was a rationalist Atheist- was against ‘Hindu ritualism’, Cow protection
In 1970, PM Indira Gandhi released Postal Stamp on Savarkar

Kautilya-
Arthasashtra Also called ‘Chanakya’ and ‘Vishnu Gupta’; lived in about 4th century BC
He is mentioned in ‘Mudra-Raksha by Visakhadutta, ‘Das-Kumar-Charit,
by Dandin, Kathasaritsagar by Somadeva and Jain & Buddhist Texts
 Was a scholar at Taxila university , the teacher and mentor of
Chandragupta Mourya
Manuscript of Arthashastra was discovered by R. Shamasastry in
Mysore Oriental Library in 1909
Arthashastra –Nitishastra ; contains: Statecraft, Science of Politics,
Political Economy, Social norms & customs, Civil & Criminal Law, Justice
system, Inter-state politics, Warfare, Criminology, Intelligence & Espionage
Core theme: Arthashastra is the science which explains the means of
the attainment and protection of that earth ( resources/artha) - Science of
Politics
Political realism- like Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Morgenthau
Origin of state: State originated to end Matasyanyay and maintain
peace, order, and welfare of the people
Saptang: 7 limbs of state: Swami Amatyas, Janapada, Durgas, Kosha,
Danda, Mitra
Kautilya’s Saptang: 7 elements compared to limbs of body part:
Amatya- Eye; Suhrid( mitr/allies)- eyes; Kosha- Mouth; Durg- arms
An able king can fine tune Saptang to make his state strong and
victorious
Mandal Theory: International-state real politics
Basic premises: Neighbours are natural enemy, Enemy of Enemy is
friend, Friend of friend is friend, Friend of Enemy is Enemy, No permanent
friend or enemy in politics, Power is the means to maintain the state, The
King may adopt any means to protect & maintain the State
Mandala: circle of Kings: 5 in front: Ari, Mitra, Ari-Mitra, Mitra-Mitra, Ari
Mitra-Mitra
4 in back side: Parashanigraha:enemy at back, Akranda:friend at back,
Parashanigrahasara: Ari-Mitra, Akranda sara: Mitra-Mitra
Vijigishu : King aspiring to conquer the world
MADHYAMA: Powerful Kingdom close to both the Vijigishu and his
immediate enemy
UDASIN : Neutral state out of the circle of States of Vijigishu; more
powerful than any of the kings in the circle.
72 elements ( or Prakriti ) of IR and foreign policy in Mandala theory

Theory of Chatur Upayas 4 Instruments of conflict resolution

Sama, Daana, Danda, Bheda
Theory of Shadguna - 6 Guna: six fold policy or six measures on
diplomacy
Sandhi , Bigraha, Yāna, Āsana, Dvaidhībhāva and
Samśraya,
 FACT SHEETS PYQA : THEME WISE ANALYSIS OF
PAST YEAR’S PG ET PAPERS
Themes/topics in Political Theory asked in PYQ PG ET
PYQA: Political Theory- IN 2 TABLES
TABLE-1-POL THEORY PYQA
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

Fabian Socialism: prfits used for general social welfare

GHP- Greatest happiness of greatest person- Utilitarianism ( Bentham
HCU
considered father of Utilitarianism)
Politics as study of influences and influential – Harold Lasswell

DUET
‘there is a link between knowledge and power, where men have generally
been seen as knowers and as subject of knowledge’ Post–structural Feminist
Second wave feminism( radical feminism)-1960’s to 1970’s- Betty Friedan-
‘The Feminine Mystique’ ; Carol Hanisch- ‘The Personal is Political’ ; Simone de
Beauvoir-‘ the second Sex’; Kate Millet: ‘Sexual Politics’
Communitarians argue that Liberalism devalues communal attachments
Positive Liberty- interventionist state (dirigisme)
Foucault : power-knowledge relationship is Mutually Constitutive ( each one
creates the other)
Multiculturalism: Special Minority right endorsed by Will Kymlicka? Poly-Ethnic
Rights , Special Representation Rights, Territorial Autonomy Rights, BUT not
Territorial Autonomy Rights
Man is a political animal (zoon politikon) ; Politics as ‘capacity of acting in
concert’ -Hannah Arendt ;
The materialist conception of history views history as? As creation of men
subject to empirical laws ( Marxist view)
Power as blood capillary- Faucault; Power as legitimate authority- Weber;
Power as hegemony- Gramsci; power as working in concert, co-creation- Hannah
Arendt
Dialectic- Coexistence of Contradictions
Capitalism is the system under which productive forces reach their peak but
human emancipation is Not possible in capitalism- Marxism
Mode of Production- Forces of Production and Relations of Production
state as an unnecessary evil- Anarchism
Negative liberty should be distinguished from the ‘conditions of its exercise-
Isaiah Berlin
Capability approach- Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen
Base ( in Marxism)- economic structure- Mode of production ; Superstructure-
Laws, Polity, Media, Art& culture
Main feminist arguments?
The public-private divide has been used to marginalise women from public
participation
Patriarchy is a system of structural domination that disadvantages women
Unequal sexual division of domestic labour is a source of women’s oppression
arguments in favour of political obligation?
We should obey the state because we have derived benefits from having lived
under its rule
 We should obey the state because we have given our tacit consent to do so. (
tacit consent- Locke)
We should obey the state because we expect others to do so.( like obeying
traffic signal)
most important component of the intellectual movement called Enlightenment?
Reason/Rationality

Historical Approach: focuses on a sequence of selected events within a

particular phase; loaded with superficial resemblances
Note: Marx, Hegel, Machiavelli, Skocpol, Oakeshott, etc adopted Historical
approach
Neo-empiricist : : Scholars after feeling disillusioned with a purely causal
theory of politics, prefer to accord some place to values, goals and norms in the
study of politics
“Action and relevance” and “better to be vague than non relevantly precise”
refers to? post-behaviouralism
Who defined Behaviouralism as protest movement within Political Science ?
Robert A. Dahl
JNUEE Which group accepted gradualism as midwife of social change? Fabian
Socialists
Neo-liberalism includes? Free Market and rational individual
Note : Dirigisme- state control of economic and social matters- Not supported
by Neo-liberalism
Freedom, in Republican theory of Freedom, is defined as? Absence of
Domination
Communalism is derived from, 'commune' which is a __French________ term.
Critical Theory is Often related to Marxist ideas.
Cosmopolitan idea of Justice: Martha Nussbaum
Note: She, along with Prof. Amartya Sen developed capability approach of
Development/freedom
 TABLE 2: PYQA POLITICAL THEORY
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

Theories:

Realism: Hobbes, Morgenthau, Kenneth waltz

Liberalism: Kant, Paine, Wilson, Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye, Doyle
English School( International Society)- Hedley Bull, Martin Wight
Constructivism: Nicholas Onuf, Alexander Wendt
Copenhagen School: Barry Buzan
Marxist- Louis Althusser, Justin Rosenberg, Alexandra Kollontai
Post-Modernist-Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida
Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen Habermas, Andrew Linklater
Feminist: Tickner, Cynthia Enloe, Carol Cohn, Laura Sjoberg

In whose opinion the process of allocation of the scarce resources is

called Politics and he used the words, "Who gets what, when and how"?
H.D. Lasswell
"Wherever state exists, there is politics. But the converse is not true that
wherever politics exists so does state" whose description is this? Lipson
Whose entitlement theory of Justice opposes to the redistribution of
resources by the state for any purpose ? Robert Nozick
CPET Which book of Betty Friedan marked the resurgence of liberal feminist
ODISHA thought in the 1960s during the 'second wave' feminism? The Feminine
Mystique
Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill were Liberal
feminists.
Which book of Simon de Beauvoir drew attention to the personal,
psychological and sexual aspects of female oppression? The Second Sex
Who is the Indian feminist author wrote "Staying Alive: Women, Ecology,
and Development ' in 1988 that helped redefining the perceptions of third
world women? Vandana Shiva
Who was the Kenyan eco-feminist and recipient of Nobel Peace Prize in
2004 set up the Green Belt Movement in Kenya in 1977? Wangari Maathai
Emergence of moder nation-state is attributed to rise of commercialism
and Industrialism in Europe
Fascism: believed in Corporatist State
Who coined the term political socialisation ? Herbert Hyman
Liberty, in positive sense, means ? Providing conditions conductive to
the development of human beings
The theory of social contract primarily seek? To explain the origin of state
Francis Fukuyama- End of history; Daniel Bell- End of Ideology

Puducherry
University Who described Political Theory as “The systematic thinking about the
purpose of the Government”? Plamenatz
What is the cornerstone of Marxism? Materialist conception of history
Classical liberalism stands for: Individualism, Nightwatchmen state, free
market, natural rights
The concept of “social capital” refers to Networks, norms and trust
among people that lead to social cohesion
 “Civic Nationalism” means: Political community of equal citizens that
respects cultural diversity
The author of “The History of Peloponnesian War” (which contains Melian
Dialogue) is Thucydides
The father of Positivism is Auguste Comte
Who is regarded as the father of Phenomenology? Edmund Husserl
theory of Communicative Action? Habermas
Who coined the term “Ecofeminism” in the year 1974? Françoise
d'Eaubonne
Who describes political theory as "the systematic thinking about the
purpose of the government"? Plamenatz
Who made a distinction between Extractive and Developmental Power?
C.B. Macpherson

Rule of Law- A.V. Dicey

Separation of power- Montesquieu
Natural Rights- Locke
doctrine of overlapping consensus- John Rawls
Dictatorship of the proletariat- Marx
Hegemony- Gramsci
Leninism- Stallin
Consent theory; tacit consent; Constitutional and limited Government -
Mixed Locke
Absolute Sovereignty - Hobbes
Perpetual Peace- Immaneual Kant
Monoist theory of sovereignty – John Austin
Idea of Direct democracy- Rousseau
Labour theory of value- Marx
Labour theory of Property- Locke
Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier
FACT SHEET PYQA WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
(WPT): THEMES/TOPICS ASKED IN PAST YEAR
PAPERS FROM WPT- IN 2 TABLES
 TABLE 1: PYQA WPT
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

In Plato's philosophy the theory of forms refers to entities that are Entities that
hold their attributes perfectly and about which knowledge is possible
Plato, ‘forms’ belong to the world of Being’
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics- A discussion of virtues
Aristotle: Proportional equality; justice is treating equals eqaully; first to give
distributive justice
Aristotle- State exists for the good life of individual and community
Social contract theory- origin of state, natural rights
Edmund Burke- critical of the French Revolution( Reflections on the revolution
in France); was conservative thinker; he got Warren Hastings impeached in British
Parliament
St Augustine: City of God and City of Man
Sequence of Locke’s social contract: state of nature, social contract, civil
society, govt
Marx: withering away of states, dictatorship of proletaraiat, commodity feticism,
Alienation, base & superstructure
Hannah Arendt: critique of totalitarinaism
Plato’s scheme of education: 20 years- test for producer and guradian class;
35 years- test for auxiliary and philosopher kings; 50 years- philosopher king
HCU Locke- prophet and apologist of the gloriuos revolution(1689)
Tacit Consent, Constitutional govt, natural Rights- Locke
Two concepts of Liberty- Ishiah Berlin ( supported negative liberty, called
positive liberty-slipeery slope)
Phronesis: prudence, practical virtue and practical wisdom- used by Aristotle
Cesare Borgia- exemplar of ‘virtu’ in Machiavelli’s Prince
‘A spectre is haunting Europe’- opening line in Marx’s ‘ Communist Manifesto’
Plato- allegory of cave, divided line analogy- his metaphysics ( science of
being)- in his Book Republic
Property as theft: Proudhan ; Profit as Theft: Marx
Hobbes- right of self-preservation is Not surrendered despite the social
contract
Rousseau’s General Will- common interest, common Good
Locke ‘when a person owns his/her labour and mixes the things which are not
owned with his/ her labour, h/she becomes the self owner of the property’- labour
theory of property
‘ the character of the people is not to be blamed any more than that of Princes, for
both alike are liable to err when they are without any control’- Machiavelli
Locke- Tabula Rassa- Human mind at birth- like white paper, without any
character

DUET
Difference between Rawls’ and Nozick’s political philosophy?

Rawls was liberal, Nozick was libertarian

Rawls’ theory is an end state theory of justice, Nozick’s is procedural
Rawls supported progressive taxation (distributive justice) for redistribution
while Nozick opposed it
Nozick gave Entitlement theory of Justice; Rawls’ justice as fairness (in
distribution of primary social goods)
 Marx’s ‘historical materialism’: chronology of societal economic structure:
Slavery( master-slave), Feudalism( lord-serf) and Capitalism( capitalist-
worker)…….socialism…..communism(last 2 his predictions)
‘democratic centralism’ ; Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism- Lenin
Books : Benrtham- A Fragments on Govt; Laski – ‘A grammer of politics’ and ‘
Rise of European liberalism’
Marxist perspective on distributive Justice- Gerald Cohen
Frankfurt School of critical thinkers: Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max
Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, Habermas
Books by Marx
‘State and revolution’ by Lenin
Justice as Mutual Advantage”- David Gauthier
Books: -‘Rethinking Multiculturalism’- Bhiku Pakekh; Multicultural Citizenship’-
Will Kymlicka
Rawls’ idea of social cooperation:
Society as “a cooperative venture for mutual advantage,”
Social cooperation is guided by publicly recognized rules and
procedures
The idea of fair terms of cooperation
The idea of each participant’s rational advantage, or good
“I do not wish them (women) to have power over men; but over themselves.”-
Mary Wollstonecraft
Rousseau’s idea of “perfectibility’: Man is more flexible/adaptive than the other
animals, possessing the ability to learn and devise better means to satisfy his
needs
“Life is not determined by consciousness but consciousness by life”- Marx
Capitalists also suffer from alienation- Marx
“Each of them by himself may not be of good quality, but when they all come
together is possible that they may surpass— collectively as a body, although not
individually-the quality of the few best…and when they all meet together, the
people may thus become something in the nature of a single person…”. In these
lines, Aristotle is advocating for the Polity as a virtutuos rule of the Many
Rawls veil of ignorance and ‘Original Position’ thought experiment to eliminate
bias in reasoning
Difference Principle of Rawls: “Greatest benefit to the least advantaged”
Anthony Downs used models and assumptions drawn from economics to
analyse political behaviour
“Science as a vocation”- Max Weber
Rousseau: reconciled liberty with sovereignty; Sovereignty originates in people
and remains with people; General Will is always morally right; natural man vs
social man; supported positive liberty
Marx’s view of the state: 1.The proletariat will need to capture state power; 2.
The state is an instrument of class exploitation
3. The state will wither away 4. Capitalist state protects and further the capitalist
class interest
Hobbes: occasion for disobeying the sovereign: for self-preservation, to protect
honour/dignity of family, when independence of state is not in danger, etc.
Aristotle: the state is the highest association because it aims at moral fulfilment
(and Florishment- Eudomenia) of citizens
J.Mill’s Harm Principle: Prevention of harm to others is the only ground for
restricting liberty
Social Contract of Hobbes: Irreversible, contracting individuals surrender
almost all rights except right of self-preservation, sovereign is Not party to the
contract
Pluralist Thinkers- Robert Dahl, Laski, Lipset, Maclver
Every Law is an infraction of liberty - Bentham
 Natural Rights are ‘Nonsense on stilts’- Bentham
“Tyranny of Majority”? JS Mill and Alex de Tocqueville
The Rights of Man (1791)- Thomas Paine
Theory of Justice John Rawls: Lexical Priority- 1. Liberty principle 2. Fair
eqaulity of opportunity principle 3. The difference principle
Machiavelli is a modern philosopher because:1. First time secularised politics
2. First time concept of modern nation-state
Isaiah Berlin's understanding of liberty:
Berlin makes a distinction between negative and positive liberty
Negative liberty – absense of man-made external constraints
The capacity or incapacity to fulfil one’s desires belongs to the
individual himself
Positive liberty- slippery slope
‘Complex Equality’- Michael Walzer; Equality of Resources- Ronald Dworkin
first modern propounder of the idea of negative liberty? Hobbes
first modernized the tradition of Natural Law? Hobbes
Books by JS Mill:
The Subjection of Women
On Liberty /
Considerations on Representative Government
Principles of Political Economy
Plato’s theory of justice: Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station of
life
Anarchy, State, and Utopia- Robert Nozick (Libertarin account of Justice)
Father of Liberalism- Locke

JNUEE
Aristotle’s theory of the origin of the state is basically? Historical theory
Note: For Aristotle, State is natural entity, prior to individual, family &
community
Hegel: State is an embodiment of universal mind
A feminist critic of liberal democracy- Carol Pateman
“Power is never the property of an individual; it belongs to a group and remains
inexistence only so long as the groups keep together” Hanna Arendt
Who is credited to have formulated a principle of medieval Secularism ?
Marsilio of Padua
“goal of the utilitarian state is Liberty rather than happiness”- JS Mill
Who defines ‘freedom as the private pursuit of the individual’ ? Hobbes
Note: Hence, Hobbes is considered as 1st modern thinker supporting negative
liberty; Hobbes is also the 1st modern thinker to give theory of natural laws
Freedom is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or
enjoying- T.H.Green
Note: Green was proponent of moral idealism; Supported positive Liberty; he
gave theory of wefare state
Idea of Rectificatory justice is part of whose theory of Justice?Nozick (he was
Libertarian thinker); Wrote- “Anarchy, State, and Utopia(1974)’
Aristotle believed in natural inequality and hence supported slavery
Hobbes supported Absolute Monarchy
JS Mill- supported negative liberty
Note: Mill was called prophet of empty Liberty by Ernest Barker
According to Gramsci, Hegemony means? Moral & intellectual leadership
No association can last if its members don’t practice Justice- John Rawls

Note:

To him, Justice is the first virtue of any society/community

 He gave theory of Justice as fairness ( in distribution)
It was end-state theory of Justice
Based on the difference principle
Peace, stability, efficiency, and Justice essential feature of best society

Which egalitarian thinker’s idea contained Auction, Insurance, and Free

Market? Ronald Dworkin
Which Thinker used famous basketball player Wilt Chamberlain as example of
futility of state interfering in distribution pattern? Robert Nozick, While giving his
‘Entitlement Theory of Justice’
For Plato, just society is in which? Each of the classes reflect tripartite division
of individual soul
Which thinker is linked to early Enlightenment preceding 18th century?
Spinoza (1632 –1677)
According to Bentham, nature has placed mankind under two sovereign
masters; they are?: Pain and pleasure
'Positive' conceptions of liberty represented a serious threat to freedom, it is a
slippery slope which may lead to totalitarianism. - Isaiah Berlin
'make women rational creature, and free citizens, and they will quickly become
good wives, that is, if men do not neglect the duties of husband and fathers' ?
Marry Wollstonecraft
Power is everywhere, power is inherent in all social relations ( like blood
capillary in body)
Perfect and imperfect obligations – JS mill - Justice denotes perfect obligations
Who said, 'any change, big or small, sudden or gradual, partial or complete is a
revolution' ? Aristotle
Who said, 'the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short' ? Hobbes
 TABLE 2: PYQA WPT
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

Who said, "Injustices arises when equals are treated unequally? Aristotle
Note: Aristotle supported justice based on proportional equality
The classification of human action as self-regarding and other regarding
was made by? JS Mill
Rousseau felt that social living corrupted us leading to such ills as private
property and social of the following is his famous phrase arising from this
reasoning? Man was born free, but he is everywhere in chains
"It is better to be human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied: better be
Socrates / dissatisfied than a fool satisfied" Who said? JS Mill
Note: Thomas Carlyle called Bethma’s Utilitarianism as Pig Philosophy
Mary Wollstonecraft's which book was the first text of modern feminism
that campaigned for women's right to vote/ female suffrage? Vindication of
the Rights of Women
CPET
John Stuart Mill with Harriet Taylor wrote a book that proposed political
ODISHA
rights 43 and liberties of women equal to men? The Subjection of Women
“Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign”-
JS Mill
Political liberty without economic eqality is a myth- GDH Cole
Locke differentiated between State and Government; state: permanent;
Government- may be changed any time
Theory of Hegemony: Antonio Gramsci
Rawls principle of distributive justice is based on ‘Difference Principle’
“if justice is taken away the state becomes a band of robbers”- St.
Augustine
Bentham- supporter of legal rights
the principle of distributive justice was first propounded by Aristotle
Nozick: Libertarian

Puducherry
University what is the meaning of commonwealth in Hobbes Leviathan? The civil
society or political community formed by the social contract
Who said that "the world at every stage is both a product and a
prophecy"? Hegel
Plato appropriated the ideas of Parmenides, Heraclitus, Socrates
Who said, "Men are equal by nature; society, through the institution of
property, has made them? Rousseau
‘The public good ought to be the object of the legislator’, who said?
Bentham
Which one of the following are considered as Rawls two principles of
Justice? Liberty and Equality
The Entitlement Theory of Property has been propounded by Robert
Nozick
According to whom, "The end of law is, not to abolish or restrain, but to
preserve and enlarge freedom"? John Locke
Who among the following described democracy as the ‘tyranny of the
majority? Alex De Tocqueville and JS Mill
Who among the following described the worldwide triumph of liberal
democracy as the ‘end of history’? Francis Fukuyama
 Who among the following used the expression “forced to be free” in
connection with the notion of liberty of the individual?’ Rousseau
John Rawls’s principle of distributive justice is based on : difference
principle(Social Equality)
“Clash of Civilizations” thesis was advocated by Samuel P Huntington
“Asian Values” as an alternative to western culture: Mahathir bin
Mohammad
The notion of “Orientalism” was propounded by Edward Said
For whom "All existence is simply a matter in motion"? Hobbes
The Marxian theory of Surplus Value is largely derived from the theory of:-
Ricardo (‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation(1817)’)
Who among following defined civil power as the "right of making laws with
penalties for the regulating and preserving of property, and of employing the
force of the community, in the execution of such laws all these only for the
public good."? John Locke
Who said, "the emancipation of the working class is the work of working
class itself"? Karl Marx
Who among the following argued that justice is the first virtue of social
institutions? John Rawls
"Rights properly so-called are creations of law properly so called."
Bentham ( he was supporter of legal rights; he called natural rights nonsense
on stilts)
Who said : "Right is a reasonable claim recognized by society and
enforced by the State"? Bosnquet
Who said "political liberty without economic equality is a myth"? GDH
Cole

Mixed PG
ETs
Plato- father of normative philosophical political theory
Aristotle- Father of science of politics
Golden Mean- Aristotle
Allegory of cave, theory of divided line, theory of Form/idea- Plato
Plato was deeply influenced by Socrates, from whom he adopted the
Dialectical approach; he was also influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and
the Pythagoreans.
Plato’s principle of community of wives & property was inspired by Sprata
Functional division of society- Plato
Plato’s Justice: one man- one work; one class- one duty
Dialectic method was used for the first time in the writing of Plato
For Robert Nozick, taxation of earnings from labour is at par with forced
labour because Taxation is based on end‐state and patterned principles of
distributive justice that undermine notions of self‐ownership
Marx’s thoughts in his books:
Critique of the Gotha Programme- To each according to his need
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte: Contradictory role
of the bourgeoisie
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts: Alienation
The Communist Manifesto: History of class struggles
capability approach to development- Amartya Sen and Martha
Nausbaum
The purpose of the 'veil of ignorance' in A Theory of Justice is to Prevent
contractors from adopting principles of justice that unfairly advantage
themselves ( to remove bias)
 In John Rawls's Theory of Justice, what is the significance of the Original
Position? It is a thought experiment meant to ensure procedural fairness
In which book Marx said this famous line: “ world‐historical facts and
personages occur, as it were, twice- the first time as tragedy, the second as
farce'.- The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
Marx borrowed Labor theory of value from the liberal economists(
Richardo)?
Locke’s ‘Essay Concerning Human Understanding’ was a harbinger of
Enlightenment
Education is a process of ‘natural growth’- Rousseau
Property rights are governed by various ‘provisos’- Locke
In Rawls’ book, The Law of Peoples (1999), ‘well ordered peoples’ include
Reasonable liberal peoples and decent non‐liberal peoples

Veil of ignorance; original position- John Rawls

Nightwatchman State- Nozick
Piecemeal social engineering- Karl Popper
Welfare state as enslavement; taxation as forced labour- Robert Nozick
Procedural theory of Democracy – Robert Dahl
Idea and not the material condition of production are the effective cause
of revolution- Lenin
Moral Indifference; double standard of morality- machiavelli
Father of Positivism- August Comte
Father of modern political thought- Machiavelli
Hobbes: first modern political thinker who deliberately ignores Aristotle
Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers emphasises primarily on
Liberty
Rawlsian concept of justice is based on Difference principle
Rawls’ well-ordered society- Stable, Efficient, Just but may not be equal
John Rawls’ theory of Justice combines People’s democracy, market
economy, and the redistributive welfare scheme.
Locke’s view on ‘state of nature’ is Social and pre-Political ( note- it is Not
pre-social but pre-political)
Machiavelli advised the Prince to pursue- Moderate behaviour
Fortuna as Woman- Machiavelli
Machiavelli blame The Churh for the moral degradation of Italy.
Beitz and Thomas Pogge- Global Justice
One country socialism - Stalin
Marx’s theory of the state and revolution is taken from French
revolutionary tradition
Susan Moller Okin: Feminist conception of Justice
Gramsci compared civil society as fortress and earthworks (trenches)
standing behind the state
Machiavelli is regarded as the first modern political thinker because 1.
Separated religion from politics 2. Concept of nationalism and nation-state
Hobbes state of nature: pre social and pre political
Society as cooperative venture for mutual advanatage- John Rawls
Hayek dismissed John Rawl’s concept of social justice as a ‘mirage’
Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding was a refutation of
Leviathan of Hobbes
Locke’s Two Treatises on Civil Government is a critique of Filmer’s
Patriarcha
Machiavelli preferred Republican form of Govt over Monarchy
Marx’s Alienation:
 • Alienation from product of labour
• Alienation from the act of production, labour process
• Alienation from species-being (Gattungswesen)
• Alienation of man from man

Rawls- critic of utilitarianism

Rousseau differentiated between natural and conventional inequality
Plato’s Education timelines:

• 20 Years- all 3 classes

• 35 years- Guardian Class
• 50 years- Philosopher Kings

Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, and Alasdair MacIntyre:

Communitarian liberal thinker
Rousseau- naturalism ( education as process of developing man as
natural man and women as natural woman)
Marx’s theory of surplus value:

• Extension of Richardo’s( Richardo was liberal) theory

• Labour power equals the brain, muscle and nerve of the labourer.
• The worker must be paid a price proportional to the number of Labour
hours that entered into its production. Select the correct answer

FACT SHEET PYQA IPT: THEMES/TOPICS ON INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT (IPT) IN PAST
YEAR PG ET PAPERS

PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

Kautilya’s Mandala theory- name of different circles of kings

Kautilya’s ‘Saptang’ theory- names of 7 elements
Arthasashtra- Gopa- Revenue collector; Karnika: Accounts Officer
Theory of Shadguna- 6 Guna: six fold policy or six measures on
diplomacy :Sandhi , Bigraha, Yāna, Āsana, Dvaidhībhāva and Samśraya(
seeking protection)
4 Purusartha( life goals)- Artha, Dharma, Kama, Moksha
Digha Nikaya is a collection of discourses of Gautama Buddh
HCU M.N.Roy Book: Reason, Romanticism and Revolution(1952)
Satyagraha in South Africa- M.K.Gandhi
Savrakar’s test of nationality- Pitrabhu, Matribhi, Punyabhu
Gandhiji’s Talisman- Swaraj for hungry, downtrodden, for the person last
in the line
Educate, Agitate, Organise- Ambedkar

DUET
Ambedkar- Magzine, party, society

Journals by Ambedkar:

Bahishkrit Bharat in Marathi ;

 Mook Nayak,
Janata and Samata magazines

Societies by Ambedkar:
• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha 1924
• Samata Sainik Dal -1924
• Samaj Samata Sangh-1927
• Depressed Classes Education Society-1928
Political Parties by Ambedkar:
• 1936: Independent Labour Party
• 1942: Scheduled caste federation
• 1956: The Republican Party

Gandhi- Hind Swaraj (1909), Constructive action- Use of Charkha,

abolition of Untouchability, Hindu‐Muslim unity
Ramakrishna Mission-Vivekanand
Journals by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Brahminical Magazine, Bengali weekly ‘Samvad Kaumudi’, Persian
weekly ‘Mairat Al Akbar’, English weekly ‘Bengal Gazette’
Gokhale- political guru of Gandhi; Founded Servants of India Society
Arthashastra- discovery- Rudrapatna Shamashastry at Mysore Oriental
Library in 1905
Raja Rammohan Roy believed in one Universal Supreme Being, but he,
most probably, did not believe in soul, and life after death
‘advent of technology and industrialisation is the basic cause of human
misery in modern society’ Gandhjiji
Raja Ram Mohan Roy inaugurated the liberal-reformist modernisation of
India
Manusmriti- Manav- also called Dharmasastra
M.K..Gandhi wrote editorials for the first time in which one of the following
journals ? Indian Opinion
Books by Savarkar ( Hindu pad- padshahi), Pandia Ramabai, Lohia, and
Ram Mohan Roy
“caste system is not merely division of labour, it is also division of
labourers.”- Ambedkar
7 elements (Prakriti) of a state by Kautilya- ‘Saptang’: Swami, the
Amatyas, the Janapada, the Durgas, the Kosha, the Danda, the Mitra
Tagore- critic of Gandhiji’s program of Khadi, Charkha, and Non-
cooperation
According to the “Hind Swaraj” the major obstacle to Indian Self-
government is:- Sectarian Nationalism (His Hind Swaraj was in response to
militant nationalism of Tilak and Savarkar)
According to Kautilya ”Danda" is the symbol of:- Discipline, law & order,
just peace , Statecraft
Rajukas were appointed by Ashok to perform Judicial function
Modern Indian Political thought is ‘modern’ because:- Modern political
ideals of equality and liberty influenced these thinkers
Kautilya- pragmatist and realist

CPET
ODISHA Whose foreign policy offers the theory that "an immediate neighbouring
state is an enemy and a neighbour's neighbour, separated from oneself by
the intervening enemy, is a friend? Kautilya
Hindutva is the important work of: Savarkar
 In the Gandhian technique of Satyagrah, the term_ implies voluntary exile
from ones permanent place of habitation? Hijrat
Who started the American Civil Rights Movement inspired by the
Gandhian idea of Ahimsa and Satyagraha? Martin Luther King Jr
Who gave this famous message "The earth has enough resources for our
need, but not for our greed" to save this earth from the environmental
disaster? Gandhiji
Hollywood director_ made a film titled 'Gandhi' in 1982? Richard
Attenborough
Gandhiji's "The Story of My Experiments with Truth" was originally written
in Gujarati. Who translated it into English? Mahadev Desai
Gandhi: modern state a violent soulless machine
Gandhian theory of property- trusteeship model of property
Tolstoy Farm: community set up by Gandhiji in 1910 near Johanesburg,
Sauth Africa
The concepts of “Partyless Democracy” and “Total Revolution” were
associated with? Jayaprakash Narain

Who among the following conceptualised India as a Hindu Rashtra

Puducherry through his political philosophy of Hindutva? Savarkar
University “Be proud that you are an Indian, proudly claim I am an Indian, every
Indian is my brother.” Vivekananda

Mixed
Arthasashtra- Nitishastra
Kautilya’s mandal- total 72 Prakriti or elements
Kautilya’s Saptang: Amatya- Eye; Suhrid ( mitr/allies)- eyes; Kosha-
Mouth; Durg- arms
Ambedkar suggest as a real remedy to the caste system in his famous
essay Annihilation of Caste: Destroying the belief in the sanctity of the
Shastras
Cultural concept of nationalism- Savarkar
Facts about Raja Rammohan Roy in the memorial submitted to King
George on the subject of freedom of press
Free press improves the bond between the governed and the governor
Free press helps in better and efficient administration
Free press allows for non‐violent religious confrontations through
deliberative mechanism
‘Modernity’ eroded ‘National identity’ and led to ‘Cultural homogeneity’-
Gandhiji
Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by Mazzini’s Italy
Note:
1.Both moderates like Gandhiji and militants like Savarkar were
influenced by Mazzini and his role in making Italy a unified nation-
state
2. Gandhiji was influenced by:
John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau ( civil disobedience),
Tolstoy- an pacific anarchist ; Plato & Aristotle; Dada Bhai Naoroji (drain of
wealth) , Gopal Krishna Gokhle- his political Guru
Gandhiji rejected determinsm, believed in relative truth and one step at a
time
Gandhi described himself as a Philosophical Anarchist
Voluntary Poverty- Gandhiji
 Ambedkar was opposed to Panchayati Raj System
Savrakar gave first the idea of Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation) ; he first
called 1857 revolt the Indian War of Independence
Gandhi’s Satyagraha- positive force of soual; different from passive
resistance- negative and weapon of weak
Gandhi’s Ashrams: chronology
Phoenix Settlement, established in 1904 in KwaZulu Natal; and
Tolstoy Farm, established in 1910 outside of Johannesburg
Sevagram Ashram (est. 1936 in. Wardha).
Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India by Gandhiji;
Founded in 1915 near Ahmedabad
Gandhi: Deontology- Means should also be good; choices and rules
should be right
Gandhiji went to South Africa to fight case of Gujrati businessman
Quotes:
'Democracy is not merely a form of government. It is primarily a mode of
associated living, of conjoint communicated experience. It is essentially an
attitude of respect and reverence towards fellowmen.'- Ambedkar
'The Prime Minister is more concerned about his power than about the
welfare of Parliament. His energy is concentrated upon securing the success
of his party. His care is not always that Parliament shall do right. Prime
Ministers are known to have made Parliament do things merely for party
advantage. All this is worth thinking over.'- Gandhiji
Swaraj will not be a free gift of the British Parliament, it will be a
declaration of India’s full expression.”- Gandhiji
Hinduize all politics and militarize Hinduism- Savarkar
Lambs are shorn of the wool; they are feeling the cold- Ambedkar
 FACT SHEET PYQA CP: THEMES/TOPICS OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS ASKED IN PG ET
PAST YEAR PAPERS
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

Elite theory and thinkers- Pareto, Mosca, Michels, Gasset

Separation of power- Montesque ( aim was securing liberty)
Pluralism: state is association of association; state is one among many
associations ( RM Maclever)
SM Lipset: more well to do a nation, more the chance that it will sustain
democracy
Judicial Review- feature of USA Polity
Semi-Presidential( called mixed and co-habitation system)- France, Sri-
Lanka
Definition of political culture- by Almond and Lucian Pye
Belgium and India- holding together federalism
USA, Australia, Switzerland- coming together federalism
Constitution is what Parliament enats- UK ( parliamentary sovereignty)
Immaneual wallerstein- World System Theory- Core, Periphery, Semi-
HCU: Periphery
Units name in federal countries: Cantons- Switzerland, Landers-
Germany, Counties- UK, Oblasts- Russia
Features of direct democracy- referendum, recall, initiation- Switzerland
Japan- disarmament as Constitutional Policy- Pacifism as a constitutional
principle; Three Non-Nuclear Principles- Japan
USA Polity: Senate and Congress play vital role in framing foreign Policy;
Senate- most powerful upper house in the world
Otto Kirchheimer gave the concept of Catch all party- party which attract
voters from all ideologies, values, segment, strata of society
Constructive vote of no-confidence- Germany
Electoral system- Germany- Mixed member PR, France- second ballot,
USA and India- FPTP, Australia- Prefential Voting; Switzerland and Sweden -
Party list

DUET
cultural capital-Pierre Bourdie ; social capital- Bourdie and Robert
Putnam, James Coleman
Principles of Political Economy- Ricardo; Marx developed his theory of
surplus labour value from Richardo’s book
‘Print Capitalism’- Benedict Aderson
‘Mass Society’-Erich Fromm( Frankfurt Scool of critical thinkers)
Political Cultures- Almond & Verba( Civil Culture-1963)
Modernization theory & thinkers- Lucian Pye, Rostow, Organski, James
Coleman, Almond, Edward Shills, Huntington, etc.
Block Vote System- FPTP
Deliberative democracy- Joshua Cohen, Amy Gutmann, James Fishkin,
Dennis F. Thompson
Iron law of oligarchy-Robert Michael- Elite theory
Duverger-Riker model – Corelation between electoral and party system-
FPTP- 2 party system; PR- Multi-Party system
Structural-Functionalism – Almond, based on the system approach of
Easton;
Democracy as a political Method to chose ruler through periodic election-
Peter Schumpeter (Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy)
Civic Virtue-Machiavelli in ‘Discourses on Livy’
Negative and Positive Peace-Johan Galtung
 Third Wave of Democratization-Huntington

characteristic of the state- territory, population, sovereignty, Govt

Which approach is concerned with the study of the formal political

structures like legislature, executive, and judiciary? Institutional approach
Whose political communication approach lays emphasis on that one part
of the system affects another by sending messages or iransmitting
information? Karl Deutsch ( note: he gave communication theory in politics,
wrote ‘ Nerves of Govt.’)
Who is an advocate of the structural-functional approach? Gabriel Almond
The concept of political……………….is that it is set of attitudes beliefs
and orientations of the people towards the political system? Political Culture
In which year women were granted the right to vote by the US
Constitution? 1920
Which approach takes into account the norms and informal practices that
shape the functioning and evolutions of institutions in various ways? New
Institutionalism
The voting method is one in which voters indicate on a ballot the
candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes
wins known as: First-past-the-post
CPET A. V. Dicey has propounded the concept —————. Rule of Law
Odisha Which of the following is considered as the most powerful Upper House in
the world ? US Senate
In which of the following countries, Spoils System was prevalent until it
was replaced by Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ? USA
Which of the following countries has a plural executive ? Switzerland
Who has authored the book ‘The Theory and Practice of Modern
Government’ Herman Finer
1st country: Ombudsman- Sweden; Women voting rights- New Zee Land
The power of judicial review originated in the US in the leading case of?
Marbury V. Madison 1803
‘A Parliament is nothing less than a big meeting of more or less idle
people’- Walter Bagehot
In which form of Government the Head of State is identical with the Head
of Government ? Presidential form
Political Culture: Almond & Verva- ‘Civic Culture’
Orientation: cognitive, affective, evaluative
Types: Parochial, Subject, Participative

Puducherry
University In which one of the following systems of Government is Bicameralism an
essential feature? Federalism
According to Max Weber, which one of the following types of authority is
the basis of modern bureaucracy? Rational-legal
According to Burke a representative's function is:- to exercise his
independent judgment in the interest of his own nation whether it agrees with
the vies of his constituents or not( Trusteeship model)
Which among the following first developed the concept of general System
Theory? Ludwig Von Bertalanfy ( In Biology)
Switzerland & USA have dual citizenship
In which of the following countries residuary power rests with the central
government? India and Canada
 Who defined democracy as a government in which everyone has a
share? John Seeley
'Polyarchy' means: People act both through the electoral system and the
group process

Mixed
Modern Democracy as Polyarchy- Robert Dahl
System approach- Easton identified 4 types of Input functions as demand:
Participation in political system, Allocation of goods and services,
Communication and information, Regulation of behaviour
Structural functionalism as a method was developed to study the politics
of Politics of developing countries
Communications theory of Karl Deutsch- engineering orientation to
human behaviour- goal change, learning, feedaback, receptors
Ludwig Von Bertallanfy- general systems theory ; This model
subsequently adopted by various disciplines of social science in following
sequence: Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology and Political Science
Almond borrowed most of the terminology of his structural-functional
approach from Talcott Parsons
James Bryce: Institutional Approach
Almond and Verba suggested a ‘sleeping dogs’ theory of democratic
culture that implies that low participation indicates broad satisfaction with
government
Herman Finer and Carl Fredrich: institutional approach
Elite Theory- critique of democracy, pluralism, and socialism
Robert Michels: ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’
C. Wright Mill’s ‘The Power Elite’ is a study of the contemporary politics of
USA
Mosca: political formula (a set of doctrines propagated by the ruling elites)
UK, New Zealand, Israel have unwritten constitution
Federal Councilors of Switzerland- Plural executive-unique institution

USA- Due process of law

USA and Switzerland: Dual Citizenship

India and UK: Single Citizenship
Swiss federal tribunal can declare a state law unconstitutional but Not the
federal law
Residual power is vested with federal governments in Canada. India,
Belgium, it rests with the state governments in the U.S.A., Australia,
Switzerland.
Robert Walpole: 1st PM of England and World
France and Sri-Lanka- semi presidential system

Once a speaker always a speaker- UK

Almond- homogeneous culture in developed nations

Meaning of clash of civilisation (Huntington)
Kumbh Mela: intangible cultural heritage of Humanity
S.E.Finer: Low, Mature, and Developed Political Culture
Authoritarianism vs Totalitarianism: Totalitarianism is ideological and
cultural project to bring new civilization by the state led by a political party;
state intervene in all aspects of citizen- private and public- both features not
in Authoritarianism
Nation and Nationalism: Ernest Gellner
 Bendict Anderson- nation as an ‘Imagined Community’
Fusion of power between legislature and executive – parliamentary form
of Govt
No judicial review powers to courts- UK and France
Features of Constitutional govt- rule of law, limited
Second chamber ( Bicamerlism) an indispensable part of legislature in
Federal form of govt
 FACT SHEET PYQA PUB AD: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED IN PREVIOUS PG ETs ON PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

Features of Weber’s ideal type of Bureacracy

Features of presidential system: separate direct election to executive and
legislature; strict separation of power, executives not accountable to
legislature
Fed Riggs: Ecological Approach
Cybernetics is a science of? Communication and control
Informal groups- Human Relation Theory
Information communication channel- Grapevine
Functions of executive- Chester Barnard
Zone of Indifference- Chester Barnard
Zone of Acceptance- Simon
Circular Response- MP Follet
Simon gave decision making theory by using the method of logical
positivism
Classical theory- mechanistic theory- taylor, weber, fayol, Gullick & Urwick
HCU:
Rigg’s Prisamtic Society- structural functional approach to study public
administrauion in developing countries
Herzberg: two factor theory or Hygiene- motivation theory
Meaning of 1. Unity of command (one boss), span of contro( direct
subordinates under one boss), scaler chain (hierarchy)
Good Governance Day- 25 December
Spoil System( rewarding supporters after victory)- Patronage Beurocracy-
in USA before 1883 ( was abolished bt the Pendleton Civil Service Reform
Act)
5 phases of evolution of Pub Admin as academic Discipline
Books of Woodrow Wilson( study of public admin), Goodnow( politics and
administration), LD White ( 1st text book), Willoghby ( 2nd text book)
Beurocratic Rationality- Weber
Red Tape- delay due to rigid and onscure rules
Fulton Committee- UK- specialist vs Generalists in civil services

DUET:
Fundamentals of NPM ( 3 A- Agility, Adaptibilty,Accountabilty) - Nicholas
Henry
Gender Budgeting – meaning ( gender sensitive budgeting)
Politics‐ administration dichotomy- both Woodrow Wilson and Frank Good
now
Administrative Behaviour-Simon
New public service model - Janet and Robert Denhardt
Good governance- 1992 world bank report
Scientific management- Taylor, ideal bureaucracy- Weber, bounded
rationality- Simon, HR model-Mayo
Reinventing government-Osborne and Gaebler- helped bring NPM
Development Administration: Edward Weidner
Four (4) 'P's- People, place, purpose,process - Luther Gullick
1st Ombudsman- 1809: Sweden
“Mental Revolution"- total attitudinal change both on part of management
and workers-scientific management Taylor
Public policy definition – “Public policy is whatever governments choose to
do or not to do” Thomas Dye
 Minnowbrook Conference- 1st(1968)- NPA; 2nd (1988)- NPM
“Administrative man”, “ Satisficing”, “Bounded rationality” -Herbert Simon
RTI- 2005 as ‘Social Audit’
models of public policy- System model, Elite Model, rational choice( public
choice), Incrementalism, Institutional, game theory model etc.

Max Weber has referred to the how many ‘ideal types’ of authority?

Traditional, Charismatic, and Legal-Rational Authority

Good Governance and participating civil society for governance were

stressed in the World bank Report of? 1992 world bank report-World
Development Report 1992
core feature of NPA? relevance, values, social equity, change and client
focus
Mechanistic theory of organisation is also referred to as? Classical Theory
as they looked man as machine
The 'New Public Administration' movement was mainly against?
JNUEE Administrative centralization and value neutrality of administration
Simon's decision making theory:

(A)Decision is as important as doing

(B)Decisions are, in final analysis, composite
C)Administrative man Satifices
(D)There is always a means-end relationship

The most logical criterion to distinguish a line function from staff is? The
functional relationships
Who pioneered the empirical approach in looking for the principles of
Public Administration ? F.W. Taylor

CPET
Odisha Scientific management-Taylor; Bureaucratic Theory-Weber; Decision
making Theory- Simon, POSDCORB-Gulick; Human Relation-Mayo;
Ecological- Riggs
Easton-system theory; Almond & Powell- Structural Functional Approach
NPA- Waldo & Frank Marini
Towards a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective”, by
Frank Marini, in 1971; “Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence” by
Dwight Waldo
NPM- Osborne & Gabler- Reinventing Government
Good Governance: World Bank 1992 report entitled “Governance and
Development” based on study of Sub-Saharan Countries
Who is generally regarded as the father of scientific management theory in
Public Administration? Frederick Winslow Taylor
Who wrote the book "Towards A New Public Administration: The
Minnowbrook Perspective? Frank Marini
Who defined policy as the 'output of the political system, a and public
policy' as the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society'? David
Easton
Who famously said "Publie poiiey 1s whatever a government chooses to
do or even not to do" Thomas Dye
Which public policy renders goods and services and also distribute their
costs among these members? Redistribute policy
 The process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are
implemented or not implemented" is known as.? Governance
Who defined governance: "is the manner in which power is exercised in
the management of a country's economic and social resources for
government" World Bank in its 1992 ‘World Development Report’
Note: this report gave the concept of Good Governance
………………refers to application of Information and Communication
Technology for 52 delivering government services, exchange of information,
communication transactions, integration of various systems. E-Governance
Who of the following is considered as the Father of Public Administration ?
Woodrow Wilson
Luthar Gullick’s POSDCORB : Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing,
Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting
Four ‘P’s in the theory of Departmentalization as propounded by Luther
Gulick: Purpose, Process, Person and Place
Elton Mayo, the early twentieth century philosopher in Public
Administration belongs to the group of —————. Neo-classical thinkers
Civil Service Day in India is celebrated on —————. 21 April
Note ( Dood Governance Day is celebrated on 25 December)
behavioural thinker in Public Administration ? Simon, Mayo, Chris Argyris
Who is the present Secretary General of United Nations ? António
Guterres
step/s is/are included in making a decision according to Herbert Simon?
Intelligence, Design, Choice
10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) is provided by
—————. 103rd Amendments
‘Gang-plank’ ( given by Fayol) refers to —————. Level Jumping
Note: it is temporarily breaking the hierarchy to establish direct
communication with counterpart in other division
The process by which a manager assigns some of his/her total workload
to others is called —————. Delegation
‘Span of Control’ means —————.Number of subordinates under a
superior’s direct control
Who among the following defined public administration as “detailed and
systematic execution of law” ? Woodrow Wilson
Which one of the following was the first committee to demand
Constitutional recognition for Panchayats ? Ashok Mehta Committee
The term ‘Sala’ used by F. W. Riggs in his Ecological Approach is
borrowed from which language ? Spanish
Chronology of Important committee/commissions- Santhanam, Appleby,
Balwant Rai Mehta, G.V.K. Rao Committee, etc
Which Schedule of the Constitution of India details the power and
functions of Panchayats ? 11th schedule
Citizens’ Charter originated in —————.UK (991)
Note: Citizens’ Charter in India-1997
Ecological approach to Public Administration ? John M. Gaus, Robert A.
Dahl, F. W. Riggs
Election Commission of India is not concerned with the election of
—————. Members of PRI and Municipal Councils
Which of the following theories of Public Policy is linked with Charles
Lindblom ? Incremental Theory
themes of New Public Administration ? relevance, values, social equity,
change and client focus
Neo-classical Theory of Organisation focuses on —————.
Decentralisation, Non-formal Organisation, Human-relation
 Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, considered as the first
textbook on Public Administration was written by —————. Woodrow
Wilson
characteristic of ‘Good Governance’ ? Participation, Rule of Law,
Transparency, Responsiveness, Consensus oriented, Social Equity and
Inclusiveness, Accountability ,Efficiency and effectiveness
The ————— leadership style is an expression of the leader’s trust in
the abilities of his subordinates? Delegative
Who among the following propounded the Theory of Motivation( hierarchy
of need) in Organizational Behaviour ? Abraham Maslow
feature of Civil Services in India: Merit, Nuerality, non-political, Anonymity(
Impersonal)
The concept of Unity of Command iscomplimentary to the principle of
Scalar chain
Classical thinkers
Gullick, Urwick, Taylor, Weber, Fayol, LD White, Willoughby
Neo-classical- Follet (link), Mayo, Simon
Ecological- Fred Riggs- prismatic- structural functionalism
NPA: 1st Minnowbrook; themes: Relevance, values, equity and change
NPM: 2nd Minnowbrook; themes: market, privatization, performance
Hood coined NPM; Re-inventing Government-Osborne
Good Governance: 1992 World Bank report, SMART
‘Zone of indifference’- Barnard

Who is usually regarded as the originator of the doctrine of Politics-

Puducherry Administration Dichotomy? Woodrow Wilson ( He is considered as the father
University of Public Administration)
FACT SHEET PYQA IR: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED FROM INTERNATIONAL RELATION IN PAST
YEARS PAPERS OF PG ET- IN 2 TABLES
 TABLE 1: IR PYQA
PG
Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
ET

Founders of NAM
Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru
of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia.
Durand Line- Pakistan and Afghanistan
Farrakka dispute- India and Bangladesh
Treaty of Westphalia( 1648)- system of modern nation-state
Deng Xiaoping- 4 Modernisation
Bandung conference- 1955- called first Afro-Asian Conference- precursor to the
NAM
Key concepts Realism- state, power, security, balance of power, survival, self-
help
5 principles: Panchsheel ( it was signed between India-China in 1954; also with
China-Myanmar)
HCU Mandate system- League of nation
8-8-88 uprisings- Mynamar
OAS: Organization of American States, set up 1948, 34 members
Stalin- socialism in one country; leninism
the concert of Europe: After the end of Napoleonic Wars, the general consensus
and balance of power among 5 great powers of Europe- Austria, France, Prussia,
Russia, and the United Kingdom- also called the Vianna Congress
Geneva Convention (1st-1864)- deals with humanitarian treatment in war
Maastricht Treaty- 1992- foundational treaty of EU
India is Not member of APEC, RCEP, ASEAN, BRI
Doklam issue- India, Bhutan, China
UNSC resolution 1325- on women, peace and security
Embassy or diplomatic enclave- considered as constituent unit/part of the
concerned nation

DUET
Perpetual Peace’- Immneal Kant; willson’s 14 point principle and democratic
peace theory are based on this;

‘Soft Power’- Joseph Nye

Collective Security- UN, NATO- ‘all for one, one for all’

Samuel Huntington: Clash of civilizations

WTO- foundation year- 1 Jan, 1995
Morgenthau, Waltz, Machiavelli , Thucydides- realist Thinkers
UNSC Resolution on terrorism-1269 ; Uniting for Peace- UNGA- 377A
perpetual peace: Immanuel Kant
first UN Conference on Env – 1972 Stockholm Sweden- this is the 50th year
Just War Theory- Grotius
Kofi Anan quote-‘ State should be viewed as the servant of its people and not
vice versa’
SAARC Charter Day- 8 Dec, 1985
UNDHR – nos. of article- 30; adopted on 10 Dec, 1948
Marxist view on IR
 transformationalist view of globalization- 3rd way- state’s power both decreased
and increased in globalisation
Books- Classical Realism
Morton Kaplan’s model of systems analysis in IR
UN Protocol/Treaty arms control, Environment traeties
Watlz( defensive neo-realism), Mearsheimer( offensive neo-realism) ,Fareed
Zakaria( neo-classical realism), Morgenthau( classical realism)
James Scott-‘ Seeing Like a State’ ; Robert Jervis- ‘Perception and
Misperception in IR’ ;, Karl Polanyi- ‘The Great Transformation’ , Ernest Gellner-
‘Nations and Nationalism’ , Bendict Anderson – ‘Imagined Community’
classical vs structural( Neo) realism: 3 S of Realism- state, survival, self-help
Vienna Convention-1985- ozone hole; Montreal Protocol- 1987- protection of
ozone hole from CFC
Feminist IR: Ann Tickner( reformulated 6 principles of Mogenthau), Cynthia
Enloe( where are the women in IR?) , Sandra Whitworth(Critical Theory), Chandra
Mohanty ( post-colonial)
Doyle( democratic Peace theory) , Stephen Walt ( realist),John Ikenberry(
liberal), Robert Keohane( neo-liberalism in IR)
Washington Consensus- 1990s- structural adjustment program under the
guidance of IMF
treaty of Westphalia- 1648- foundation of modern state system in IR

5 Global Commons, Silent Spring- Rachel Carson , , Tragedy of Commons- Garrett

Hardin

Complex Interdependence- Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye- Foundational

theory of neo-liberalism
Alternate perspectives on Globalisation
Level of analysis – State system, state(unit level), actor( individual)
First World War- 1914-1918, 1st great war, trench war
"Just War" theory :Samuel Pufendorf
Collective Security System of the UN: All for one, one for all- given by
Morgenthaou
UN Charter- chapters- themes
Westphalian template, Post-Westphalian order
14th SAARC Summit, SAFTA- why it failed? Narrow export base of countries. 2.
Political hurdles
Indus Water Treaty
1960- World Bank played role of mediator
India Got Ravi, Beas, Satluj
Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water
Marshall Plan-1948- official name: European Recovery Program
territorial dispute-Indo-Nepal- Kalapani, Susta
Katchatheevu Island- Indo- Sri-Lanka
Wassenar arrangement – export control of conventional and dual use weopons;
India is member
CEPA – free trade agreement; India with South Korea, Japan, UAE
about NPT and CTBT:- India has not signed NPT and CTBT
2+2 dialogue – India with USA- Foreign and Defense minister of both counties
Clash of Civilization – Huntignton
End of History- Francis Fukuyama
IORA- facts- India founding member

JNU
 Who enunciated International society theory as a combination of three schools
of thought – Realism, Rationalism and Revolutionism? Martin Wight ( of the English
School)
What is the correct sequence of Morton Kaplan’s models of systems analysis?
Balance of Power, Loose Bipolarity, tight Bipolarity, Universal International System
Note: Mortan Kaplan is pioneer in System Approach in IR
Morgenthau’s 6 realist principles
Founders of NAM: Josip Broz Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwane
Nkrumah, and Nehruji
Who said, “Power in International Politics is like the weather. Everyone talks
about it, but few understand it” ? Joseph Nye
Note: He gave concept of Soft and Smart power ; With Keohane gave complex
Interdependence Theory of Neo-liberalism in IR
William Cohen- RMA- Revolution in military affairs
Martin Shaw: Degenerate war
Raymond Aron- Hyperbolic War
Mary Kaldor- New war- intra-state, cultural/ethnic wars in the post-Cold War era
5 principles of Panchsheel: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial
integrity, mutual non-aggression, non interference in each other's internal affairs,
equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
Chian- India signed Panchsheel- 1954
China also signed Panchsheel with Myanmar, which also played a role in
framing Panchsheel
UNSC decisions are taken by the majority of nine out of the 15 members, as
well as each of the five permanent members.
Relative Autonomy: State in capitalist society have only limited autonomy or
independence as it need to protect and further the interest of capitalist class
Marx studied and wrote extensively on Political system of 19th Century France
Chronology of UN Women Conferences- Mexico city- 1975, Copenhagen-1980,
Nairobi-1985, Beijing-1995
The policy of containment formulated by the U.S. aimed at? Checking globally
the influence of the Soviet Union and spread of Communism/socialism
Indira Doctrine: India’s security is coterminous with the region and any
interference of external powers is taken as a threat to India’s security.
Core theme of realism- Power, security, Interest, state, survival, self-help
Who used Balance of Power in 4 different ways? Morgenthau
BIMSTEC Members: India, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal (SAARC
nations) plus Myanmar and Thailand (non-SAARC nations)
Transformationalists believe that State power and sovereignty, in the globalised
era, has increased in some respects and decreased in other.
English school was influenced by Hugo Grotius, a liberal thinker
Neo-realism- An attempt to restate the basic idea of realism in a more 'scientific'
form
Constructivists argue that : The 'truth' is always socially constructed ; National
Identity is also a social construction
Human Emancipation is core theme of the Critical Theory of IR
What does the controversial ‘nine-dash line’ demarcate ? China’s claim in South
China Sea.
5 Global Commons-High Sea, Deep Ocean, Global Atmosphere, Outer Space,
Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty(1959)- the oldest treaty to check nuclear weapons’ test
Who defined war as “Organised Violence carried on by political units against
each other” ? Hedley Bull( English School)
‘Diego - Garcia’ island is located in? Indian Ocean ( it is US military base)
iron curtain- coined by Winston Churchill; It was division of Europe into Western
Capitalist and eastern communist bloc
 the dominant members of the International Solar Alliance are called? Sunshine
countries
Af-Pak strategy was adopted by which US president? Barack Obama ( he also
adopted ‘pivot to Asia’ strategy)
Who is the author of the book ‘Gender Trouble’ ? Judith Butler
The term ‘Complex Interdependence’ in International theory advocates which of
the following ? Transnational actors along with economic and institutional
instruments.
Resolution 377 A of UN GA: "Uniting for Peace" resolution- in any cases where
the Security Council, because of a lack of unanimity among its five permanent
members (P5), fails to act as required to maintain international peace and security
 TABLE 2: IR PYQA
PG ET Questions asked/ Ans/Addl. info

Which theory in international relations is advocated by E.H.Carr,

George Kennan, Reinhold Niebuhr and H.J. Morgenthau? Classical
Realism
"Polities is governed by Objective Laws which have roots in
Human Nature" is principle Hans J. Morgenthau's realism theory?
1st Principle
Neorealist theory was propounded by in his book "Theory of
International Politics'? Kenneth N. Waltz
Which Commission in 1987 defined Sustainable development
as 'development, which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs? Brundtland Commission ( it released the book ‘ Our
Common Future’)
The measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and
standard of living for countries worldwide is known as? Hunman
Development Index
How many official languages does the United Nations have? 6
(Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.)
Which organ of the UNO functions from Peace palace in the
Hague, The Netherlands? International Court of Justice
Note: International Criminal Court ( ICC) also function from
Peace palace in the Hague
The United Nations ageney concerned with the improvemént of
CPET Odisha standards of education and strengthening international co-
operation in this field is: U.N. E. S. C. O.
Marshal Plan- 1948: Economic recovery of western Europe
Westphalia Treaty: 1648, nation-state template, post
westphalian
IR Theories:
Realism: Hobbes, Morgenthau, Kenneth waltz
Liberalism: Kant, Paine, Wilson, Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye,
Doyle
English School( International Society)- Hedley Bull, Martin
Wight
Constructivism: Nicholas Onuf, Alexander Wendt
Copenhagen School: Barry Buzan
Marxist- Louis Althusser, Justin Rosenberg, Alexandra Kollontai
Post-Modernist-Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida
Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen Habermas, Andrew
Linklater
Feminist: Tickner, Cynthia Enloe, Carol Cohn, Laura Sjoberg
IR GK: star war, Détente, Truman Doctrine, Brezhnev Doctrine,
Stalin( socialism in single country)
Globalists, globophiles vs globophobes
World Is Flat- Thomas Friedman; time/space compression-
David Harvey

Puducherry
University Ist university to start study of IR as academic discipline?
University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University) in 1919
Who is first Indian woman diplomat ? C. B. Muthamma ( 1st
woman to join Indian Foreign Service)
The doctrine of ‘limited sovereignty’ was propounded by
Brezhnev
The General Assembly of U.N.O. passed the Declaration of
Human Rights on 10 Dec, 1948
Balance of power is based on: Realism in IR
Who popularised the word 'Cold War'? Bernard Brouch
India adopted “Panchsheel” in the year of 1954
Which of the following Article of UN grants right of individual or
collective self-defense? 51, chapter 7
Which one of the following is not a principle of political Realism
of Morgenthau? abstract Moral Principles can be applied to Politics
The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference(COP 21)
held in Parisset a goal of limiting global warming to 2 degree
The notion of “smart power” connotes: A blend of soft and hard
power
Who among the following associated Globalization with the
phenomenon of time/space compression? David Harvey
concept of ‘international regime’? Regime is set of norms that
governs behaviour of state and non-state actors
The central argument of Hegemonic Stability theory of
international Relations is: A dominant military and economic power
is necessary to ensure stability and prosperity in a liberal world
economy
What was the old name of New Development Bank (NDB)?
BRICS Bank
The principles of peaceful cooperation or Panchsheel was the
brainchild of China, India and Myanmar
The concept of natural liberty is associated with Social contract
theory
Which one of the following established the concept of
Sovereignty in international law and is considered the birth of the
modern nation-state system? The Treaty of Westphalia
In the realistic theory of International politics Morgenthau's
autonomy of political sphere denotes:- Autonomy of the political
action in complete disregard to other standards of thought
The US approach to cold war was originally set out in the
Truman Doctrine ( Containment policy- to stop the spread of
Communism)
The history of disarmament is generally traced back to:- the first
Hague Conference
first US President visited India after India's freedom: Dwight
Eisenhower

Mixed
Realism- Power
Marxism- class struggle
Game Theory- Pay off
Constructivism: Identity
Neo-liberalism- economic interdependence; IGOs
Decision-making: Environment (national & international)
6 principles of classical realism- Hans J. Morgenthou
 major argument of Neo-realism of Kenneth Waltz is that
Structures are more important than actors, hence called structural
realism
System Theory in IR: Mortan kaplan

neo-realism: restate the basic ideas of realism in a more ‘scientific’ form

Bi-polarity- most stable structure for global peace- Kenneth

Waltz( father of neo-realism)
Interest defined in terms of power- Morgenthau ( father of
classical realism in modern era)
Non-reciprocity principle of India’s policy towards neighbouring
countries envisages providing one way concessions to
neighbouring countries to improve ties; this policy was given by
Indian PM I.K.Gujral
Non-alignment as India’s foreign policy meant independence
and judging each issue on its relevance to our national interest.
Indira Doctrine: India’s security is coterminous with the region
and any interference of external powers is taken as a threat to
India’s security.
Chronology of Indo-US Nuclear Treaty ; (ii) Indo-Soviet
riendship Treaty ; (iii) Tashkent Agreement ; (iv) Shimla Agreement
India’ border disputes with Nepal, Sri-lanka, Pakistan,
Bangladesh

Sri-Lanka(Katchatheevu Island)
Nepal- Kalapani and Susta
Bangladesh( New Moore Island, Dahagram-Angarpota, Farkka
Barrage)
Pakistan- Sir Creek, Siachin, Wular barrage

India is Not party to the Rome Statute- through which ICC was
set up at Hague, Nertherland
Landmark events in India’s foreign Policy- Shimla Agrrement (
1972), Panchsheel ( 1954), Indira Doctrine, Gujral Doctrine, Look
East, Look West, lahore declaration ( Bajpaiji), Genuine NAM (
Morarji Desai), Ind-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Indo-Sri lanka
Peace accord- 1987
Indus water treaty- 1960

o​World Bank played role of mediator

o​India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Sutlaj
o​Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water

‘An Agenda for Peace (1995)’- Boutros Boutros-Ghali ; It

included Preventive diplomacy, peace making, peace-keeping, and
peace-building- UN reform process
Collective Security System of the UN is based on the principle
of All for one, one for all ; The term was made famous by
Alexandre Dumas in the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers.;
Popularized in IR by Morgenthau ; NATO, Warsaw Pact, and other
security alliances are based on this principle
The decisions of the security council are binding, and must only
be passed by the majority of nine out of the 15 members, as well
as each of the five permanent members
Vianna Conference-1993- Human rights
 Cairo- 1994- Population
Beijing- 1995- 4th UN Women conference

‘War is Foreign Policy by other means’- Carl von Clausewitz

‘Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism’- Lenin
“In crucial situations, however the ultimate concern of states is
not for power but for security”- Kenneth Waltz ( defensive neo-
realist)
“the power of man over the minds and actions of other men”-
Hans Morgenthau
Arms race in itself is experience of terror- Hadley Bull
The United Nations is ‘sharing in the name of solidarity’- Dag
Hammarskjold
‘Realism is likely to remain the single most useful instrument in
our intellectual toolbox’- Stephen Walt
Famous Quotes “Power in International Politics is like the weather. Everyone
talks about it, but few understand it”- Joseph Nye
When Diplomacy ends war begins- Adolf Hitler
Justice, law and society are no place or circumscribed in
international politics: Thucydides
Mussolini: “War is to man what maternity is to a woman. From a
philosophical and doctrinal viewpoint, I do not believe in perpetual
peace.”
Adolf Hitler: “When diplomacy ends, War begins.
Zhou Enlai quote: ‘All diplomacy is a continuation of war by
other means.’
Morgenthau: ‘diplomacy as an instrument of securing national
interest’

Chronology of Earth Summits: Rio-de-Jeneiro, Kyoto , Bali

Summit, Copenhagen Summit
Kyoto Protocol of 1997 adopted the programme for legally
binding targets for reduction of Green House gases; India and
China were kept out this
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective
Capabilities (CBDR–RC) is a principle within the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that
acknowledges the different capabilities and differing responsibilities
Environment/Climate of individual countries in addressing climate change
chnage The Global Environment Facility is an environmental-focused
financial organization that provide grants for projects related to
biodiversity, climate change, clean energy, etc; it is an initiative of
the World bank group
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997. Owing
to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16
February 2005.
5 Global Commons

•​High Sea, Deep Ocean, Global Atmosphere, Outer Space, Antarctica

FACT SHEET PYQA CONST : THEMES/TOPICS ASKED ON INDIAN CONSTITUTION IN PAST
YEAR’S PG ETs- IN 2 TABLES
 TABLE 1: CONSTITUTION PYQA
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

Economic Justice mentioned in Indian Constitution in? Preamble and DPSP

Conditions when Parliament can make Acts on state subjects: 1. Rajya
Sabha passes resolution by 2/3rd majority – Article 249 2. Legislatures of 2 or
more states passes resolution to this effect- Article 252 3. for implementing any
treaty, agreement or convention with any other country- Article 253 4. State
emergency-article 356
About Money Bill:
Provisions regarding money bills are contained in articles 109 and 110
Lok Sabha Speaker is the final authority to certify a bill as money bill
Rajya Sabha can hold money bill passed by Lok Sabha only for 14 days
Lok Sabha may or may not agree to amendments made in the money bill by
Rajya Sabha
President has to give assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.
Powers of presidents
Constitutionalism- rule of law, no to arbitrary rule- limited Govt
Gerrymandering: manipulating boundies for constituencies
Right to Property( Art. 300A)- Constitutional Right- 44th amendment
Uniform Civil Code- Art. 44
who presides over the joint sitting of the Parliament? Speaker
5th Schedule- administration of schedule area/tribes in 10 states
6th Schedule: administration of schedule area/tribes in 4 NE staes- Assam,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura
Adjournment and prorogation do not have any imapct on pending bills
HCU
Dissolution of Lok Sabha- all pending bills lapse; but bills pending in Rajya
Sabha and not passed by Lok Sabha don’t lapse
Dyarchy in provinces- GOI Act 1919
Dyarchy in centre- GOI Act 1935
Residuary power( which is not part either of the 3 lists in the 7th Schedule)
lies with the Parlimaent
Bi-cameral legislature 6 states- Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Tenengana
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh- legislative councils
Art. 267: Coningency Fund of India
Many bills require prior approval of President before placing them on the
floor of the house- state reorganisation, Money Bill, etc
Dr. Sacchidanand Sinha: Interim/temporary president of the Constituent
Assembly
ECI- 3 member- CEC and 2 ECs- since 1993
Model code of conduct (MCC) framed by ECI in 1968- not a law
Fundamental Duties are obligatory, non-justiciable, applicable to both
citizen and state
Items in the union, state, and concurrent lists
Recent amendments: 101- GST; 102- Backward class commission; 103-
EWS reservation; 104- extension of reservation; 105- sub classification of OBC
Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise President, who is bound by
those advise; president only once may return the advise for consideration of
the CoM

DUET
 Difference between pardoning power of President (Art. 72)and Governor(
Art. 161)
Ambedkar- Art. 356- dead letter; would rarely be used
Schedules- what they contain
Article 32- heart & soul- Ambedkar
Ambedkar quotes on constitution
provisional president of the Constituent Assembly- Dr Sacchidanand Sinha
Insertion of 11th Fundamental Duties-86th Amendment- 2002
Basic Structure doctrine- Sajjan Singh case( 1964), Keshavananda Bharti(
1973), Minerva Mill( 1980) cases
Ordinance- facts- Art. 123- president; 213- Governor; maximum period
without parliament’s approval- 6 month 6 weeks
73 Constitution Amendment- PRI ; 74th - Municipalities
3 lists-7th Schedule
Three Judges Cases-collegium system
6th Schedule states- spl. Provisions- Autonomous Dist. Councils
Electoral College to elect the President and Vice presidents of India
Sardar Patel quotes
Article 370- spl. Provisions for J&K
Indian Constitution borrowed from, such as DPSP from Ireland, FR- USA,
Emergency- Germany, Duties- Russia
Article 371-sol. Provisions for many states
constitution as a ‘seamless web’? Granvile Austin
India as quasi-confederacy? KC Wheare
Ninth Schedule- land reforms Acts, inserted by 1st Amendments

JNU
Quorum for the meeting of the Lok Sabha-1/10 of the total number
first amendment in the Constitution -June 1951 ( reseaonable restrictions on
freedom speech and 9th schedule)
parliamentary privileges- Art 105
only officer allowed to participate in the proceedings of Indian Parliament-
AG- the first law officer of India
Maximum duration of finacial emergency- unlimited
Right to Education- Art. 21 A-86th amendment, 2002
Facts about the Writs:
A. The two articles explicating writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the
High Courts for the enforcement of fundamental rights are Articles 32 and 226.
B. Writs are in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo
warranto and certiorari.
C. Article 226 is it broader in its scope as empowers high courts to issue
directions, or writs not simply for the protection of fundamental rights but also
for any other purpose.
Rule of law, Cabinet System, Parliamentary System, Single Citizenship,
Parliamentary privilages- borrowed from England
Fundamental Rights under art. 20 and 21 ( Right to life) cannot be
suspended during emergency under art. 352
Directive Principles of State Policy are like “pious aspirations”- Ivor
Jennings
3 Judges cases- Collegium system- appointment of Judges
Which impeachment/removal require 2/3rd majority of total membership of
both houses of parliament? President
Who was chairman of the advisory committee of the Constituent Assembly?
Sardar Patel
 Legal Sovereignty in India lies with the? Constitution ; Political Sovereignty
is vested in people represented by the Parliament
For election of Rajya Sabha which electoral method is used? PR STV –
same is used for election of President and Vice President
FRs under articles 14,20,21, 21A, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 are
available to citizens and foreigners both
meaning of Rule of law: eqaulity before law, both the state and citizen ruled
by same law, Constitutional govt, no arbitrary rule
Articles 51A (fundamental duties) and 300A (property rights) were Not part
of original Constitution
Name of our contry in Constitution: Article One(1) says…
“India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States”
Freedom of Religion in article 25-
(A) Freedom of conscience
(B) Right freely to profess religion
(C) Right freely to practice and propagate religion
President take Oath to Preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution( Art.
60)
About the ninth schedule of the Constitution:
A. It was inserted by the first amendment of the Constitution in the year
1951.
B. It is now Not only related with land reform Laws.
C. Judicial review is possible in this schedule.
D. It was not part of the original Constitution of India.
about the Constituent Assembly of India:
(A) It was setup under the Cabinet Mission Plan- 1946
(B) It existed till 24 January 1950.
C) its members elected indirectly ( not on the basis of adult suffrage).
(D) H.V.R. Iyengar was its Secretary.
Quorum for any house of State Legislature: Ten members or 1/10 of the
total number of members of the House, whichever is greater
Facts about Governor:
A. The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.
B. Oath or affirmation by the Governor is in article 159
C. Governor has legislative powers.
D. Discretionary powers of the Governor are mentioned in the Constitution.
The Supreme Court of India declared Ninety-ninth Constitution Amendment
Act( setting up National Judicial Appointments Commission( NJAC) )
‘Unconstitutional and Void’ using the ‘basic structure’ doctrine
‘Federalism’ is the basic structure of the Constitution. But India is a ‘quasi-
federal’ state
The DPSPs are incorporated in Part - III of the Constitution which is not
justiciable.
Article 21 A, 52 (President), 74( Council of minister), 32, 76(AG), 126
(acting Chief Justice), and 148( CAG)
The Government of India Act, 1935 placed residuary powers in the hands of
the Governor General.
 TABLE 2: CONSTITUTION PYQA
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

In which year the Parliament passed the 52nd Amendment Act for
checking the practice of political defections? 1985
Constituent Assembly which framed India’s Constitution was set up by
—————. Cabinet Mission Plan – 1946
Where can impeachment proceedings against the President be initiated ?
In either House of Parliament
In a situation of tie, the speaker’s vote in the Lok Sabha is called
————— Casting vote
If the office of the President falls vacant due to any reason, in how many
months should it be filled ? 6 months
Which of the following article of Indian Constitution provides for the Union
Public Service Commission ? 315
CPET Which of the following Articles in Constitution of India deals with a Money
Odisha Bill ? 109 and 110
Exclusive power of Rajya Sabha: 1. Creation of All India Service 2.
Parliament making laws on state subjets
Artcle 141: Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts
Article 243 D: Reservation of seats in Panchayats
Writ of habeas Corpus: Gurantee Personal Liberty
preventive detention is mentioned in article? 22
Governor of Bengal became the Governor General through? Charter Act
of 1833
Indian Union as a “federation with centralizing tendency” Ivor Jennings
In which year the Parliament passed the 52nd Amendment Act
for checking the practice of political defections- 1985

Puducherry
University 11th Schedule contain 29 subjects; 12th schedule 18 subjects
In case of clash between the State and Union Law on a subject in the
Concurrent List: The Union Law prevail
Indian Constitution does not use the term ‘Federation’ or ‘Federal’
In India the power of Judicial Review is enjoyed by the SC and HC
The Election Commission has no role in the election of 1. Panchayats 2.
Speakers/dy. speakers of the legislative assembly
The structure of administration in various Union Territories is determined
by the President
A common High Court for Two or more States and /or Union Territory may
be established by Parliament
The objectives resolution which formed the basis of the preamble of the
constitution was moved in the Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946
by J.L. Nehru
Montagu Chelmsford Report led to the enactment of the Government of
India Act, 1919
The Contingency Fund in India has been placed at the disposal of
President
Equal protection of law means that: All persons should be equally treated
under similar circumstance
Vice President of India? Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha
Jt. Sitting of Parliament – chaired by the Speaker Lok sabha
 The fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian constitution are: Absolute
but some are restricted
Which one of the following writs is issued by a higher court asking the
lower court to send the record of a particular case to it on the ground that it is
not competent to decide the case? Certiorari
The system of diarchy was introduced in the provinces as the: Division of
subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories
What is the maximum period which should not intervene between two
sessions of the state Legislature? 6 months ( Remember the golden principle
of 6)
A person can remain a minister without being a member of the either
House of the Parliament up to a maximum period of 6 months
Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly- Nehru, Patel, Prasad, Azad (
Granvile Austin)
articles deals with Centre-State relations in India? Articles 245 to 255
Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but assigned to the states
discussed in the article Article 269(2)
How many articles were there originally in Constitution of India ? 395
Which constitutional Amendment act provided for the appointment of the
same person as Governor for two or more states- 7th Amendments
Indian constitution was adopted on __ November 26, 1949
No-Confidence motion, to be admitted in the Lok Sabha needs the
support of:- 50 members
The parliament of India consists of:- The President, Lok Sabha and Rajya
Sabha
A member of the UPSC may be removed on the ground of misbehavior
by:- The President on the basis of enquiry by the Supreme Court( Article 317)
Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with Right to Education? 21
A
The President of India can be removed for _The violation of Indian
Constitution.
Article 371(provides for special provisions with respect to which of the
following States? Maharashtra and Gujarat
Under which constitutional Article , Union government has the power to
give direction to the state government regarding any of the provisions of the
Constitution? Art. 257

Mixed
Article 21- judicial activism
Sequence of 6 freedom under article 19: speech and expression,
assemble peaceably, form associations, move freely, reside and settle any
part of India, practise any profession
Article 123: Ordinance by President
President’s power: Disqualify MP on the recommendation of EC- art. 102,
103
Articles related to PRI- 243 A to 243 O
Removal of EC- on the recommendation of CEC; CEC- like Judges
Words in Preamble
Landmark cases related to status of preamble: Berubari (preamble Not
part of Constitution) and Keshavananda (preamble is part of Constitution)
5 Writs- matching, conditions for issuing Writ of certiorari
Veto powers of Indian President, Pocket Veto
Article 231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more
States.
Article 233. Appointment of district judges.
 Members of Cabinet Mission
Original Jurisdiction of SC- art 32 and centre-state and federal disputes;
Governors, The Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Judges of
the Supreme Court and the Attorney General of India and the Central
Vigilance Commissioner of India are appointed by the President by a warrant
under his hand and seal,
Government of India Act 1919- features
5 subjects transferred from state to Concurrent list by 42nd Amendment-
1976
Education
Forests,
Weights & Measures,
Protection of Wild Animals and Birds, A
administration of Justice
Article 1: India as union of State
Article 144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court
Regarding FR and DPSP- multiple times, facts/features, relation, articles
Article 368: Amendment power of Constitution – facts
Article 70: empower the Parliament to make provisions for a contingency
when the offices of both the President and the Vice-President fall vacant
Granville Austin Books : The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of A Nation
(1966) and Working in a Democratic Constitution: A History of the Indian
Experience
Election Commission of India(ECI)- Bulwark of free and fair election-
Rudolph & Rudolph
Grounds of imposing president’s rule in states under article 356
Chronology and features of pre-independence constitutional reforms
Constitutional vs statutory vs other bodies/commissions
Basic structure doctrine- Keshavananda Bharti case
Article 312: All India Services- power of Rajya Sabha
All India serives mentioned in Constitution- IAS, IPS, Indian Judicial
Service(IJS)
91st amendments- limits the number of Ministers – 15% of total no. of
legislature
61st amendments- lowering of voting age
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)- 22 members (15- LS, RS-07)
Estimate Committee- largest committee- 30 members only from LS
Inter-state council- article 263- who appoints- President; set up in 1990;
PM is the chairperson
Main functions/role of Inter-state council- center-state relation
Zonal Councils, set up as per state reorganisation Act, Union Home
Minister is the chairperson
Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly- Nehru, Patel, Prasad, Azad (
Granvile Austin)
‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and trepidation than in hope
and inspiration’- Paul Brass
Article 31 B- protect Acts in 9th Schedule from Judicial review
86th amendments-2002- RTE- 11th duty ( duty of parents towards
education of children)
State Election Commission- conducting elections of Panchayats
3 times National Emergency ( Art.. 352)- 1962, 1971, 1975
Most important characteristic of a Parliamentary Government- Collective
responsibility of the Executive to the Legislature
The Constituent Assembly was setup under the Cabinet Mission Plan-
1946
 1989- Lok Sabha rules amended to provide for Department Related
Parliamentary Standing Committees
Government of India Act, 1935 created the Federal Court in India
Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”- Morris Jones
About Rajya Sabha- condition and tenure of members, powers, roles
‘We are under the Constitution but the Constitution is what the judges say
it is’- India and USA
Art. 51A (Fundamental Duties) and Art. 300A (right to property) were
added later on
Any fifty Members of the Electoral College may propose name of a
candidate for the Office of President of India
Who among the following former Presidents of India kept the ‘Indian Post
Office Amendment Bill’?- Gyani Zail Singh, who used his Pocket Veto
Art. 356 as a “safety valve” and a dead letter- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Correct sequence regarding the passage of the Budget- General
Discussion, Voting on Grants, Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill
Regarding Money Bill (article 110)- originate only in LS, Speaker certifies
Art. 170 and 171: Numbers of MLA and MLC
Article 335- Reservation for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
in the services
Art. 280- Finance Commission; Art. 359: suspension of FR during
Emergency
Inspirations/provisions of Indian constitution from different nation’s
constitution- DPSP- Irish, Emergency- Germany, FR-USA, Liberty/equality-
French, residuary powers with union- Canada, etc.
Nos. of members of different parliamentary committee
The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 are available to all persons whether citizens or
foreigners.
FR only to Indian- Art. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
First Law officer- Attorn General- art. 76
Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service
Commission.
Maximum period of Emergency under Art 356- 3 years; under 352/360-
unlimited
About amendment procedure under art 368- no joint sitting
Conditions of Parliament legislating for states
Numbers of members in the constituent Assembly of India
Fundamental Duties- part IV, art. 51 A
Ordinance and Pardon powers of President/governor- facts
Nehru Report- 1928; chairperson- Motilal Nehru
Tension areas in centre-state relation: Art. 356, Role of Governor, Fiscal
federalism
Article 257:.. The executive power of the Union shall also extend to the
giving of directions to a State
Art. 365: state emergency if state does not follow center’s directions as
per art. 257
PRI under 73rd amendments extended to 5th schedule areas by PESA
-1996 ; but it is not applicable to 6th schedule areas
36th amendment- Sikkim state; 97th- cooperative society; 99th- NJAC
LS seats: 543- 79- SC, 41- ST; 423- unreserved;
6th Schedule states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Art. 105- Parliamentary privileges
Extension of FR under Right to life- Art. 21: right to pollution free air, road,
reputation, shelter, privacy, education, etc.
 Art. 19(2): Reasonable restriction on Right to Freedom: subject to
sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations
with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to
contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence
SAARC Bommai case-1994- Misuse of Art. 356 and Centre-state relation
Shankari Prasad Case- SC declared that amending powers of Parliament
under Art. 368- UNLIMITED
Golaknath Case: Parliament cannot amend FR
Keshavananda Bharti- Parliament can amend any provision but cannot
change basic structure of the Constitution
Bi-cameral Legislature: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana,
Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
Art. 359: Rights under Art. 20, 21 cannot be suspended during
Emergency
Sikh got separate electorate – GOI 1919
Depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers) got
separate electorate – GOI 1935
Article 86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses
FACT SHEET PYQA IND. POL.: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED ON INDIAN POLITY IN PAST YEAR’S
PG ETs- IN 2 TABLES
 TABLE 1: INDIAN POLITY PYQA
PG
Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
ET

Signitories of the Poona Pact-1932: Ambedkar and M M Malaviya( on belah of

Gandhiji)
Shreya Singhal v. Union of India: SC struck down Section 66A of the IT Act,
2000, relating to restrictions on online speech
Political parties, year of formation, chief leaders, state, symbol
Major social movements ( Narmda Bachao, Chipko, India Against Corruption,
RTI, etc)- their leaders
Bhudan Movement- Acarya Binoba Bhave
Conditions for Emergency- national emergency-352- external aggression or
armed rebellion
PM’s and reforms/Important policies- RTI- Narsimha Rao, Anti-defection- Rajeev
Gandhi, OBC reservation- VP Singh
SR Bommai Case-1994-floor test is only proper means to test majority; curbed
misuse of Art. 356- state emergency
Criteria for recognitio as national( 6% votes in 4 states and 4 Lok Sabha seats)
and state party
Electoral college of Predident and Vice President’s election ( VP: all MPs;
President- only elected MPs and MLAs)
5th Loka sabha had term of more than 5 years
Civil Services Exam- reforms committee:
Kothari committee-1976- 3 stage CSE
Satish Chandra Committee-1989- essay paper
Y.K. Alagh Committee- 2001- CSAT
HCU
Hota Committee, 2004: Age-21-24; aptitude and leadership tests
Second Administrative Reforms (Veerappa Moily) Commission-2008- CSAT, and
present model
CAG and Finance commission submits their annual report to President
Maharashtra- 1st state to have Lokayukta
Rajshthan- 1st state to implement Panchayati RAJ ( Assisstant Professor was
2nd state)
Kerala- 1st state obudsman for local government
Double Jeopardy- no one can be convicted for same crime twice
Rotation system of reservation( SC/ST, Women) in local body election- 73rd
Amendments
As a convention chairman of PAC is opposition leader
National Commission to review the Working of the Constitution, set up in 2000
by the NDA Govt, was headed by? A. M.N. Venkatachaliah
Exclusive power of Rajya Sabha: creation of All India Service, Parliament
making laws on state subjects
Indra Swahney Case- Creamy Layer criteria for OBC reservation
N.K.Singh- chairman of 15th Finance Commission ( Art. 280)
Important committee/commission
Landmark SC cases
Minimum age- Panchayat member-21 yrs, LS MP/MLA-25 years, RS MP-30
years; Governor/President- 35 yrs

DUET
NCR- dist. included
 states formations- chronology
national & state parties- criteria, leaders, set up year
Second Democratic Upsurge- Yogendra Yadav
laws made towards protecting rights of women and dignity of SC/ST
BAMCEF-Kanshi Ram
committees on PRI
Ramasamy Naicker-Justice Party and DK Party
single‐party dominance-Morris Jones
The Bhuria Committee -PESA -1996
Dinesh Goswami Committee – election reforms
Liberhan Commission, Nanavati Commission, M.P. Thakkar Commission, M.C.
Jain Commission
first women Chief Minister – Sucheta Kriplani
National Human Rights Commission- facts, statutory body
Term/quotes used by Indian political thinkers to describe Indian Polity
Bullock cart capitalists- Rudolph
demand and command politics- Rudolph
In Pursuit of Lakshmi -book- Rudolph
Atul Kohli -crisis of governability
polycentric hierarchy- Aseema Sinha
Indian state as interchangeably “weak” and “captured- Atul Kohli
Rajni Kothari- Congress System
Central Vigilance Commission- 1964- recommended by Santhanam Committee(
1962)
M.M. Punchhi Commission(2007)- centre-state relation
Poona Pact- Gandhi( signed by MM Malavia)- Ambedkar
split in Congress Party in 1969- Congrss(R)- New led by Indira Gandhi and
Congress (O)- old
Kaladan transport project - India and Myanmar
Vishaka Guidelines
An Anti-Secularist Manifesto- Asish Nandy

JNU
Modern Indian Political thinker and their core thoughts

M.N. Srinivas- Sanskritization

Morris Jones-Single Party Dominance
Atul Kohli: Crisis of Governability
Rajni Kothari- The Congress System
Sunil Khilnani- Idea of India
Partha Chatterjee: derivative Discourse’

Societies/party formed by Indian Freedom Leaders:

Tilak(The Deccan Education Society), Bipin Chandra Pal(Sri Krishna), Subhas
Chandra Bose(‘Forward Block’) , Raja Ram Mohan Roy(Brahmo Samaj, Atmiya
Sabha, Calcutta unitarian Association), Savarkar(Abhinav Bharat),
C.N. Annadurai -founder DMK
Syndicate in Congress- K. Kamraj, N. Sanjiva Reddy, S.K. Patil, Atulya Ghosh,
S. Nijalingappa
Books by modern Indian Political Thinkers

W.H. Morris Jones - The government and politics of India

Paul R. Brass – The Politics of India Since Independence
Atul Kohli: Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability
Atul Kohli - Poverty and Plenty in New India
 Myron Weiner - Party Politics in India
‘The Idea of India’- Sunil Khilnani

Last state which was reorganised on the basis of language ? Punjab- 1966;
note: Andhra Pradesh was the 1st in 1953
States was created by the central government on the basis of language, to
improve the quality of administration, recognition of distinct regional/territorial
identity groups, better developmental record of ‘new’ states
RTI movement was started by MKSS, a long grassroots movement,led by Aruna
Roy, in Rajasthan
Chairman of the 2nd Administrative Reform Committee (ARC)? Veerappa Moily
( Note: Morarji Desai was chairman of 1st ARC-1966)
features of the ‘Congress System’ by Rajni Kothari

A. Congress Party represented an ideological consensus

B. Opposition parties acted as pressure groups
C. Congress gained electorally from the distribution of power and patronage
D. Congress had a social coalitional support base in electoral terms

factors related to the economic transition from development planning model to

the market oriented economic growth model in 1991:

A. Oil Crisis due to gulf war

B. Collapse of Soviet Union followed by the other East European countries
C. Political and social instability in the country leading to the flight of capital
D. Balance of Payment crisis

Facts about Jammu & Kashmir:

A. The accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India happened on 26 October 1947.

B. Jammu and Kashmir became a Union Territory on 31 October 2019.
C. The final draft of Article 306-A with modification was inserted in the Indian
Constitution as Article 370.
D. The President issued Constitution (applicable to Jammu and Kashmir) Order of
1954that superseded 1954 Constitution Order.

After the 1991economic liberlisation, Service sector has been the fastest
growing sector followed by the Manufacturing and agricultural sector
Secularism in India as practiced in India:

A. Respect and protection of all religions

B. Equal distance from all religions
C. No discrimination against any one on the basis of religion
D. Symmetric political treatment of different religious communities

Committee on PRI- P.K. Thungan, Balwant Rai Mehta, Ahok Mehta, Sadiq Ali
Committee
Who is author of Gulamgiri? Jyotirao(Jyotiba) Phule( note: He founded ‘Satya
Shodhak Samaj’ and spearheaded backward caste movement in western India)
Who gave idea of ‘derivative Discourse’? Partha Chaterjee (Wrote-‘ Nationalist
Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse’)
Who coined the concept of 'Total Revolution' ? Jaya Prakash Narayan
Ramnandan Committee: criteria for excluding the creamy layer from OBCs
The PM is ex-officio chairperson of the NDMA- National Disaster Management
Authority
Lloyd and Sussane Rudolph introduced the notion of 'Bullock Capitalists' in the
wake of? Green Revolution
 Chronology of pre-independence movements/events: A. Champaran Movement-
1917 B. Communal Award- 1932 C. Non-Cooperation Movement-1920 D.
Formation of All India Muslim League-1906
 TABLE 2: INDIAN POLITY PYQA
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

Criteria for recognised as national party- If a party wins 2% of seats (11) in

the Lok Sabha from at least 3 different States it is recognized as a national
party
Note: know other criteria, too
Who led anti Hindi movement in Tamil nadu in 1938? Periyar E.V.
Ramaswamy
Who pointed out the two important trends in caste in India-(a) the process
of Sanskritisation and (b) Westernization? M.N. Srinivas
In 1989 who was the Prime Minister of India to implement the
recommendations of the Mandal Commission for reservation of jobs for the
OBCs? V.P.Singh
The office of District Collector was created by ————— Lord Warren
CPET Hastings
Odisha Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas), Act was enacted in the year
—————.1996
Reserve Bank of India was established in the year —————. 1935
The term ‘Performance Budget’ was coined by —————. First Hoover
Commission
NCW- 1992; NHRC-1993, National Minority Commission-1993
M. Hidyatullah: The SC chief justice who also worked as acting President
of India
Congress system: Rajni Kotahri
Single party dominance- Morris Jones
Quasi-Federal- K.C. Wheare
Political parties- foundation year, founder, state, leaders

Puducherry
University Which state first implemented EWS quota? Gujarat
Aaya Ram Gaya Ram related to which state? Haryana
Chronology of Presidents and PMs
At present the Election Commission consists of Chief Election
Commissioner and 2 Election Commissioners
The Governor of the state nominates to the Legislative Council- 1/6th of
the members
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) is a Indian Intelligence Agency
Indian federalism is based on the pattern of: Canada
In which year collegium system was introduced in Indian judiciary? 1993
Who of the following President of India was associated with the Trade
Union movement in India? V.V.Giri
Who headed a committee appointed by the Union Government to identify
the Creamy Layer in 1993? Ram Nandan
Parliament of India passed the states Reorganisation Act in 1956 to create:
14 states and 6 UTs
In which of the following states is minimum educational qualification
required for candidates contesting local Panchayat polls? Rajasthan and
Haryana
By which Act the office of Secretary of State for India was created? GOI
Act 1858
 Which one of the following parliamentary committee consists exclusively of
members of the Lok Sabha? Estimate committee ( with 30 members, the
largest committee)
Which Supreme Court judge played a pivotal role in the introduction of
Public Interest Litigation? Justice P.N. Bhagwati

Mixed
Chronoloy of president and vice-presidents
Matching President- vice-president
PMs of different party/coalition matching
President has the power to declare a caste/tribe SC
AG: 1st law officer
Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service
Commission.
Tenure of CVC- 4 years
Hiralal Jekisundas Kania was the first Chief Justice of India.
Article 105- Parliamentary Privilages- facts
Bi-cameral Legislature : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana,
Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
ECI criteria for national and state parties
Formation years, leaders, and states( in case of regional parties) of parties
Nature of political parties- national, regional, caste based, umbrella,
linguistic
Trade unions and student’s union affiliated to political parties
Syndicate in Congress- 1960s- K.Kamraj, Nijalingappa, Morarji Desai,
Atulya Ghosh
Committee/agency/events on Centre-state relation:

• Rajamannar Committee – 1969

• Anandpur Sahib Resolution – 1973
• West Bengal Memorandum – 1977
• Sarkaria Commission- 1983
• Punchhi Commission – 2007

Inter state council- article 263; set up in 1990- main role to promote
cooperative federalism by improving centre-state relation
Indian Federalism – ‘ holding together federalism’- Pranab Bardhan
Mayron Weiner termed it ‘quasi-federal’
73rd amendments: applicable to 5th schedule areas ( vide PESA Act-1996)
but Not to 6th schedule states
74th amendments: not applicable to 5th and 6th schedule areas
Article 243 ZD: 74th amendments: District Planning Committee to
consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and Municipalities
Ram Nandan Committee- to Identify the creamy layer
Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption-1962
Central Vigilance Commission was set up in 1964 on the recommendations
of Santhanam Committee
Dilip Singh Bhuriya Committee- Panchayati raj Extension to Scheduled
areas
Electoral reform committee- Tarkunde committee, Dinesh Goswami
Committee, Indrajeet Gupta Committee
Vishaka Guidelines- Sexual harrassment of women at workplace
Famous cases
Shankari prasad( Unlimited amendment power to Parliament), Sajjan
Singh( first time Basic Structure term) , Golaknath( Parliament cannot amend
FR), Keshavananda(Basic Structure Doctrine), Minerva Mill , SR Bommai,
maneka Gandhi cases( due process of law)
ADM Jabalpur case ( 1975): Art. 21 can be suspended by the declaration
of Emergency- Justice H.R. Khanna dissented
MC Mehta Case (1986): Absolute Liability of factories/firms polluting
environment
SR Bommai case-1994: To limit abuse of Article 356; centre-state relation
Election commission became a 3 member body briefly in 1989( CEC –
RVS Peri sashtri), but was reverted back to single CEC soon; later on,
continously from 1993( CEC- T. N. Seshan)
Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India
Article 324- role/functions of Election Commission
Article 329: On interference of court in election matters
Facts about NOTA
SAMPLE PAPERS: 5 SETS
 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 1
1.Which term is Not related to Classical Liberalism?

1. Individualism
2. Welfarism
3. Natural Rights
4. Negative Liberty
5. State as necessary evil
6. Private property
7. Constitutional Government

2.Which term is Not related to Liberaltarianism?

1. Free market Economy

2. Low taxation
3. Distributive justice
4. Nightwatchman state
5. Market over state
6. Individual freedom

3.Which of this term/thinker is Not related to Modern Liberalism?

1. Welfare State
2. Distributive Justice
3. Progressive Taxation
4. Laissez-faire state
5. John Rawl
6. Social Democracy

4.Which term is Not related with Liberalism?

1. Possessive individualism
2. Market Economy
3. Dirigisme
4. Capitalism
5. Individual Autonomy
6. Minimal State
7. Tolerance
8. Universalism

5.Which term is Not related with Marxism?

1. Class struggle
2. Base & Superstructure
3. Alienation
4. Hegemony
5. Economic Determinism
6. Value pluralism
 7. Dialecticism
8. Materialism
9. Profit as theft
10. Withering away of state

6. Match the items in two columns

Thinkers​​How they defined politics

1) Hannah Arendt​​A. Politics is the art of the possible
2) Harold Lasswell​​B. Politics is about who gets what, when and how
3) David Easton​​C. Politics as capacity of acting in concert (together)
4) Bismarck​​D. Politics as authoritative allocation of value
Options:
a)​1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
b)​1-B, 2-C, 3-A,4-D
c)​1-C,2-B,3-A,4-D
d)​1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

7. Match the items in two columns

Thinkers​​How they defined Power

1) Robert Dahl​​A. A has power over B to the extent that A can get B to do
something which B would not have done otherwise
2) Lord Acton​​B. Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts
absolutely
3) Talcott Parsons​C. Power is to political as money is to economy; Like
money, power also circulates in society
4) Hannah Arendt​D. Power as creating action in group by communication to
realize public realm
Options:

a)​1-A, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C

b)​1-D, 2-C, 3-A,4-B
c)​1-A,2-B,3-C,4-D
d)​1-B,2-C,3-A,4-D

8. Match the items in two columns

Thinkers​​Related ideas

1. J.S.Mill​​A. Deliberative democracy

2. Schumpeter​​B. Proportional Representation
3. Robert Dahl​​C. Polyarchy
4. Joshua Cohen​​D. Democracy as political method

Options:

a)​1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A

b)​1-B, 2-D, 3-C,4-A
c)​1-A,2-B,3-C,4-D
d)​1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

9. In Marxian philosophy Mode of Production can be roughly equated with: -

 1. Forces of Production
2. Relations of Production
3. Both the above (A and B)
4. Means of Production

10. What does the concept Dialectic mean in Marxism?

1. Coexistence of Contradictions
2. Class struggle
3. historical materialism
4. Constant struggle

11. Which of these is Not one of the difference between classical and modern Liberalism

1. Classical- minimal state; modern-welfare state

2. Classical- universalism; modern- accepts multi-culturalism and cultural relativity
3. Classical- individualism; modern- communitarianism
4. Classical- inviolable property rights; modern- allow distributive justice

12. Which of the following is not true of Rousseau?

1. His Social Contract was an attempt to reconcile modern life with nobility and virtuosity of
past
2. His General Will was sum total of the actual wills of each member of the body politic.
3. In his view, one could be forced to be free.
4. Modern civilization corrupted humanity, debased human nature

13. Who is the first modern thinker to define liberty as absence of external man-made
constraint ( the negative Liberty)?

1. Hobbes
2. Locke
3. Rousseau
4. J.S.Mill

14. Which is not one of the ‘causes’ given by Aristotle?

1. Effective Cause
2. Material cause
3. Formal cause
4. Final Cause

15. Which of these does not belong to Marxist school of thoughts?

1. Antonio Gramsci
2. Michael Sandel
3. Rosa Luxemburg
4. M.N.Roy

16. Which of these does political thinker is not related to Communitarianism?

1. Michael Walzer
2. Alasdair MacIntyre
3. Michael J. Sandel
4. John Rawl
 17. Which of these feminist thinkers criticized Edmund Burke’s ‘Reflections on the French
Revolution’, for his conservative thoughts?

1. J.S.MILL
2. Mary Wollstonecraft
3. Pandita Ramabai
4. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

18. Match the items in two columns

Feminist Thinkers​​Generation

1. Marry Wollstonecraft​​A. 3rd wave

2. Simone de Beauvoir​​B. 2nd wave
3. Shulamith Firestone​​C. 2nd wave
4. Eve Ensler​​D. 1st wave

Options:
a)​1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
b)​1-B, 2-D, 3-C,4-A
c)​1-D,2-B,3-A,4-C
d)​1-D,2-C,3-B,4-A

19. Which is Not correct about Joh Rawl’s Theory of Justice?

1. It gave lexical priority to Liberty Principle over Equality Principle.

2. It is based on the difference principle
3. It is applicable universally to all societies.
4. It gave priority to rights over common good

20.Which is Not correct about ‘Veil of Ignorance’ device conceptualized by John Rawl?

1. It is a device to eliminate bias in decision making and judgement

2. Contracting parties do not know their place in society, social status, or class position
3. Parties don’t even know their conception of good life
4. Parties to the contract have encumbered selves

21. Marx’s theory of the state and revolution is taken from

(A) German classical philosophy
(B) British political economy
(C) French revolutionary tradition
(D) American war of independence

22. Who considered positive liberty as slippery slope leading to totalitarianism?

1. J.S.Mill
2. Jeremy Bentham
3. Isaiah Berlin
4. Charles Taylor

23. Which is Not Correct of western political thoughts?

1. Both Aristotle and Hegel gave organic and integrative theory of state
2. Aristotle and Hobbes are considered founders of philosophical-normative approach
3. Aristotle is considered as father of comparative politics
4. Plato assigned same political role to women as to men

24. Which is Not correct about ‘General Will’ of Rousseau?

 1. It represented group mind
2. It denoted participatory and deliberative democracy
3. It represented societal common Good
4. One cannot be forced to obey the General Will

25. Karl Popper called which thinkers as ‘enemies of open society’?

1. Plato, Hegel, and Marx

2. Aristotle, Hegel, Marx
3. Machiavelli, David Hume, Bentham
4. Edmund Burke, Marx, Hegel

26. Who among the following does not belong to Frankfurt school of critical thinkers?

1. Erich Fromm,
2. Herbert Marcuse
3. Carole Patman
4. Jürgen Habermas

27. Which of the following is not authored or co-authored by Karl Marx?

a) Das Kapital
b) The Holy Family
c) The State and Revolution
d) The German Ideology

28. Which of these are correct about religious thoughts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy?

1. Believed in Unity in all religion

2. Believed in one Supreme God- Vedantic principle of Monotheism
3. Believed that Hinduism suffered from polytheism, idolatry, superstitions, ritualism
4. Believed in existence of soul and life after death

Options:

1. 1,2
2. 1,2,3
3. 1,3
4. 1,2,3,4

29. Savarkar's test of nationality includes

1. Pitrabhu, Matribhu, Punyabhu

2. Matribhu, Pitrabhu, Karmabhu
3. Pitrabhu, Matribhu, Dhannabhu
4. Pitrabhu, Matribhu, Karmabhu, Punyabhu, Dharmabhu

30. Who considered western nation-state as soulless machine and (British) Parliaments as
merely emblems of slavery?

1. Ambedkar
2. M.N.Roy
3. Aurobindo
4. Gandhi

31.Which Quote is Not attributed to Ambedkar?

1. Lambs are shorn of the wool; they are feeling the cold
 2. If things go wrong in the new Constitution, the reason will not be that we had a bad
Constitution, what we will have to say that Man was vile
3. Constitutional morality must be held higher than public morality
4. Swaraj will come not by acquisition of authority by a few but by acquisition of capacity by all to
resist authority when it is abused

32.Who said "Kautilya's Arthashastra exemplified radical Machiavellianism, compared to

it, Machiavelli's Prince is harmless”?

1. Max Weber
2. Morgenthau
3. Bentham
4. Kenneth Waltz

33. Which of these Not one of the ideal types of political culture given by Almond & Verba?

1. Parochial
2. Homogeneous
3. Subject
4. Participative

34. Who propounded General System Theory which became base for system theory in
Comparative Politics?

1. Ludwig von Bertalanffy

2. David Easton
3. Gabriel Almond
4. Jean Blondel

35. Which of the following developed Structural-Functionalism from the System approach of
David Easton?

1. James Coleman
2. Jean Blondel
3. Mortan Kaplan
4. Gabrieal Almond

36.Which term is Not related to Traditional Approach to Comparative Politics ?

1. Institutional
2. Behavioural
3. Formal-legal
4. Formal
5. Configurative
6. Eurocentric
7. Parochial
8. Descriptive
9. Normative- philosophical

37.Which term is Not related to Modern Approach to Comparative Politics?

1. Analytical
2. Empirical
3. Soft institutions
 4. quantitative
5. Value neutral
6. System
7. Structural- functional
8. Informal
9. Legal-constitutional
10. Behaviour

38. Which is Not correct about Public Policy Process

1. Niti Ayog is specialized agency to help policy making in India

2. Public Administration plays minor role in Policy process in India
3. Public Policy implementation is almost exclusive in executive domain
4. Some policy making is also done in Legislative and Judicial Domain

39.Which of these plays only a minor role Policy making in India?

1. PMO
2. Concerned line Ministry
3. Cabinet Secretariat
4. Niti Ayog

40. Who defined public policy as “anything a government chooses to do or not to do”?

1. Harlod Lasswell
2. Harlod Laski
3. Thomas Dye
4. John Kingdon

41. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( lines)​​​List 2( location/countries)

1. Nine-dash line​​A. Fortified boundary line between

France-Germany
2. Macartney–MacDonald Line​B. Ill-defined demarcation line in South
China Sea, as claimed by China
3. Ardagh–Johnson Line​​C. Proposed boundary in the disputed
area of Aksai Chin
4. Maginot Line​​D. Proposed boundary demarcating
north-eastern boundary of J&K/India and China

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​A​B​D​C
c)​B​D​A​C
d)​D​C​A​B

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( lines)​​List 2( location/countries)

1. Durand Line​​A. India-China

 2. Radcliffe Line​​B. India- Tibet (China)
3. McMahon Line​​C. Pakistan- Afghanistan
4. Line of Actual Control​​D. India- Bangladesh

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​A​B​D​C
c)​C​D​B​A
d)​D​C​A​B

43. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Leader/thinker)​​List 2(Doctrine/Theory)

1. Stalin​​A. Permanent Revolution’

2. Brezhnev​​B. Pivot to Asia
3. Trotsky ​C. Limited Sovereignty
4. Obama​​D. Socialism in a single country

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​C​B​A
c)​B​D​A​C
d)​D​C​A​B

44. Which of these is not one of the feminist thinkers in IR?

1. Judith Ann Tickner

2. Carol Cohn
3. Hanah Arendt
4. Laura Sjoberg

45. Which of these regional organization is driven by India’s ‘Look East’ and ‘Neighbourhood
First’ policy?

1. BIMSTEC
2. SAARC
3. ASEAN
4. BCIM

46. Which of these is one of the liberal thinkers in IR?

1. Thomas Hobbes
2. Machiavelli
3. Robert Keohane
4. Thucydides

47. Which approach to IR focuses on culture, identity, social norms, idealism, etc?

1. Liberal institutionalist approach to study international relations.

2. Dependency theory to study international relations.
3. International systems theory to study political economy.
4. Social Constructivist approach to study international relations.
 48. Which is not correct about the concept of Human Security in IR?

1. Realism in IR is concerned more about the human security than state security.
2. The UNDP Human Development Report 1994 coined the term “human security”.
3. Core theme of human security is that securing State is not same as securing individuals.
4. Its end goal is the protection of people from traditional (i.e., military) and non-traditional threats
such as poverty, hunger, disease, etc.

49. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker)​​List 2( Doctrine/Theory)

1. Jimi Carter​​A. Containment policy

2. Joseph Stalin​​B. ‘War against Terror’
3. George Bush ​C. Leninism
4. Harry Truman ​D. Human Right Approach

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​C​B​A
c)​B​D​A​C
d)​D​C​A​B

50. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1 ( US Presidents)​​List 2( Doctrine/Policy)

1. Barack Obama​​A. Arms reduction and ending cold war

2. Ronald Reagan​​B. Bretton Woods system
3. Franklin Roosevelt​​C. end the Korean War
4. Dwight Eisenhower​​D. Af-Pak strategy

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​A​B​C
c)​B​D​A​C
d)​D​A​C​B

51. According to Realism, the essence of international politics is

1. The pursuit of power

2. International law & regimes
3. Security
4. Moral and Ideological Hegemony

52. Which one of the following is not a key tenet of Liberalism in IR

a. Political philosophy of Kant
b. Political philosophy of Hobbes
c. Institutional Norms can influence state behavior
d. International Regimes can influence patterns of cooperation
 53. Who is Not a realist thinker?

1. Fareed Zakaria
2. Stephen Walt
3. Raymond Aron
4. John Ikenberry

54. Which term is Not related to Realism in IR?

1. Balance of Power
2. Polarity
3. Distribution of Capabilities
4. Relative gains
5. Anarchy
6. Survival
7. Self-help
8. Statism
9. International Regime

55. First NAM Summit was held in :

1. Cairo (Egypt)
2. Belgrade (Yugoslavia)
3. Bandung (Indonesia)
4. Colombo (Sri Lanka)

56.Parliament consists of

1. Lok Sabha
2. Rajya Sabha
3. President
4. PM

Options:

1. 1,2,3
2. 1,2,3,4
3. 1,2,4
4. 1,2

57.Which is Not correct about Indian federalism?

1. words ‘Federal’ or ‘Federalism’ are not mentioned anywhere in the constitution

2. Indian federalism resembles the Canadian federalism
3. It is considered as ‘coming together’ federalism
4. Prof. K.C. Wheare called India a quasi-federal state

58. Which one of the following cases is/are related with the idea of Basic Structure of the
Indian Constitution?

1. Minerva Mills case- 1980

2. Kesavananda Bharati case -1973
3. S.R. Bommai case-1994
 4. Sajjan Singh case- 1964

Options:

1. Only 1
2. 1,2
3. 1,2,3
4. 1,2,3,4

59.In which of the following aspects of legislation the Rajya Sabha has special power ( in
comparison to the Lok Sabha.

1. In respect of Money Bills

2. In respect of constitutional Amendment bills
3. In respect of creation of new states
4. In Respect of creation of All India Services

60.Which article protect acts put in 9th schedule from judicial review?

1. 31 B
2. 31 C
3. 31 D
4. 31

61. Which is Not part of the electoral college for president?

1. Nominated members of Lok Sabha

2. Nominated members of Rajya Sabha
3. Members of State Legislative Council
4. Nominated members of State Legislative Assembly

Options:

1. 1,2
2. 1,2,3
3. Only 3
4. 1,2,3,4

62.Which is Not correct about the 1st Amendment 1951

1. Reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech (Public order, Friendly relations with foreign
states, Incitement to an offence)
2. Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms Acts
3. Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of private property by Government
4. Inserted Article 300 A for protecting Right to Property

63.Which of these is Not correct about provisions related to Ordinance in Indian

Constitution?

1. President has power under article 123 to issue ordinances which will have the effect of law
2. Governor has power under article 213 to issue ordinances which will have the effect of law in
the State
3. Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6 month
4. Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6 month and 6 weeks

64.Match
 Schedule ​Subject/Issue
1) 3rd​​A. Land reforms Acts
2) 4th​​B. Urban local Government- municipalities
3) 9th ​C. Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha
4) 12th ​D. Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for legislatures,
Judges, ministers, etc
Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

65. Match
Most Important Articles​​Subject/Issue
1) 1 ​A. Protection of interests of minorities
2) 29​​B. Abolition of Untouchability
3) 21​​C. Right to Life & Personal Liberty
4) 17​​D. India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of State

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

66.Match

​PM ​Event/Principle

1. Indira Gandhi​​A. Ayodhya Dispute

2. Rajeev Gandhi​​B. Mandal Commission
3. V.P.Singh​​C. Committed Bureaucracy
4. P.V. Narsimha Rao​​D. Assam Accord

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
3. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

67.Match

​President ​Event/Principle

1. Rajendra Prasad​​A. Refused imposition of emergency in

UP and Bihar
2. K.R.Narayan​​B. used pocket veto not to sign the postal
bill
3. Pranab Mukherjee ​C. refused to sign ordinances on anti-
corruption law
4. Jail Singh​​D. differed on Hindu code bill

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B

68.In 1969 Congress split in two part, they were called?

1. Congress(O) and Congress(I)

2. Congress(R) and Congress(I)
3. Congress (P) and Congress (R )
4. Congress(R) and Congress(O)

69.Which of these is Not a national party?

1. NCP- Nationalist Congress Party

2. TMC- Trinamool Congress
3. TDP- Telagu Desham party
4. TRS- Telangana Rashtra Samithi

Options:

1. 1,3
2. 3,4
3. 1,3,4
4. 1,2,3,4

70.Which of the following is the oldest party?

1. Akali Dal
2. Bhartiya Jana Sangh
3. Justice Party
4. CPI

71.Which of the following is Not one of types of party recognised by ECI?

1. National Party
2. State Party
3. Regional Party
4. Registered Party

72.Which is the criteria for being recognised as national party by ECI?

1. the party polls 6% of votes in any four or more states and in addition it wins four Lok Sabha
seats
2. The party win 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states
3. The party gets recognition as a state party in four states
4. The Party gets 6 % votes in 6 states

Options:
 1. 1 or 3
2. 1 or 3 or 4
3. 1 or 2 or 3
4. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

73.Which is the criteria for being recognised as State party by ECI?

1. A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative
assembly and win at least 2 seats in that state assembly.
2. A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at
least 1 seat in Lok Sabha.
3. A party should win at least 3% of the total number of seats or a minimum of three seats in the
Legislative Assembly, which ever is higher.
4. A Party secures 8% or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.

Options:

1. 1 or 3
2. 1 or 3 or 4
3. 1 or 2 or 3
4. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

74.Free 5 kg of food grains were provided to poor people during the Pandemic under which
central Govt Scheme?

1. National Food Security Mission

2. Targeted Public Distribution System
3. MGNAREGA
4. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana

75.Under which central Govt Scheme cash assistance is provided to eligible pregnant women
for giving birth in a government health facility?

1. Integrated Child and Mother care scheme

2. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
3. Child and mother protection scheme
4. Janani Suraksha Yojana
 SET 2
1. Which of the following has Not given Elite Theory?

1. Mosca
2. Thomas Aquinas
3. Pareto
4. C Wright Mills

2. Which of these does not belong to Conservatism?

1. Robert Nozick
2. David Hume
3. Edmund Burke
4. Michael Oakeshott

3. Match the items in two columns

Feminist Thinkers​​Books

1. Marry Wollstonecraft​​A. the second Sex

2. Simone de Beauvoir​​B. Sexual politics
3. Shulamith Firestone​​C. A Vindication of the Rights of Men
4. Kate Millet​​D. The Dialectic of sex

Options:
a)​1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
b)​1-B, 2-D, 3-C,4-A
c)​1-D,2-B,3-A,4-C
d)​1-C,2-A,3-B,4-D
4. Who among the following is credited to have given the feminist slogan ‘Personal is
Political’?

1. Carol Hanisch
2. Simone de Beauvoir
3. Kate Millet
4. Rebecca Walker

5. Which is Not correct about the critical theories?

1. Unlike foundational or traditional theories which understanding or explaining social problems,

critical theories aim societal transformation.
2. it Aims for human emancipation, decreasing domination and increasing freedom
3. Emerged in connection with the many social movements- feminist, environmentalist, anti-
domination, sub-altern, etc
4. Rejects modernism and fully supports post-modernist approach
5. Feminism, post-structuralism, deconstructivism, neo-Marxism, post-colonialism, etc. are
included under the umbrella of the critical theories
6. Frankfurt school ( in Germany) is the mainstay of critical thinkers

6.Which is Not correct about post-behaviouralism?

1. A reaction against the dominance of behavioralist methods in the study of politics.

2. It was propounded by David Easton in 1969
3. Value-neutrality
4. It was both qualitative and quantitative
5. It had two slogans ‘action’ and ‘relevance’
6. Better to be vague than non-relevant

7.Which is of these terms/concepts are not related to Behaviouralism?

1. Logical Positivism
2. Empiricism
3. Fact-value separation
4. Quantification
5. Value pluralism
6. Pure science of polities
7. Testable hypothesis

8.For John Rawl what was the first virtue of any social order?

1. Equality
2. Rights
3. Justice
4. Peace

9. Which is Not correct of Multiculturalism?

1. the ways in which societies/states should respond to cultural and religious differences
2. Protecting rights and privileges of disadvantaged groups- minorities, women, LGBTs, disabled,
etc.
3. Avoid cultural relativism
4. Group differentiated Rights

10. Which of these concepts is not attributed to Plato?

1. Cave Allegory
2. Theory of divided line
3. Proportionate equality
4. Functional division of society

11. Which of these is not a critic of Rawl’s theory of Justice?

1. Susan Moller Okin

2. Michael Sandel
3. Ishiah Berlin
4. Alasdair McIntyre

12. Which of the following is incorrect?

1. Lenin considered 'Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism

2. John Rawl’s theory of Justice is a kind of end-state theory of Justice
3. For Mill, Tyranny of Majority was threat to Liberty
4. Rosa Luxemburg gave the capability approach to freedom
 13. Match
Political Thinker​​Book

1. Robert Dahl​​A.​The Rights of Man

2. Thomas Paine​​B.​‘Who Governs?​
3. Hannah Arendt​​C.​The Human Condition
4. Harold Laski​​D.​A Grammar of Politics

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​A​C​D
b)​A​B​D​C
c)​B​D​A​C
d)​D​C​A​B

14.Which conservative political thinker said this “ To be conservative ... is to prefer the familiar to
the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible, the limited to
the unbounded, the near to the distant….”

1. Finer
2. Edmund Burke
3. Bryce
4. Oakeshott

15. What was the name of School of philosophy of Plato?

1. The Academy
2. The Lyceum
3. The Garden
4. The School

16. Which of these books are not written by Plato?

1. Republic
2. Politics
3. Statesman
4. Timaeus

17.​Which of these is Not correct about ‘Allegory of the cave’ given by Plato?

1. He used the Allegory to compare "the effect of education and the lack of it on our nature
2. Cave represent the visible world-the world of senses
3. The shadow on the cave walls represents the things we see/feel in the visible world
4. Outside the cave represent the heaven- life after the death in the visible world

18.​Which of these is correct about the concept of Justice given by Plato?

1. Justice is whatever is in the interest of stronger

2. Justice is speaking truth, being honest, doing right things- good to friends and harm to enemies
3. Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station of life
4. Justice is giving each man his due

19.​Which of these is Not correct about Plato’s ideal state?

 A. Statecraft is soul-craft: Tripartite individual Soul- reason, spirit, appetite reflects in Ruled by
the Philosopher kings
B. The Guardian class- Philosopher kings and Auxiliary ( Protectors/soldiers) are not allowed
private property and family
C. The producer class are not allowed private property and family
D. Education is compulsory, free, and basis for social duty.

20.​What is meant by ‘Community of Wives and Property’ as proposed by Plato?

1. Wives of all classes lives a communal life, sperate from their children & husbands
2. Wives of Guardian class lives a communal life, sperate from their children & husbands
3. A device to stop corruption by disallowing private property and family to the Guardian class
4. Common family and property in Plato’s ideal state.

21.​Which is Not correct about scheme of Education as proposed by Plato?

1. Free and compulsory education by State to all 3 classes

2. Different scheme of education for male and female.
3. Education as basis for choosing citizen for specific tasks in the ideal state; also the basis for
social mobility among 3 classes
4. Elementary Education: upto age of 20 years; Higher Education: next 15 years- 20 to 35 years;
Practical Training to ruling class- next 15 years- 35 to 50 years

22.​Who has written ’The Open Society and its Enemies’ criticizing Plato?

1. R.H.S. Crossman
2. Karl Popper
3. R.L. Nettleship
4. Ernest Barker

23. Which political theorist suggested “Justice as Mutual Advantage”?

1. Johan Galtung
2. David Gauthier
3. Hobsbawm
4. Hobhouse

24. Which political theorist gave the concept of “negative and positive peace”?

1. Immanuel Kant
2. Michael Doyle
3. Woodrow Wilson
4. Johan Galtung

25. “Each of them by himself may not be of good quality, but when they all come together is
possible that they may surpass— collectively as a body, although not individually-the quality of
the few best…and when they all meet together, the people may thus become something in the
nature of a single person…”. Who said this and in which context?

1. Machiavelli advocating Republicanism over Monarchy

2. Rousseau advocating about participative democracy
3. Aristotle is advocating for the Polity as a rule of the Many
4. J.S. Mill praising about liberal democracy
 26. Who among the following used models and assumptions drawn from economics to
analyze political behaviour?

1. Anthony Downs
2. S.M. Lipset
3. J.M. Keynes
4. Robert Dahl​

27. which of these did not support positive liberty?

1. Rousseau
2. Hegel
3. T.H. Green
4. John Rawl

28.Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by?

1. Bismark’s Germany
2. Garibaldi’s Italy
3. Mazzini’s Italy
4. Lenin’s Russia

29. Gandhiji was influenced by?

1. John Ruskin
2. Henry Thoreau
3. Tolstoy
4. Plato & Aristotle
5. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Options:

1. 1,3
2. 1,2,3
3. 1,2,3,4
4. 1,2,3,4,5

30.Who first gave the idea of Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation)?

1. Vivekananda
2. Dayanand Saraswati
3. K. B. Hedgewar
4. Savarkar

31. Who is considered as ‘Modern Manu’?

1. Nehru
2. Vivekananda
3. Gandhi
4. Ambedkar

32.Which of these modern Indian thinkers put social reforms before political freedom?

1. Nehru
2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
 3. Ambedkar
4. Tagore
5. Tilak
6. Savarkar

Options:

1. 1,2,3,4
2. 2,3,4
3. 1,4,5,6
4. Only 3

33.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Approach/method)​​List 2(Related thinker)

1. System ​A.Fred Riggs

2. Structural Functional​​B. David Easton
3. Ecological​​C. Gabriel Almond
4. Political Culture​​D. Almond and Verba

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

2. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
3. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
4. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A

34.Who is considered the founder of behavioural approach in Comparative Politics ?

1. Charles Merriam
2. David Easton
3. Jean Blondel
4. Roy C. Macridis

35.Who is considered as the father of comparative politics?

1. Gabriel Almond
2. Roy Macridis
3. David Easton
4. Aristotle

36.Whose writings were influential in ushering (steering) behavioural approach in political

science?

1. Roy C. Macridis
2. Graham Wallas
3. Arthur Bentley
4. Both B&C

37. Which book is considered as classic in Comparative Politics?

1. States and Social Revolutions by Theda Skocpol

2. Civic Culture by Almond and Verba
3. Comparative Politics Today by Almond
4. Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocquevill

38. Which is Not correct about Climate Agreements?

1. First UN summit on environment was 1972 United Nations Conference on the Environment in
Stockholm
2. Agenda 21, adopted in Rio Earth Summit 1992, was plan of action under which developed
states should take the lead, committing themselves to restoring 1990 levels of GHG emissions
by the year 2000.
3. Legally binding commitment to reduce GHG emission was part of only one climate agreement-
Kyoto Protocol-1997
4. Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) was adopted in Kyoto Protocol-
1997

39. Which is Not the difference between Realism and Liberalism in IR?

1. Realism deals with ‘high politics’ whereas liberalism deals with ‘low politics’.
2. Liberalism believes in capabilities of institutions to influence behaviours of states.
3. Unlike realism, liberalism does not believe that world order is anarchic.
4. In comparison to realism, liberalism underplay the importance of hard force, military power,
national interest defined in terms of power, and diplomacy for balance of power.

40. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Concept in IR)​​List 2( Thinker)
1) Soft Power ​A. David Mitrany
2) Just war doctrine​​B. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye
3) complex interdependence​​C. Joseph S. Nye
4) Functional integration​​D. Hugo Grotius

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​C​D​B​A
c)​B​D​A​C
d)​D​C​A​B

41. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker)​​List 2( Word/term coined)

1. Rudolph Kjellén​​A. global warming

2. Kwame Nkrumah​​B. ‘geopolitics’
3. Halford Mackinder​​C. Heartland
4. Wallace Broecker​​D. Neo-colonialism

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​C​B​A
c)​B​D​C​A
 d)​D​C​A​B

42. Who is the constitutional head of Australia?

1. Speaker of the Australian Parliament

2. Governor General of Australia
3. Prime Minister of Australia
4. Queen of England

43. The term used to describe the rise of authoritarianism and religious extremism in the
aftermath of the Arab Spring is?

1. Arab Jasmine
2. Arab Winter
3. Arab Summer
4. Arab Cold

44. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker)​​List 2( Word/term coined)

1. William Fox ​A. Development of Underdevelopment

2. Destutt de Tracy​​B. Eurocentrism
3. A G Frank​​C. Ideology
4. Samir AminD. Super Power

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​C​B​A
c)​D​C​A​B
d)​C​D​A​B

45. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Term)​​List 2( Consists of countries)

1. Golden Triangle​​A. Hong Kong, Singapore, South

Korea, and Taiwan
2. Golden Crescent​​B. ASEAN countries
3. Flying Bees​​C. Myanmar, Thailand, Laos
4. Asian Tigers​​D. Pakistan, Iran,
Afghanistan

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​C​D​B​A
c)​C​D​A​B
d)​D​C​A​B

46. Which one was not one of the Eastern Bloc nations during the cold war period?
 a) Yugoslavia
b) Romania
c) Bulgaria
d) Hungary

47. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Revolution)​​List 2(Country)

1. Jasmine Revolution​​A. Ukraine

2. Orange Revolution​​B. Georgia
3. Velvet Revolution​​C. Tunisia
4. Rose Revolution​​D. Czechoslovakia

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​C​A​D​B
b)​C​D​B​A
c)​C​A​B​D
d)​D​C​A​B

48.Which of the following has been the notable features of the intonational power structure as
it emerged at the end of the World War II ?

1. Dominance of Europe declined while USA emerged as Superpower

2. Weakening of the imperialist powers that had colonized most of Asia and Africa
3. Emergence of Japan as a colonial power
4. Iron curtain dividing Europe into Western and Eastern Bloc.

Options:

1. 1,3,4
2. 1,2
3. 1,2,3,4
4. 1,2,4

49. Detente in intonational Relations was referred to :

(A) Nuclear Arms race between the Super Powers
(B) Reaching to the level of mutually assured destruction in the super-power relationship
(C) New Cold War
(D) Easing of the tension between the Super Powers in late 1960's

50. Which of the following is a member of the SAARC as well as BIMSTEC?

1. Sri Lanka
2. Bhutan
3. Bangladesh
4. Nepal

Options:

1. 1, 3, 4
2. 1, 3
3. 1,2,3, 4
4. 2,4
 51. Which country is currently holding president ship of G-20 ?

1. Japan
2. Germany
3. South Korea
4. Indonesia

52.With which countries India held 2+2 talks?

1. US
2. Japan
3. Australia
4. Russia

Options:

1. 1, 3, 4
2. 1, 3
3. 1,2,3, 4
4. Only 1

53. Match

Most Important Articles​​Subject/Issue

1. 280​A. Public Service Commission

2. 315​B. National Emergency
3. 324​C. Finance Commission
4. 352​D. Election Commission

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B

2. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

54.Match

Lesser-Known Articles​​Subject/Issue

1. 31 B​​A. Suspension of FR during emergency

2. 329​B. Protect laws in 9th schedule from Judicial Review
3. 359​C. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the
Supreme Court
4. 144​D. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B

2. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A

55. Match

Lesser Known Articles​​Subject/Issue

1. 365​A. Gram Sabha under Panchayati Raj System

2. 263​B. common High Court for two or more States
3. 243 A​​C. State emergency if state refuses following directions
of union
4. 231​D. Inter-state council

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

56. Match

Range of Articles​​Subject/Issue

1. 12-35​​A. PM and council of Minister

2. 52-62​​B. Governor
3. 74-75​​C. FR
4. 153-161​​D. President

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

57.Match

Parts​​Subject/Issue

1. III​​A. Fundamental Duties

2. IV​​B. Cooperative Societies
3. IXB​​C. FR
4. IVA​​D. DPSP

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

58. Which is Not correct about Joint Sitting of Parliament?

1. It is provisioned under article 108 of the constitution

2. President summons both the houses to meet in a joint sitting
3. The Vice President as chairman of Rajya Sabha chair the joint sitting
4. joint sitting cannot be convened for breaking the deadlock in case of constitutional amendment
bills under article 368

59.Which is Not a ground for Joint Sitting of Parliament?

1. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House, the Bill is
rejected by the other House;
2. Even after passing the bill by parliament president has refused to give assent to the bill.
3. the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill;
4. more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House
without the Bill being passed by it

60.As per the 3rd Schedule of the constitution President’s oath include which of these?

1. Uphold the Constitution of India

2. Preserve the Constitution of India
3. Protect the Constitution of India
4. Defend the Constitution of India

Options:

1. 1,2,3
2. 2,3,4
3. 1,2,3,4
4. 1,4

61.Which Article give the president situational discretion to dissolve the Lok Sabha?

1. Article 83(2)
2. Article 84(2)
3. Article 85(2)
4. Article 86(2)

62.Regrading power of President, which of these is Not correct?

1. He can reject assenting to the bills passed by the Parliament

2. He may return back the passed Money bill for reconsideration of the Parliament
3. He may keep the passed bill without taking any action on it for indefinite period
4. He may send back the passed bill for reconsideration of the Parliament
5. He may refuse to assent the constitutional amendment bill passed by the Parliament

Options:

1. 1,2, 5
 2. 5 only
3. 2 only
4. 2,5

63.Official name of Ayushman Bharat, the universal health Insurance Scheme is?

1. Pradhan Mantri Sawasth Beema Yojana

2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Beema Yojana
3. Pradhan Mantri sarv Beema Yojana
4. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

64.Name of the scheme under which direct income of Rs 2000 every 4 months is transferred
to the bank account of farmers is?

1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Aay Yojana

2. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Nyay Yojana
3. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samridhi Yojana
4. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana

65.Name of the scheme under which subsidy for domestic Gas cylinder is directly transferred
to the bank account of the beneficiary is?

1. Ujjawala Scheme
2. Ujala Scheme
3. SAFAL scheme
4. PAHAL Scheme

66.Who was the president who accepted the recommendation of PM Charan Singh, who never
won the majority of the Lok Sabha, to dissolve the Lok sabha?

1. V.V. Giri
2. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
3. R.Venkatraman
4. K.R.Narayan

67.Which is correct about relation between President and PM?

1. President is the head of state and PM head of Govt

2. President appoints PM but his continuance as PM is not dependent on the pleasure of
President
3. President is bound, except on very few occasions, to act on the advice of Council of minister
headed by PM
4. In practice, all the executive powers of president are used by the PM

Options:

1. 1,3
2. 1,2,3
3. 1,3,4
4. 1,2,3,4

68.Who became the president on issue of whose election in 1969 the Congress was divided
into two parties?

1. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy

2. V.V.Giri
 3. Dr Zakir Hussain
4. S.Radhakrishnan

69.To whom the Lok Sabha Speaker hands over his resignation?

1. President
2. Secretary General of Lok Sabha
3. Vice President
4. Dy. Speaker

70.Which was the first case in which mention of basic feature of Constitution was made by
one of the SC Judges?

1. Sankari Prasad Case-1951

2. Golaknath Case-1967
3. Sajjan Singh Case-1964
4. Keshavananda Bharti case-1973

71.Which was the famous case in which SC protected freedom of speech by limiting the
application of the sedition laws under section 124 A of IPC?

1. Maneka Gandhi Case

2. S.P.Gupta Case
3. Bholanath Case
4. Kedarnath Singh Case

72.Partially responsible governments in the provinces were established under which one of
the following Acts? ​
(a)​The Government of India Act, 1919
​(b)​The Government of India Act, 1935
​(c)​Indian Councils Act, 1909 ​
(d)​Indian Councils Act, 1892

73. Who is associated with ‘Garbage Can model’ of public policy?

1. Charles Lindblom
2. John Kingdon
3. Robert Dahl
4. Michael Cohen

74. Match the items in two columns

Approaches to Public Policy​​Thinkers
1) System Approach​​A. Charles Lindblom
2) Group Theory ​B. Vincent Ostram
3) Incrementalism​​C. Robert Dahl
4) Public Choice Theory​​D. David Easton

a)​1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B

b)​1-D, 2-C, 3-B,4-A
c)​1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C
d)​1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

75. Which one is Not a Challenges in Evaluation of public Policy?

1. Multiple goals/objectives
2. Measurement Issues
3. Behaviour of Governments
4. Lack of Information and Data
 SET 3
1.Which is Not correct about Communitarianism?

1. One current within the Liberal Doctrine

2. Rejects Rawl’s unencumbered self
3. Believes in socially situated self
4. Communitarianism is very similar to Communism/Socialism
5. Support positive role of state in maintaining flourishing community life
6. Balance between societal common good and Individual autonomy and rights

2.Find odd one out?

1. Michael Sandel
2. Robert Nozick
3. Alasdair MacIntyre
4. Charles Taylor
5. Michael Walzer

3.The idea that the truth or justification of moral judgments is not absolute, but relative to the
moral standard of some person or group of persons is called

1. Cultural Relativism
2. Value Pluralism
3. Ethical Relativism
4. Moral Relativism

4.Universal Human Rights is most associated with?

1. Liberalism
2. Communitarianism
3. Constructivism
4. Post-Structuralism

5.Which is Not related to Post-modernism?

1. Knowledge- Power: re-produce each other

2. No objective truth
3. subjectivity
4. Believes in Meta Narratives
5. Deconstruction
6. Post-structuralism

6.Which is Not correct about Derrida’s deconstructivism?

1. It refutes the belief that existence is structured in terms of binary oppositions and that the
oppositions are hierarchical, with one side of the opposition being more valuable than the other
2. Written Texts as "sites of conflict" within a given culture or worldview
3. Using Genealogy to reconstruct the meaning of words/concepts/idea
4. Derrida used thoughts of Rene Descartes and Heidegger for developing the concept of
deconstruction
5. It supported Platonism and its idea of structure of transcendental philosophy
 7.When Dworkin call Right as Trump, what he meant was?

1. Some individual liberties & rights are so important that they cannot simply be sacrificed in the
name of achieving Common Good
2. Government cannot take away some fundamental rights such as freedom of speech
3. Societal common interest and Individual rights must be balanced
4. Both A & B

8. Who said “ Rights are the fruits of the law, and of the law alone; they are creation of the
state alone”?

1. Edmund Burke
2. T.H. Green
3. Jeremy Bentham
4. Harold Laski

9.That the sources of knowledge lie beyond sense experience and transcendental in nature is
called?

1. Empiricism
2. Rationalism
3. Existentialism
4. Consequentialism

10.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Thinkers)​​List 2(How they defined Justice)

1. Aristotle ​A. Justice as perfect obligation

2. John Rawl​​B. Justice as fairness in distribution of primary social goods
3. Plato ​C. Justice as harmony of the soul
4. J.S.Mill​​D. justice as proportional equality

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A

11. Which of the following is not true of Rousseau?

1. He wants to reconcile liberty with sovereignty

2. Sovereignty originates in people and gets transferred to ruler
3. General Will is always morally right
4. He believed in natural differentiation between role of men and women

12. Which of the following is not true of Marx’s view of the state: -

1. The proletariat will need to capture state power

2. State is unnecessary evil, it should wither away
3. Capitalist State help re-produce social structure needed to maintain capitalism
4. The state is an instrument of class exploitation and to protect the interests of the capitalist
class.
 13. Which of the following statements is not true of Hobbes?

1. There is no occasion for disobeying the sovereign

2. His ideas on hedonism were included in modern utilitarianism
3. Sovereign, who was Not a party to the contract, must be absolute or nothing
4. His political theory is based on nominalism

14. Which of the following is not true of Aristotle’s view of the state?

1. State is prior to individual and family

2. State is historical, natural, organic, and integrative entity
3. Man, by using natural ability and sense of reason, can live without state
4. State highest manifestation of morality and ethics

15.Who is not considered supporter of pluralism?

1. Robert Dahl
2. Seymour Martin Lipset.
3. David Truman
4. Joseph Schumpeter

16. Who supported legal theory of right by stating ‘Natural Rights are ‘Nonsense on stilts’

1. Bentham
2. J.S.Mill
3. Harold Laski
4. Robert Nozick

17. Which pair is Not correctly matched?

1. Plato- Timaeus
2. Machiavelli- The Golden Ass
3. Bentham- A Fragment on Government
4. Lenin- Neo-colonialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism

18. Who said ‘taxation equals forced labour’?

1. Friedrich Hayek
2. Robert Nozick
3. Milton Friedman
4. John Locke

19. Plato describes the human mind by which of his theories?

1. The Allegory of cave

2. Theory of divided line
3. Theory of Forms
4. All the Above

20. Who among the following would you associate the concept of “Tyranny of Majority”?

1. JS Mill
2. Alex de Tocqueville
3. Both A and B
4. Thomas Paine

21. Lexical priority in Rawl’s theory of Justice is?

1. Equality Principle over Liberty Principle

2. Principle of benefit to worst off over Principle of Fair Equality of Opportunity
3. Difference principle over Principle of Equal Liberty
4. Principle of Equal Liberty over the Difference principle

22. Who gave capability approach?

1. Amartya Sen
2. Martha Nussbaum
3. Both A and B
4. Gerald Cohen

23. Which pair is Not correctly matched?

1. Dworkin- Equality of Resources

2. Michael Walzer- Complex Equality
3. John Rawl- end-state theory of Justice
4. Robert Nozick- labour theory of property

24. Which of the following statements accurately describes Plato’s theory of justice?

1. Justice is what the strong can do, and the weak must endure.
2. Justice obtains when inequality benefits the least-advantaged.
3. Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station of life.
4. justice is doing good to friends and harm to enemies

25. Which one in incorrect as influences on Marx’s thoughts/theories?

1. Marx used David Richardo’s labour theory of value to develop his theory of Surplus Labour
2. Marx used David Hume’s empiricism to develop his empirical and scientific socialism
3. Marx used Hegel’s dialectical historical idealism to develop his conception of dialectical
historical materialism
4. Marx used Feuerbach’s concepts on materialism and alienation

26.‘Voluntary Poverty’ this term is associated with thoughts of?

1. Gandhi
2. Tagore
3. Vivekananda
4. Lohia

27.‘Nai Talim’ was?

1. Pedagogical principle advocated by Gandhiji

2. a principle which states that knowledge and work( by hands) are not separate
3. It aimed to achieve Gram Swaraj
4. Education or learning in mother tongue along with handicraft and other vocational work

Options:
1. 1,3
2. 1,2,3
3. 1,2,3,4
4. 1,2,4

28.Who signed the Poona pact (with Ambedkar) on behalf of Gandhi?

1. Madan Mohan Malaviya

2. Vinoba Bhave
3. Jawahar Lal Nehru
4. Vallabhbhai Patel

29.Who said: Hinduize all politics and militarize Hinduism

1. Syama Prasad Mukherjee

2. K. B. Hedgewar
3. Savarkar
4. Vivekananda

30.Who was called ‘a luminous star in the firmament of Indian history’ by Tagore

1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

2. Vivekananda
3. Ashoka
4. Chandragupta Mourya

31.Match
Elements of Kautilya’s ‘Saptang’​​Compared to limbs of body

1. Swami​​A. eyes
2. Amatya​​B. ears
3. Suhrid( friend/Ally)​​C. mouth
4. Kosha​​D. head

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A

2. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

32.The Behavioural approach to Comparative Politics emphasizes?

A. Systematic collection and examination of facts
B. Study of formal legal framework
C. Status of facts in formal structures
D. How parties function in structures

33.Which approach takes into account the norms and informal practices that shape
the functioning and evolutions of institutions in various ways?
(A) Old Institutional
(B) New Institutional
(C) Modern Institutional
D) Classic Institutional

34.Which of these terms are Not related to old institutionalism?

1. Formal
 2. Legal
3. Normative
4. Hard institutions
5. Structuralism
6. Norms & Belief

35.Which of these is not one of the features of capitalism?

a) Antagonistic class structure
b) Surplus production
c) Periodic crisis
d) Fusion of economic and political domains

36.The term ‘black box ‘ is associated with ?

a) system approach in comparative politics
b) New Institutional Approach
c) Historical Approach
d) Structural- functional approach

37. With which approach would one associate the following statement ?
“Economic globalization is an uneven, hierarchical process and benefits only a tiny
minority”?
(A) Economic Liberalism
(B) Economic Realists
(C) Mercantilism
(D) Neo-Marxism

38. Democratic Peace Theory is placed under which theoretical approach of

International relations?

(A) Structural Realism

(B) Republican Realism
(C) Neo-Realism
(D) Institutional Liberalism

39. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts)​​List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)

1. Identity​​A. Copenhagen School

2. Dependency​​B. English School
3. non-military aspects of security​​C. Neo-Marxism
4. international society​​D. Constructivism

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​D​C​A​B
b)​C​D​A​B
c)​C​D​B​A
d)​D​C​B​A

40. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Thinker)​​List 2( Contribution)

1. John Gaddis ​A. Critical Theory

2. Stanley Hoffmann ​B. decision making
3. Robert W. Cox​​C. Liberalism
 4. Graham Allison​​D. Cold War and grand strategy

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​C​A​B
c)​C​D​B​A
d)​D​C​B​A

41. Which of the following are part of Morgenthau’s realist principles?

(i) Politics is rooted in a permanent and unchanging human nature.
(ii) Self-interest is a basic fact of the human condition.
(iii) Coercion is only part of foreign policy.
(iv) National interest defined in terms of power.
Options :
(A) All are correct.
(B) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct.
(C) (i), (iii) and (ii) are correct.
(D) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct.

42. What is neo-realism ?

(A) An attempt to ignore the unpleasant realities of the world.
(B) An attempt to restate the basic ideas of realism in a more ‘scientific’ form.
(C) A claim that international society is basically orderly and peaceful.
(D) A claim that individual human nature is central to an understanding of international politics.

43. On alternate perspectives on Globalization, which is NOT true?

1. Skeptics, or globophobes, believe that the role of the state is eroding (diluting) in the
present times
2. Globalists, or globophiles, believe that the role of the state is eroding in the present times
3. Skeptics believe that the role of the state is still very much intact in the present times
4. Transformationalists believe that States are becoming stronger in some respects and
weaker in others as a result of globalization

44. Which of the following propositions is not found in Classical Realism?

1. 3 S: Statism, survival, self-help

2. Nature of global politics is the result of the structure of international state system which is
anarchic.
3. National Interest is defined in terms of Power
4. The laws of politics have their roots in human nature

45. The corrected sequence of in game theory is:-

1. Payoffs-strategies-system-game
2. Payoffs-choice-player-game
3. Game-choice-player-equilibrium
4. Systems-equilibrium-game-player

46. Arrange the following international political theorists in a chronological order from the
codes given below:-
1. Reinhold Niebuhr
2. Immanual Kant
3. Antonio Gramsci
 4. Robert W. Cox
Options

1. 4, 1, 2, 3
2. 2, 3, 1, 4
3. 1, 2, 3, 4
4. 3, 4, 1, 2

47.Recently with country India signed CEPA ( Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Agreement)?

1. Japan
2. South Korea
3. UAE
4. USA

48.As per the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI ) report-2022 India is at
which rank in military expenditure?

1. 2nd
2. 3rd
3. 4th
4. 5th

49.Which is the top 3 trading partners of India?

1. USA, UK, China

2. China, EU, UAE
3. USA, China, UAE
4. USA,EU, China

50. Globalization has reduced:

(A) Economic disparities between the rich and the poor
(B) Inequalities of economic growth between countries
(C) State control over private sector within its borders
(D) The influence of the global economic institutions like the IMF, World Blank and WTO

51. Which is/are correct about Neo-Marxism in IR?

1. Dependency theory is a kind of Neo-Marxist theory

2. It focuses on capitalist structure of global economic system
3. It raises issue of Unequal Exchange( between developed and 3rd world nations) in global
economic system
4. It is one of the critical theories in IR

Options:

1. 1, 3, 4
2. 1, 3
3. 1,2,3, 4
4. 1, 4
 52. Who was the Prime Minister who never faced the House even once to remain as
'caretaker' Prime Minister ?

1. Chandrashekhar
2. Charan Singh
3. I.K.Gujral
4. D. Deve Gowda

53.Which are discretionary powers of the President?

1. Appointing PM when no party or coalition has majority in the Lok Sabha

2. Dissolving Lok Sabha before its regular tenure when the Government has lost the confidence
of the house
3. keeping the passed bill without taking any action on it for indefinite period
4. Sending back the advice given by the council of minister for reconsideration

Options:

1. 1,2, 3
2. 2,3,4
3. 1,3
4. 1,2,3,4

54.Which article gives exclusive power to the Supreme court to issue order as is necessary
for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it?

1. Article 144
2. Article 142
3. Article 143
4. Article 145

55.Which is Not correct about the constituent Assembly?

1. It was constituted as per the Cabinet Mission Plan-1946

2. It had originally 389 members (292- British Provinces; 93 - princely states; 4 from the chief
commissioner provinces)
3. It first met on 9 December 1946
4. Its interim president was Dr. Rajendra Prasad
5. Its last meeting was on 24 January, 1950
6. Its tenure was two years, eleven months and seventeen days

56. Who was Not part of the Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly (by Granvile Austin):

1. Nehru
2. Azad
3. Rajendra Prasad
4. Ambedkar

57.Which is Not correct about the Vice President?

1. Elected by all the members of Parliament

2. Is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha
3. Removed by the process of Impeachment similar to the removal of President
4. While discharging the duties of President, if situation so arise, he cannot perform his duties of
chairperson of the Rajya Sabha

58.Which is Not correct about the pardoning powers of President and Governor?

1. Under article 72, President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of
punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any
offence
2. Governor cannot pardon in death sentence cases.
3. Pardoning powers of president and governor are beyond the purview of Judicial review
4. The advice of the State Cabinet is binding on the Governor in matters relating to pardoning
power under Article 161

59.Who is part of the electoral college of President?

1. Elected members of Lok Sabha

2. Elected members of Rajya Sabha
3. Elected members of State Legislative Assembly
4. All Members of Lok Sabha
5. Members of State Legislative Council

Options:

1. 1,2, 3
2. 2,3,4
3. 2,3,4,5
4. 1,2

60.Essence of constitutionalism is?

1. Elected Government
2. Limited Government
3. Rule of law
4. Written constitutional

61.What is included in basic structure of Indian Constitution?

1. Federalism
2. Independence of Judiciary
3. Judicial Review
4. Civil Liberties

Options:

1. 1,2
2. 1,2,4
3. 1,2,3,4
4. 1,2,3

62.In the Federation established by the Act of 1935, residuary powers were given to the: ​
(a)​Federal Legislature
​(b)​Provincial Legislature
​(c)​Governor General
​(d)​Provincial Governor

63.Which one of the following Acts laid the foundation of the British Administration in India?
 (​ a)​Regulating Act, 1773
​(b)​Pitt’s India Act, 1784 ​
(c)​Indian Councils Act, 1861 ​
(d)​Indian Councils Act, 1892

64.Who among the following was the first Law Minister of Independent India?
​(a)​Jawahar Lal Nehru
​(b)​Maulana Abul Kalam Azad ​
(c)​Dr. BR Ambedkar ​
d)​T Krishnamachari

65.Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India was/were given immediate
effect from November 26, 1949?
​1.​Citizenship
​2.​Emergency provisions
​3.​Elections
​4.​Federal system
Options:

1. 1,2
2. 2,3
3. 3,4
4. 1,3

66.The Constitution of India as framed by the Constituent Assembly was finally adopted and
enacted on:
​(a)​15th August, 1947 ​
(b)​30th January, 1948
​(c)​26th November, 1949 ​
(d)​26th January, 1950

67.Assertion (A):​The Constituent Assembly of 1946 was not elected on the basis of universal
adult franchise.
​Reason (R):​The Constituent Assembly was constituted under the scheme formulated by the
Cabinet Mission Plan.
Options:
A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true
68.Consider the following statements: ​
1.​Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected as the Provisional President of the Constituent Assembly. ​
2.​H.C. Mukherjee was elected as the Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly.
Options:

1. Both Statement I and II are correct

2. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
3. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
4. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

69.Assertion: Adopting Constitutional convention, as in UK, is difficult for many post-colonial

nations.
 Reason: Lack of unified political ideology, deep diversity, and formalisation of democratic practices
may be the factors.
Choose the correct option:
A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

70.Recently, SCI banned use of the sedition law till it is reviewed; where this law is written?

1. In the Constitution
2. Section 125 of Indian Penal Code
3. Section 124 of Indian Penal Code
4. Section 124 A of Indian Penal Code

71.Which Act is in news on the wake of dispute on Gyanvapi Mosque in Banaras?

1. The religious places Act 1993

2. The Places of Worship Act 1991
3. The status change (prohibition) of religious places Act 1991
4. The status (ascertain) of religious places Act 1991

72. Which is Not correct about Public Policy Process

1. Niti Ayog is specialized agency to help policy making in India

2. Currently there is a strict policy-administration dichotomy
3. Public Policy implementation is almost exclusive in executive domain
4. Some policy making is also done in Legislative and Judicial Domain

73. Which one is Not one of the stages in the policy Process?

1. Agenda setting
2. Defining the problem
3. Communication
4. Evaluation

74. Who is considered as the father of Policy Science?

1. Harold Lasswell
2. Harold Laski
3. David Easton
4. John W Kingdon

75: Latest UN Climate Change Conference under UNFCCC held at

1. 2019, in Madrid, Spain

2. 2020 in London UK
3. 2021 in Glasgow UK
4. 2021 in Katowice, Poland.
 SET 4
1. the belief that all people are entitled to equal respect, rights and consideration, no matter
what their citizenship status or other affiliations happen to be, is called?

1. Globalism
2. Universalism
3. Global Justice
4. Cosmopolitanism

2.Which is Not correct about John Rawl’s idea of Global Justice?

1. He formulated his idea of global justice in his book ‘Law of people’

2. Decent non-liberal people would also accept the law of peoples
3. He extended his difference principle to global level
4. It was based on core liberal principles of tolerance

3.Universality of Human Rights are opposed by the principles of?

1. Moral Relativism
2. Cultural Relativism
3. Both A& B
4. Cosmopolitanism

4. Who defined citizenship as a status granting civil, political, and social privileges?

1. B.S.Turner
2. Anthony Giddens
3. T.H. Marshal
4. David Held

5. Which of these is Not a 3rd generation Rights?

1. Cultural Rights
2. Environmental Rights
3. Right to freedom of speech
4. Right to natural resources

6. which of these rights are not included in the list of Rights to national minorities
recommended by Will Kymlicka ?
(A) rights of self‐government (involving the delegation of powers of government, often within a
federal structure)
(B) polyethnic rights (involving financial support and legal protection for certain practices associated
with particular ethnic or religious groups)
(C) special representation rights (guaranteeing representation of minority groups within the central
institutions of the larger state)
(D) Right of national self-determination.

7.Central argument of Charles Taylor in his book ‘Multiculturalism and the politics of
recognition’ is?
(A) Minorities should get right to equal status and recognition
(B) For developing self respect, dignity, and autonomy, one require a stable cultural structure or
framework
 (C) To have positive relation to themselves Individual require other’s recognition– other’s positive
attitude/admiration towards one’s cultural identity
(D) State must treat each citizen with equal respect and dignity

8.People shouldn’t be worse off than others because of brute luck, such as, disease,
accidents, disabilities, disasters; this theme is the basis of ?
A) Liberal egalitarians
B) Socialist egalitarians
C) Chance egalitarians
D) Luck egalitarians

9.A distribution condition in which resources cannot be reallocated to make one individual
better off without making at least one individual worse off is called?

1. Pareto optimality
2. Dworkin’s Resource equalization
3. Walzer’s Complex equality
4. Aristotle’s proportional equality

10.Which is Not correct about difference between Equality of Opportunity and equality of
Outcome?
A) Equality of Opportunity denotes liberal or soft egalitarianism, equality of Outcome denotes
socialism or hard egalitarianism
B) Equality of Opportunity taken to the extreme may resemble Equality of Outcome
C) Formal Equality of opportunity denotes negative liberty, Equality of Outcome denotes positive
liberty
They are very different concepts and cannot be placed on a continuum

11. Sabine said “What Aristotle calls the ideal state is always Plato's second best state”. Plato
gave his second based state in which of his book?

1. Republic
2. Crito
3. Laws
4. Timaeus

12. Which is incorrect about John Locke’s book ‘ an Essay Concerning Human
Understanding’?

1. He gave the concept of new born child’s mind as blank slate( white paper)- tabula rasa
2. This book took positive view of human nature refuting Hobbes’ very negative views on
human nature
3. This book was harbinger of the Enlightenment movement
4. This book was refutation to Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha

13. Which is Not correct about Machiavelli?

1. He preferred Republic form of Government over absolute Monarchy

2. He was first political thinker in the modern era to separate political realm from
theology/religion
3. Concept of modern nation-state could be traced in his political thought
 4. He advised the king ( prince) not to use religion for maintaining his state.

14. Which is Not correct about theory of Forms by Plato?

1. Ideas are substances

2. Ideas are eternal and universal
3. Ideas cannot be fully known by knowledge
4. Ideas are essence of all things
5. Ideas exist prior to particular things and apart from them .

15. Which of these thinkers put women below men?

1. Plato & Hegel

2. Aristotle and Hegel
3. J.S.Mill and Rousseau
4. Plato and Rousseau

16. Statement 1: Antonio Gramsci considered civil society as part of Superstructure

Statement 2: for him, real ideological battle of class dominance is played out in the arena of
civil society
Options:

1. Both Statement I and II are correct

2. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
3. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
4. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

17. In which thinker’s view education is the process of developing men as natural men and
women as natural women?

1. Locke
2. Plato
3. Aristotle
4. Rousseau

18. For whom rights of men were two dimensional?

1. Marry Wollstonecraft
2. Alexandra Kollontai
3. Thomas Paine
4. Susan Miller Okin

19. According to Plato population of an ideal state should be ?

1. 50040
2. 50400
3. 5040
4. 4050

20. Assertion: Francis Fukuyama declared ‘End of History’ after the cold war in 1992
 Reason: After Fascism falling from grace after WWII and demise of USSR after the cold war
Liberalism remained the only major surviving political ideology

Choose the correct option:

A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

21. Which of these is not associated with Hobbes?

1. Individualism
2. Constitutionalism
3. Absolutism
4. Hedonism
5. Nominalism

22. The doctrine of overlapping consensus is advocated by

(A) Berlin
(B) Barry
(C) Nozick
(D) Rawls

23. Marx does not believe in

(A) Human consciousness determines social existence
(B) Ideas are the reflections of the interplay of material forces
(C) The base determines the superstructure
(D) Matter is active, dynamic, and dialectic in nature

24. Who among the following criticized Bentham’s Philosophy as “Pig Philosophy”?
(A) Leslie Stephen
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Carlyle
(D) J.S. Mill

25. For whom “All existence is simply a matter in motion.” ?

(A) Plato
(B) Hobbes
(C) T.H. Green
(D) Rousseau

26. Gandhiji translated John Ruskin’s ‘Unto This Last’ in Gujarati as?

1. Sarvodaya
2. Antyodaya
3. Sadagraha
4. Pankti me Aaahri

27.Who suggested Gandhji the word/term ‘Sadagraha (Satyagraha)’ ?

1. Tilak
2. Gopal Krishna Gokhle
 3. Maganlal
4. Chaganlal

28.Match
Book​​Author

1. The Universal Religion​​A. Savarkar

2. The Problem of the Rupee​​B. Aurobindo
3. The Indian War of Independence​​C. Ambedkar
4. The Integral Yoga​​D. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Options:

1. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D

2. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A

29. “I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have
achieved.” Who said this?

1. Gandhi​
2. Ambedkar​
3. M.N.Roy​
4. Aurobindo

30. The manuscript of Kautilya’s Arthashastra was first discovered and studied by?

1. K A Neelkantha Shastri
2. Rudrapatna Shamashastry
3. J Buhler
4. Sir William Jones

31.Which of these is not correct about system approach in comparative politics ?

a) Political system is defined as Inter-related institutions, political activities, political actors and
processes which continuously interact with each other and to its environment to protect and
sustain it
b) Gabriel Almond is considered as father of the system approach in comparative politics
c) Demand and support/consent is the inputs of the political system
d) Laws and policies are the outputs of the political system
e) Structural-functionalism was developed on the system approach
f) It was adopted from the general system theory of Biology

32.According to Almond which is not an 'output' function of a political system?

(A) Rulemaking
(B) Rule application
(C) Political communication
(D) Rule adjudication

33.Which of these is not one of the differences between New and old Institutionalism?
a) Old Institutionalism focuses more on ‘hard’ rules and formal organizations, new Institutionalism
include ‘soft’ rules and informal organizations
b) Old Institutionalism: Formal, legal, descriptive; new Institutionalism : Analytical, explanatory &
Empirical
c) In comparison to old Institutionalism, the New Institutionalism suffered more from Eurocentrism
and Ethnocentrism
 d) The Old Institutionalism is considered traditional approach to comparative politics; whereas
New Institutionalism is considered modern Approach

34.Which one of these is not one of the type/category of New Institutionalism?

(A) Rational Choice New Institutionalism
(B) Cultural or Sociological New Institutionalism
(C) Philosophical New Institutionalism
(D)Structural New Institutionalism

35.Identify the correct chronological order in which the following approaches emerged in
comparative politics.

1. New Institutional Approach

2. Marxist Approach
3. Philosophical Approach
4. Behavioural Approach

Options:

1. 1,2,3,4
2. 3,1,2,4
3. 3,4,1,2
4. 3, 2,4,1

36. What is a “Quasi-State”?

(A) A State that possess juridical statehood but severely deficient in empirical statehood.
(B) A State that possesses empirical statehood.
(C) A State that possesses neither juridical statehood nor empirical statehood.
(D) A State that has divided loyalties.

37. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts)​​List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)

1. Relative Gain​​A. Marxism

2. Absolute gain​​B. Constructivism
3. Unequal Exchange​​C. Neo-Realism
4. Socially constructed Identity​​D. Neo-Liberalism

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​A​C​A​D
b)​D​C​A​B
c)​C​D​A​B
d)​B​C​A​D

38. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Thinker)​​List 2( Contribution)

1. Jaap de Wild​​A. Defensive Neo-realism

2. Robert Jervis​​B. Constructivism
3. Alexander Wendt ​C. Copenhagen School
4. Martin Wight​​D. English School

Options:
 1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​C​A​B​D
b)​D​C​A​B
c)​A​B​C​D
d)​C​A​D​B

39. Match:
Thinker​​IR Theory/Approaches

1. James Scott​​A.​Defensive Neo-Realism

2. Stephen Walt​​B.​Offensive Neo Realism​​
3. John Ikenberry​​C.​Neo-liberalism
4. John Mearsheimer​​D.​Neo-classical Realism

Options:

1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​D​C​A​B
b)​D​A​C​B
c)​C​D​B​A
d)​D​A​B​C

40. Which of these Thinkers had Not given Just War Theories?

1. Thomas Aquinas
2. Hugo Grotius
3. Samuel Pufendorf
4. David Held

41. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader)​​List 2( Country)

1. Che Guevara ​A. Vietnam

2. Ho Chi Minh ​B. Italy
3. Sun Yat-sen​​C. Argentina
4. Garibaldi ​D. Republic of China (RoC)

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​C​A​D​B
b)​D​C​A​B
c)​B​A​D​C
d)​B​C​A​D

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Events)​​List 2( Year)

1. End of Apartheid in South Africa​​A. 1993

2. Berlin Wall broken​​B. 1941
3. Japan Attacked Pearl harbour​​C. 1990
4. European Union formedD. 1989
 Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​C​D​A​B
b)​D​C​B​A
c)​C​D​B​A
d)​D​C​A​B

43. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Strategy/ideology)​​List 2( Country)

1. Songun ideology ​A. USA

2. Leaning to one side​​B. Ghana
3. Isolation​​C. China
4. Non-Alignment​​D. North Korea

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​C​D​A​B
b)​D​C​A​B
c)​C​D​B​A
d)​D​C​B​A

44. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Conference/Agreement)​​List 2(Outcome)

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​D​A​B​C
b)​D​A​C​B
c)​C​D​B​A
d)​C​A​B​D

45. Which of these are part of the World bank Group?

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

2. International Development Agency (IDA)
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

Options:

1. 1 and 2
2. 1, 2 and 3
3. 1,3, 4
4. 1,2,3,4

46. Which of these has been the direct fall out of demise of USSR ?

1. End of the cold war

2. End of socialism/communism
3. Neo-liberal globalisation
4. Unipolar moment in global politics

Options:

1. 1, 3, 4
2. 1, 3
3. 1,2,3, 4
4. Only 1

47. Who is the pioneer in adopting system approach in IR?

1. David Easton
2. Mortan Kaplan
3. Hans Morgenthau
4. Kenneth waltz

48. How many times India became temporary member of the UN security Council?

1. Seven
2. Eight
3. Six
4. Five

49. who gave bio-polar stability theory?

1. Hans Morgenthau
2. Kenneth waltz
3. John Mearsheimer
4. Stephen Walt

50. Who was Not one of the founders of NAM?

1. Gamal Abdel Nasser

2. Julius Nyerere
3. Sukarno
4. Kwame Nkrumah
5. Josip Broz Tito

51.Parliamentary Sovereignty is feature of polity of which country?

1. UK
2. USA
3. Canada
4. Australia
 52.Which is Not correct about constitutional status of the Preamble?

1. In the Berubari case, in 1960, the SCI declared that the Preamble is Not part of the
constitution
2. In the Keshavanada case, in 1973, the SCI declared that the Preamble is integral part of the
constitution
3. Provisions contained in the Preamble didn’t have self-standing legal validity, they must be
supported by articles in the main body of the constitution
4. Provisions contained in the Preamble are justiciable

53.Which is Not correct about constitutional amendments under article 368?

1. The Parliament has powers to amend any part of the constitution provided the basis structure
of the constitution is not changed
2. Special majority is required to pass the amendment Bills
3. No provision for joint sitting of parliament in case of deadlock between two houses on passing
the amendment Bills
4. President may reject to give assent to amendment Bills passed by the parliament

54.Which is Not correct about 73rd Amendments?

1. state election commission for election to PRI

2. It is Not applicable to 5th and 6th Schedule areas/states
3. Direct elections to chairpersons of all 3 tiers of PRI
4. State Finance Commission for fund transfer from state to PRI
5. Reservations for SC/ST and women

Options:

1. 1,2, 3
2. Only 2
3. Only 3
4. 2,3

55.Which is Not correct about 74th Amendments?

1. Provision of ward committee as per article 243 S

2. Provision of Committee for district planning as per article 243ZD
3. It is Not applicable to 5th and 6th Schedule areas/states
4. Provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities are contained
in schedule 11

56.Which of these are Not common between 73rd and 74th Amendments

1. state election commission for election to local self-Government

2. State Finance Commission for fund transfer from state to local self-Government
3. Both are Not applicable to 5th and 6th Schedule areas/states
4. Separate Schedules for specifying powers, authority and responsibilities of local self-
Government

57.Which is Not a constitutional body?

1. CAG - Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

2. CEC - Chief Election Commissioner
3. CIC- Central Information Commission
4. AG- attorney General
 58.Which is Not a Statutory body?

1. UGC
2. NHRC- National Human Rights Commission
3. NCW- national Commission for women
4. Inter-state Council
5. CVC

59.Which is Not correct about FR and DPSP?

1. DPSP 39 (B) and 39(C) gets primacy over FR under article 14 and 19
2. During emergency FR under articles 20, 21 cannot be suspended
3. FR is guided by liberal doctrine whereas DPSP by socialist and Gandhian doctrines
4. Successive Indian Government faced roadblocks of FR while implementing DPSP
5. None of the above

60.Match

Articles ​What was said about

1. Article 32​​A. a necessary evil

2. Article 356​​B. Heart & soul of the Constitution
3. Article 21 ​C. Root of Judicial activism
4. Article 22 ​D. a ‘safety valve’ and a ‘dead letter’-
Ambedkar

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
3. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

61.Which is incorrect about Rajya Sabha membership?

1. Tenure of individual members is 6 years

2. one-third of its members retire every two years
3. The candidates are elected by members of state legislative assemblies by the method of single
transferrable vote system of Proportional representation
4. Entire state is considered the constituency of the Rajya Sabha Member
5. The candidate must be resident of the state from where they want to run for election.

62.Which famous case help establish ‘Due Process’ doctrine of judicial review in India?

1. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India-1978

2. Minerva Mills case-1980
3. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation-1985
4. Balaji v/s State of Mysore-1962

63.Which of these is Not one of three Judges cases which established the ‘Collegium system’
of appointments and transfers in higher Judiciary in India

1. SP Verma vs union of India(1981)

2. SP Gupta v Union of India (1981)
 3. Supreme Court Advocates‐on‐Record Association v Union of India (1993)
4. Special Reference case of 1998

64.Which of these articles does not pertains to appointment, role, duties of the Prime
Minister?

1. Article 74
2. Article 79
3. Article 75
4. Article 78

65.Main reason behind PMs becoming more powerful in parliamentary form of Government (
in comparison to president in the presidential form of Government)?

1. PM also is the most popular leader

2. PMO is vested with super-ordinary power
3. Fusion of legislature and executive
4. PM heads the council of minister on whose aid and advice the President has to act

66.Which President set a new precedent whereby it became mandatory for a person staking a
claim to the Prime Minister's office to produce letters of support from alliance partners?

1. Pranab Mukherjee
2. R. Venkataraman
3. K.R. Narayana
4. Shankar Dayal Sharma

67.Which of these is Not correct about the Money Bill?

1. Provisions regarding money bills are contained in articles 109 and 110
2. Lok Sabha Speaker is the final authority to certify a bill as money bill
3. Rajya Sabha can hold money bill passed by Lok Sabha only for 14 days
4. Lok Sabha may or may not agree to amendments made in the money bill by Rajya Sabha
5. President may refuse to give assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.

68.Which case led to SCI, in 2017, declaring ‘Right to Privacy’ as FR ?

1. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation

2. Puttaswamy v. Union of India
3. Shantistar Builders v. N.K. Totame
4. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar

69.Match:
Schedule ​Subject/Issue

1. 6th​​A. Anti-defection laws

2. 7th​​B. Recognition of the following 22 regional languages
3. 10th ​C. Division of powers between centre-state
4. 8th ​D. Administration of tribal areas of Assam,
Meghalaya,Tripura, Mizoram,

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

70.Match
Most Important Articles​​Subject/Issue

1. 148​​A. SCI
2. 76​​B. AG
3. 124​​C. CAG
4. 360​​D. Financial Emergency

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

71. Which of the following is Not related with the concept of Global Justice?

1. John Rawl
2. Friedrich Hayek
3. Amartya Sen
4. Martha Nussbaum

72. Which is Not correct about Climate Agreements?

1. First UN summit on environment was 1972 United Nations Conference on the Environment in
Stockholm
2. Agenda 21, adopted in Rio Earth Summit 1992, was plan of action under which developed
states should take the lead, committing themselves to restoring 1990 levels of GHG emissions
by the year 2000.
3. Legally binding commitment to reduce GHG emission was part of only one climate agreement-
Kyoto Protocol-1997
4. Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) was adopted in Kyoto Protocol-
1997

73. Which feminist Thinker in IR re-formulated 6 principles of Realism by Morgenthau?

a) Judith Ann Tickner

b) Carol Cohn
c) Cynthia Enloe
d) Laura Sjoberg

74. Most important role played by public administration in the policy process?

1. Policy making
2. Policy Evaluation
3. Policy Change
4. Policy Implementation

75. Which of these is not one of the feminist thinkers in IR?

1. Judith Ann Tickner
2. Carol Cohn
3. Rosa Luxemburg
4. Laura Sjoberg
 SET 5
1. Who defined freedom as ‘it is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing
or enjoying’?

1. Harold Laski
2. T.H.Green
3. Bosanquet
4. Ernest Barker

2.In 1950s, many thinkers declared demise of political theory; what they meant by the demise
of political theory?

1. Political science did not need political theory

2. Political theory was not scientific
3. Normative-philosophical political theory was not suitable for science of politics
4. Empirical political theory was not suitable for political science

3 As per David Easton which is the reason for decline of political theory?

1. Historicism
2. Hyperfactualism
3. Moral relativism
4. Value Pluralism

Options:

1. 1,2
2. 1,2,3
3. 1,2,3,4
4. 2,3,4

4.Which is Not correct about Ideology?

1. A belief system which helps to structure how the world is understood and explained
2. Set of ideas which provides the basis for political action
3. The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French philosopher, who conceived, in
1796, as the "science of ideas"
4. Ideology is same as theory

5.Who of the following didn’t predict or support decline and demise of political theory?

1. Peter Laslett
2. Ishiah Berlin
3. S M Lipset
4. Alfred Cobban
5. Robert Dahl

6. Which is Not related to Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony?

1. Manufacturing of Consent
2. Economic determinism
3. Ideology
 4. 3rd Dimension of Power
5. Dominance without coercion
6. Civil Society
7. Marxism

7.Who of the following supported the revival of political theory after the onslaught of
behavioural revolution?

1. Isiah Berlin
2. Leo Strauss
3. George H. Sabine
4. Eric Vogelin

Options:

1. 1,2,4
2. 1,2
3. 1,2,3
4. 1,2,3,4

8. Regarding importance of value in political theory, who said ‘We cannot shed our values in
the way we remove our coats’?

1. Isiah Berlin
2. Leo Strauss
3. George H. Sabine
4. David Easton

9.The word ‘theory’, derived from the Greek word ‘Theoria’ means
(A) A well organized political system
(B) A well focused mental look
(C) A well articulated economic structure
(D) A system of physical arrangement

10.Who among the following said that Political theory contains factors of three kinds-the
factual, the causal and the valuational ?
(A) Leo Strauss
(B) Dunning
(C) G.H. Sabine
(D) Ebenstein

11. Chief purpose of Rawl’s concept of ‘Veil of Ignorance’ and ‘Original Position’ is?

1. To make the theory of Justice universal which is applicable to all societies

2. To reconcile differing and competing conception of good held by different people/groups
3. To make the theory align with value-pluralism of liberal doctrine
4. To have impartiality in reasoning, decision making and judgement

12. Which is correct about ‘General Will’ of Rousseau?

1. It is the sum total of the actual wills of all member of the body politic
2. It is the sum of the real wills of all member of the political community
3. It is the majority decision by all member of the political community
4. It is common and unanimous decision wherein each one is guided by one’s real will

13. Which political thinker believed in natural sexual differentiation and, advocated man and
women developing as natural man and natural women?
 1. Bentham
2. Edmund Burke
3. Hegel
4. Rousseau

14. who said “the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the affairs of
the whole bourgeoisie”

1. Ralph Miliband
2. Nicos Poulantzas
3. Lenin
4. Marx

15.Which of these is Not Correct of Thomas Hobbes?

1. He was first to modernize the tradition of Natural Law

2. He is considered as the first modern propounder of the idea of negative liberty
3. He was first modern Political thinker who deliberately ignored Aristotle in his political
thought
4. None of the above

16. Which of these books is not written by J.S. Mill?

1. The Subjection of Women

2. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
3. On Liberty
4. Considerations on Representative Government

17. Which pair is Not correctly matched?

1. Plato- Apology
2. Hobbes- Elements of Natural Philosophy
3. Aristotle- Rhetoric
4. Rousseau- Emile

18. Who is Not a libertarian thinker?

1. Robert Nozick
2. Milton Friedman
3. Robert Dahl
4. Fredrich Hayek

19. Who was the first noted political thinker to give the idea of distributive justice?

1. Plato
2. Aristotle
3. Cicero
4. St. Augustine

20. Which is Not correct about Rousseau?

1. Sovereignty lies with members of the body politic and cannot be delegated
2. One can be forced to be free
3. Modern civilisation forced man to live in the eyes of others and has thus debased human
nature
4. Men and women are different in nature but they may play the same role both in private and
public domain

21. Which of the following is incorrect about Hegel’s theory of state?

1. State was synthesis of family and civil society

2. State was march of God on earth
3. He gave organic and integrative theory of state- state as organism, individuals as its
limbs/organs
4. He refuted corporatist state

22. Which thinker conceived society as ‘cooperative venture for mutual advantage’?

1. John Rawl
2. T.H.Green
3. Harlod Laski
4. John Locke

23. Which of these books were not authored by Aristotle?

1. Nicomachean Ethics
2. Timaeus
3. On the Soul
4. Metaphysics

24. Match :

1. Irish Marian Young​​A.Global Justice/cosmopolitanism

2. Thomas Pogge​​B.Democracy and difference
3. C. B. Macpherson​​C.Categorical Imperative
4. Immanuel Kant​​D.Possessive Individualism

Options:

1. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

25. Which thinker is Not associated with ‘end of history’ hypothesis?

1. Francis Fukuyama
2. John Rawl
3. Daniel Bell
4. Hegel

26. Who gave Gandhiji the title of ‘Mahatma’

1. Gopal Krishna Gokhle

2. Tilak
3. Aurobindo
4. Rabindranath Tagore
 27.Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was from Apology of Plato; to whom
he called ‘Satyavir’?

1. Plato
2. Glaucon
3. Socrates
4. Thrasymachus

28. In Kautilya’s Raja Mandla theory which of these seemed to be the most powerful state?

1. The State of Vijigishu

2. The Madhyma State
3. The Udasin State
4. The Akranda

29. Which of these party/organization Not founded by Ambedkar?

1. Independent Labour Party

2. Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti
3. Scheduled caste federation
4. The Republican Party

30. Which is Not correct about Raja Ram Mohan Roy?

1. He set up Atmiya Sabha, the Calcutta unitarian Association and the Brahmo Sabha
2. Brahmo Samaj does not believe in separate existence of soul and life after
3. For him, political freedom is required for social reforms
4. He published ‘Brahminical Magazine’; Bengali weekly- ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ ; Persian weekly
-‘Mairat Al Akbar’; English weekly -‘Bengal Gazette’

31. To Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, the most suitable political culture, which they called
civic culture is combination of?

1. Parochial and subject political culture

2. Parochial, Subject and Participative political culture
3. Subject and Participative political culture
4. Object and Participative political culture

32. Which of the following are 5 nations whose political culture was studied by Gabriel
Almond and Sidney Verba for their book ‘Civic Culture’?

1. UK, Spain, Italy, Germany, USA

2. UK, USA, France, Germany, Italy
3. UK, USA, Greece, Germany, Italy
4. UK, USA, Italy, Germany, Mexico

33.Which of these orientations was not stated by Almond and Verba with regard to political
culture:

1. Evaluative orientation
2. Cognitive orientation
3. Affective orientation
4. Objective Orientation

34.Which is Not associated with the System Approach?

1. David Easton
2. Black Box
3. Generalization
4. Input and Output
5. Feedback
6. Deeper analysis of parts and their interactions

35. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Almond’s classification of interest groups)​​List 2(main feature)

1. Institutional ​A.Kinship and informal ties

2. Anomic​​B. teachers, lawyers, doctors and other
professionals bodies
3. Associational​​C. located in institutions such as
legislature, bureaucracy, corporations, army,etc.
4. Non- Associational​​D. Spontaneous

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

36. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts)​​List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)

1. Balance of Power​​A. Liberalism

2. Core & Periphery​​B. Realism
3. Capitalism as Imperialism​​C. Dependency Theory- Neo-Marxism
4. Democratic Peace​​D. Marxism

Options:
​1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​C​A​B
c)​C​D​B​A
d)​D​C​B​A

37. What is the correct sequence of Morton Kaplan’s models of systems analysis?
(i) Balance of Power
(ii) Loose Bipolarity
(iii) Tight Bipolarity
(iv) Universal International System
Codes :
(A) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(B) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

38. Non-alignment as India’s foreign policy meant

(A) neutrality
(B) equidistance between the three blocs during the cold war
(C) independence and judging each issue on its relevance to our national interest.
(D) interference into the internal affairs of other States.
 39. According to many realists, chief means to achieve international peace is?
(A) Setting up robust institutional regimes
(B) A balance of power between States.
(C) Trying to spread democratic values throughout the world.
(D) Spillover effect by trade and economic relations

40. Neo-realism is basically divided into two sub-ideologies; they are?

1. Backward and advanced

2. Power cantered and security cantered
3. Structuralist and anarchist
4. Offensive and Defensive

41. Which one of the following is not a theorist of Liberalism in IR?

(A) John Ikenberry
(B) Stanley Hoffmann
(C) Reinhold Niebuhr
(D) Charles Beitz

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books in IR)​​​List 2( Thinker)

1. Social Theory of International Politics ​A. Alexander Wendt

2. World of our making ​B. Nicholas Onuf
3. National Interests in International Society ​C. Martha Finnemore
4. World Ordering​​D. Emanuel Adler

Options:
1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​C​A​B
c)​A​B​C​D
d)​D​C​B​A

43.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books in IR)​​​List 2( Thinker)

1. Gendering world politics​​A. Laura Sjoberg

2. Bananas, Beaches and Bases​​B. Carol Cohn
3. Women and Wars​​C. J. Ann Tickner
4. Gendering Global Conflict​​D. Cynthia Enloe​

Options:
​1​2 ​3 ​4
a)​B​C​D​A
b)​D​C​A​B
c)​A​B​C​D
d)​C​D​B​A

44. Khilafat Movement in India was started to show solidarity with the Sultan of
(a) Saudi Arabia
(b) Turkey
(c) Iran
(d) Iraq
 45. Who wrote the seminal book on Game Theory “The Theory of Games and Economic
Behaviour”.
(a) Mortan Kaplan
(b) John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern
(c) Karl Deutsch
(d) Michael Hass

46. Which is the most significant issue for QUAD?

1. Free navigation in South China Sea

2. Free and open Indian Ocean
3. Russian Hegemony in Eastern Europe
4. Free and open Indo-Pacific

47. According to both IMF and World bank which region is the fastest growing in terms of
GDP?

1. East Africa
2. Latin America
3. South east Asia
4. Asia-Pacific

48. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(USSR General Secretary)​​List 2( Doctrine/principles)

1. Stalin​​A. Limited Sovereignty

2. Khrushchev​​B. Socialism in one country,
Leninism
3. Brezhnev​​C. Glasnost & Perestroika
4. Gorbachev​​D. peaceful coexistence

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

49. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Indian PM)​​List 2( Doctrine/principles)

1. Indira Gandhi​​A. Non-reciprocity with neighbours

2. I.K.Gujral​​B. Look East Policy
3. Narasimha Rao​​C. Act East Policy
4. Narendra Modi​​D. Hegemony in South Asia

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

50. Which of the following is/are correct about Panchsheel’?

1. It contained the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2. It was agreed between India and China in 1954
3. China also signed Panchsheel with Myanmar, which also played a role in framing
Panchsheel
4. NAM also formerly adopted Panchsheel.

Options:

1. 1, 3, 4
2. 1, 3
3. 1,2,3
4. 1, 4

51.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Theory)​​List 2( Thinker)

1. Democratic Peace​​A. Immanuel Kant

2. Perpetual Peace​​B. Kwame Nkrumah
3. Neo-colonialism​​C. Immanuel Wallenstein
4. World System​​D. Michael Doyle​

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

52.Match

Landmark cases ​Outcome

1. Shankari Prasad case-1951​A. 1st time the concept of basic

feature of Constitution was stated in this case

2. Golaknath case-1967​​B. Parliament can amend all parts,

including FR
3. Keshavananda Bharti Case-1973 ​C. Parliament cannot curtail FR by amending
them
4. Sajjan Singh case -1964​​D. Basic Structure Doctrine

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

53.Match

Notable amendments ​Related to

1. 61st​​A. limited maximum nos. of ministers to 15% of nos. of

legislatures
2. 91st​​B. created Ninth Schedule
3. 1st ​C. Anti-defection Act
4. 52nd ​D. Lowering of voting age
 Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

54.Match

​Articles ​DPSP

1. Article 44​​A. Uniform Civil Code

2. Article 41​​B. Right to Work
3. Article 43​​C. Living wage for workers
4. Article 43A​​D. Participation of workers in management of
Industries

Options:

1. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

55.Which of the following expenditure shall be charged ( that is, not voted by Parliament) on
the Consolidated Fund of India?

1. The emoluments and allowances of the President,

2. The Salary and pensions of the Supreme Court Judges
3. The salary, allowances and pension payable to or in respect of the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India
4. Debt charges for which the Government of India is liable including interest

Options:

1. 1,2, 3
2. 1,2,3,4
3. 2,3,4
4. 1,2

56.Match

​Pre-independence Constitutional reforms ​Features

 1. GOI Act 1909​​A. Principle of representation in governance was
initiated
2. GOI Act 1919​​B. Diarchy in centre
3. GOI Act 1935​​C. Separate electorate for Muslims
4. Indian Councils Act 1892​​D. Diarchy in Provinces

Options:

1. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

57.Legal Sovereignty in India vests in?

1. Parliament
2. President
3. Supreme Court
4. Constitution

58.‘Constitution is what courts says it is’ this principle is applicable in?

1. USA
2. India
3. UK
4. Both A & B

59.Match

​Special arrangements under ​Tenure( Maximum period)

1. Emergency under Article 356​​A. 6 months and 6 weeks

2. Emergency under Article 360​​B. 6 months at a time, unlimited
3. Emergency under Article 352​​C. 6 months at a time, 3 years
4. Ordinance under article 123​​D. Unlimited

Options:

1. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

60.Granvile Austin called Indian constitutional a social document as seamless web of 3

elements; these are?

1. Social revolution
2. National unity and integrity
3. National Development
4. Democracy

Options:
1. 1,2,3
2. 2,3,4
3. 1,3,4
4. 1,2,4

61.Match

Lesser Known Articles​​Subject/Issue

5) 257​​A. Parliamentary privileges
6) 105​​B. Right of President to address and send messages to
both houses of Parliament
7) 108​​C. Union may give directions to a State
8) 86​​D. Joint Sitting of Parliament

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B

2. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D

62.Match

Range of Articles​​Subject/Issue

1. 214-231​​A. Panchayati Raj

2. 239-242​​B. High Courts
3. 243 A- 243 O​​C. Union Territories
4. 315-323​​D. Public Service Commission

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B

2. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A

63.Match

Parts​​Subject/Issue

1. II​​A. Panchayati Raj

2. V​​B. Emergency Provisions
3. IX​​C. Union Government
 4. XVIIID. Citizenship

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

64.Match
​Pre-independence Constitutional reforms ​Features

1. GOI Act 1909​​A. Start of Indian representation in Legislature

2. GOI Act 1919​​B. Federal Court, Separate electorates depressed
classes, women and labourer, dyarchy in center

3. GOI Act 1935​​C. Separate electorate for Muslims

4. Indian Councils Act 1861​​D. First time introduced responsive
governance and bicameralism in Indian
Legislature

Options:

1. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D

2. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
4. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

65.Which is Not correct about 73rd Amendments?

1. Its provisions contained in articles 243 A to 243 O

2. Its role, functions, jurisdictions are contained in Schedule 11
3. 29 subjects were to be transferred from state Government to PRI
4. It contained provisions for district planning committee

66.Which is Not correct about 74th Amendments?

1. Its provisions contained in articles 243 P to 43ZG

2. Through PESA-1996, provisions of 74th amendments were extended to 5th schedule areas
3. Its role, functions, jurisdictions are contained in Schedule 12
4. 18 subjects were to be transferred from state Government to Urban Local Bodies

67.Fundamental Duties was made by the Constitution (Forty‐Second Amendment) Act, 1976;
and it was amended in 2002 by which 11th duty was inserted? Which was this amendment?

1. 91st Amendments
2. 86th Amendments
3. 84th Amendments
4. 61th Amendments

68. When and in which state first communist govt in state was formed?

1. 1962, Kerala
2. 1957, West Bengal
3. 1957, Kerala
 4. 1967, Kerala

69. Under the Citizenship Act, 1955, by which of the following ways can a person become a
citizen of India?
​1.​By birth ​
2.​By descent
​3.​By registration ​
4.​By nationalisation ​
5.​By incorporation of territory ​
Options:
​(a)​1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
​(b)​1 and 2
(c)​1, 2, 3 and 5
​(d)​3, 4 and 5

70. Match

latest amendments ​Related to

1. 102nd​​A. 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections

(EWS)
2. 103rd​​B. Extended SC/ST reservation for 10 years and
removed the reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community
3. 104th ​C. Gives back the power to Identify socially and
educationally backward classes (SEBCs) back to state Govts
4. 105th ​D. Constitutional status to the National for
Backward Classes (NCBC)

Options:

1. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C

2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
3. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
4. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

71.Which one is not correct about theory of Global Justice by John Rawls?
(A) ‘People’(Politically organized society having sufficient commonality of culture, tradition,
history) Unit of social interaction at global level
(B) Based on core liberal principles of tolerance.
(C) prosperity of people are due to local factors- culture, values, character, and industriousness
of the people
(D) Obligation of unlimited assistance: global difference principle as in his theory of Justice for a
nation/society.

72. “political culture involves attributes including attitudes, feelings, sentiments, beliefs, and values
which concern the nature of politics that give form and substance to political processes” whose
definition of political culture is this?

1. Almond
2. Almond & Verba
3. Huntington
4. Lucian Pye
 73. Who gave the concept of ‘ Çatch All Party’ ?

1. Lippset & Rokken

2. Giovanni Sartori
3. Maurice Duverger
4. Otto Kirchheimer

74. What is Stockholm plus 50?

1. Theme of next round of climate talks

2. Regional Inter-governmental organisation in North Europe
3. 50 nations joining together in Stockholm on the issue of climate change
4. Environmental conference in Stockholm in June 2022 to commemorate 50th anniversary of the
1st UN summit on human environment

75.When World Environment Day celebrated?

1. June 5
2. June 6
3. June 7
4. April 22
ANSWER KEYS WITH ADDL. INFO
 SET 1
Question Answer
Hint/additional Info
No. Key
Welfarism or welfare state is related to modern or positive liberalism;
B
classical liberalism believes in minimal state- state as necessary evil
1.
Distributive justice is an anathema (hateful thing) to Liberaltarianism;
Nozick called taxation (which is aimed towards distributive justice) as forced
C
labour
2.
Distributive justice is related to modern or positive liberalism
Laissez-faire state means the state which does not interfere in market
D economy- a nightwatchman kind of state; this is not acceptable to modern or
3. positive liberalism, which supports welfare state and distributive justice
Dirigisme is state directed economy; state interfere and rectify market
C imperfections; a kind of welfare or corporatist state; obviously Dirigisme
4. would be unacceptable to (classical) liberalism.
Marxism imposes a uniform value over all in a socialist/communist society;
F it does not believe in Value pluralism, which is related to some streams of
5. liberalism
Lasswell wrote the book- ‘Politics; who Gets What, When, how’
A David Easton: gave system theory
6. Bismark: PM of Prussia, united Germany into one nation-state in 1871
Robert Dahl- Pluralist, group theory, Polyarchy
Talcott Parsons: Sociologist- influenced concept of political Culture
C
7. Hanah Arendt: radically redefined politics & power; author of ‘The Human
Condition’
James Fishkin, Joshua Cohen, Amy Gutmann & Dennis F. Thompson –
wrote books on deliberative Democracy
B Schumpeter: minimal definition of Democracy ‘as the method by which
8. people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will’ ; to
him essence of democracy is free & fair election
C
9. A Dialectic method was used by Socrates, Plato, Hegel, and Marx
10. Modern Liberalism may also be called positive Liberalism
Neo-Liberalism is revival of classical liberalism
C
Libertarianism: classical liberalism, individualism and limited government(
11.
low taxation).
General Will was the sum total ( not arithmetic but organic) of true or real
will of all; it was always good, infallible, and for common Good
B
Real Will: true, virtuous will of higher self
12.
Actual Will: self-interested, empirical will of lower self

Hobbes
1st to give concept of negative liberty
A
13. 1st to modernize the theory of natural law

unique combination of individualism and absolutism

4 causes- the material, the formal, the efficient( Not effective), and the
A
final- are explanation for any substance
14.
B Michael Sandel: Communitarian
16.
15. D Communitarian are critical of Rawl’s theory of Justice
Mary Wollstonecraft wrote ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Men’ criticizing
B
Burke’s conservative views
17.
D
18. Rawl’ theory of Justice is applicable only to liberal societies

Lexical Priority of Rawl’ theory of justice

Two principles of justice:
1. Principle of Equal Liberty: Each person has an equal right to the most
extensive liberties compatible with similar liberties for all
2.Difference Principle: Social and economic inequalities should be
arranged so that they are both (a) to the greatest benefit of the least
advantaged persons, and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all
under conditions of equality of opportunity.
C
Priority: 1, 2 b, 2 a ( must know this!)
19.
Rawl’s Books
• A Theory of Justice( 1971)
• Justice as Fairness( 1985)
• The Law of Peoples(1993)
• Political Liberalism(1993)
• Two Concepts of Rules
Also remember, he gave the concept of ‘ overlapping consensus’ and
society as ‘cooperative venture for mutual advantage’
Reverse is true, Rawlsian individuals had unencumbered selves- they
were independent and autonomous in choosing their own goal/end based on
D
their own conception of good life; they were not pursuing ends decided by
20.
society for them.
Marx wrote profusely on Revolutionary traditions in France

"The Civil War in France“

C
21.
•​The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850
•​The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon
In the name of forcing citizens to be guided by their higher self, which is
known to the state, the state may force a particular way of life and ideology
C on them. This May give rise to paternalism, authoritarianism, and eventually
22. totalitarianism…this is like slippery slope…once you start there is no
stopping.
Hobbes- avoided normative approach, he adopted scientific and empirical
approach
B
Aristotle and Plato are considered founders of philosophical-normative
23.
approach
In fact, Rousseau suggested that One can be forced to obey the General
Will, as it was like forcing one to be free!
D
Obeying General Will is like obeying your higher self- becoming morally
24.
free.
Open Society: which does not force a particular end/goal, ideology or
notion of good life to its member, which allow its members to have their own
conception of good life and pursue them with their own life choices.
A
He wrote ‘The Open Society and Its Enemies(1945)’
25.
Popper gave concepts of ‘ Falsification of scientific theory’ and ‘
Piecemeal social engineering’- REMEMBER THEM
C Frankfurt School of critical thinkers: Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max
26. Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, Habermas
C ‘State and revolution ‘ by Lenin
27. Roy as well as Brahmo Samaj do not believe in soul, cycle of death & re-
B
birth
28.
For Savarkar, anyone who consider India as a land of their
ancestors and a holy land belong to the Indian nation
His Hindu Rashtra was based on Common 1. Territory 2. Race 3.
A
Culture
29.
He was 1st to call 1857 revolt ‘The Indian War of Independence’

Savarkar wrote in 1923- ‘Hindutva: who is a Hindu?

Gandhiji believed in self-governing community, and non-hierarchical
D governing structure
30. He was considered ‘ Philosophical Anarchist’
Swaraj will come not by acquisition of authority by a few but by acquisition
D of capacity by all to resist authority when it is abused- Gandhi
31. When in doubt in MCQs on quote ( IPT), go for Ambedkar or Gandhi
Was it an example of ‘Orientalism’ as theorised by Edward Said?
A
Weber was Eurocentric in his thoughts
32.
Almond & Verba wrote ‘Civic Culture (1963)’
D Comparative study of political culture of 5 countries- US, UK, Germany,
33. Mexico, and Italy (remember this)

Anthropology was first social science discipline to use General

System Theory, which came out from Biology (organism as system)
A
David Easton- System approach in Comparative Politics
34.
Morton Kaplan- System Approach in IR
Almond used similar concept developed by sociologists Talcott Parsons to
D
further develop the Structural-Functional approach in CP
35.
Studying human Behaviour was not part of the Traditional Approach to
B
Comparative Politics
36.
Legal-constitutional institutionalism was part of of the Traditional Approach
I
to Comparative Politics
37.
Public Administration plays major and vital role in Policy process
in India
B Policy implementation- entirely in the domain of public
38. administration

Vital role in policy formulation and evaluation.

As the role of PMO increased, role of the Cabinet Secretariat in policy
C
making decreased
39.
C Just Remember
40. A Must remember such IR GK
41. C
42. D
43. C Hannah Arendt is known for her writings on totalitarianism
44. BIMSTEC leaders were chief guests during MR Modi’s oath-taking
A
ceremony in May 2019
45.
46. C Robert Keohane with Joseph Nye gave theory of ‘ Complex
Interdependence’- core of Neo-liberalism
D
47. A
48. B Containment policy was called Truman Doctrine
49. Also Remember:
B Obama- pivot to Asia; Roosevelt- 4 times US president, 4 freedom
50. speech; Eisenhower- ‘Atom for Peace’ speech
Security, Diplomacy, survival, self-help, etc are also important terms in
A
realism, but core theme is interest and power
51.
Hobbes is considered a realist thinker; to him, agents ( individual or
B
nation) are perpetual power seeker
52.
John Ikenberry is an important liberal thinker
D
He Wrote ‘Liberal Leviathan (2011)’
53.
Realism doubts on efficacies of International regimes ( covenants,
I international law, treaties, agreements, etc) in helping maintain peace and
54. cooperation in IR
Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia was one of the founder members of NAM
Yugoslavia is now split into 6 countries- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
B Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia
55. This is called ‘ Balkanisation’- division of a multinational state into smaller
ethnically homogeneous entities
Note thar President is head of state, which has 3 organs- executive,
A legislature, and Judiciary. As head of the state is both head of executive and
56. Legislature; he also appoint chief Justice and other judges.
Its is considered as ‘ holding together’ federal state ; USA, Switzerland
C and Australia are examples of coming together federations; India, Belgium
57. and Spain are examples of holding together federations.
1st time, in Sajjan Singh case, the phrase basic structure was stated in the
order of one of the judges
D
58. SAARC Bommai case, related mainly to abuse of article 356, also affected
centre-state relation
Art. 312-All India services- IAS, IPS, IFoS, and IJS, etc- can only be
D created if Rajya Sabha passes resolution to this effect.
59. All India services mentioned in the Constitution- IAS, IPS, IJS
31 B was inserted through 1st Amendment
A
60. Now SC has taken 9th schedule within its purview of judicial review.
D Only elected legislatures vote for president’s election
61.
Article 300 A for protecting Right to Property was inserted through 44th
D amendments, which removed property rights from FR ( 31) to Constitutional
62. right
Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6 month and 6 weeks because
C maximum gap between two sessions of parliament 6 months and ordinance
63. can survive for 6 weeks without being passed by parliament.
C Just remember
64. A
65. Committed Bureaucracy means the Bureaucracy is completely aligning
A with the Government of the day; it breaks the principle of neutrality of
66. bureaucracy.
B These are the instances of presidential discretions
68.
67. D Indira Gandhi formed Congress(R), the new Congress; R stood for
Requisition ; O in Congress ( O) for Organisation

7 National Parties: Congress, BJP, BSP, CPI, CPI(M), NCP, TMC

B
69. Note: National People’s Party (NPP) shall become 8th national party, but
still not declared so on ECI website
Justice Party was formed in 1917 by Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar
Periyar joined this party and in 1944 n 1944, transformed the Justice Party
C
into the social organisation Dravidar Kazhagam (DK), from which DMK and
70.
AIADMK emerged.
ECI recognise only 3 types of party- national, State, Registered
C
There is no officially recognised ‘Regional Party’
71. C Just remember
72. D Just remember
73. D Names and purpose of Government schemes/missions are important
74. D
75.
 SET 2
Question Answer
Hint/additional Info
No. Key
Pareto: Circulation of Elites; also gave 2 types of elites- Lion & Fox
C Wright Mills: ‘ The Power Elites’
B
Thomas Aquinas, a medieval thinker, gave 5 proofs of God, and just war
1.
theories
A Robert Nozick: Libertarian
2. A
3. It was to break the private-public dichotomy and to politicize the politics in
A
family and marriage
4.
D It Rejects modernism but also is critical of post-modernist approach
5. Post-behaviouralism rejected value-neutrality; it gave due importance to
value in the political.
C Easton’s 7 credo of relevance of Post-behaviouralism: . Substance 2.
6. change 3. Brute reality 4. fact-value synthesis 5. protect human values 6.
action orientation 7. Political scientists as actors of social change
Behaviouralism gave primacy to observations and facts, and Fact-value
separation; it didn’t support Value pluralism
Easton’s 8 characteristics features of Behaviouralism
E
7. (1) Regularities; (2) Verification; (3) Techniques; (4) Quantification; (5)
Values; (6) Systematisation; (7) Pure Science; and (8) Integration

Just remember this; this was objected by the communitarian critique of

C
Rawl’s theory of Justice
8.
C Multiculturalism believes in cultural relativism
9. Proportionate equality was given by Aristotle; it meant equal should be
treated equal; also distribution of wealth/income, honour should be in
C
proportion to merit or contribution to society.
10.
Proportionate equality was the basis of Distributive Justice
Okin is Feminist and Sandel and McIntyre were communitarian critic of
C
Rawl’s theory of Justice
11.
Capability approach to Development as freedom was given by
D
Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum
12.
Dahl- Pluralist thinker, wrote-‘ Polyarchy’
Paine- liberal thinker
A
Hannah Arendt: Wrote against totalitarianism
13.
Harold Laski: Pluralist, left oriented British labour party leader
D Edmund Burke was major conservative thinker
14. The Lyceum- School of Aristotle
A
The Garden- School of Epicurus
15.
B Politics- Aristotle
16. Philosophers- with their knowledge can see the real world- outside the
D
cave
17.
C Plato’s ideal state represented his idea of justice
18. C Only the producer class were allowed private property and family
19. C Aristotle, Plato’s student, supported private property
21.
20. B Plato supported same education and same civic roles for both sexes
Karl Popper criticised Plato for his utopic, regimented, and conservative
B
views about individual
22.
Justice as Mutual Advantage- Theory that argue that moral norms of
justice are those that rational, self‐interested persons would accept in
B regulating the pursuit of their self‐interest.
23. Justice gives everyone, as the rational, self-interested person, the best
chance of achieving their good that they can reasonably expect, given that
others are simultaneously trying to achieve their (different) good
Negative Peace: simply absence of violence, physical threat
Positive Peace: Societal structure providing equal opportunity,
D
dignity, and status to all its member
24.
Galtung wrote ‘Peace by peaceful means(1996)’
Polity was virtuous form of Government/ Constitution as a rule of the
Many in the interest of all
Polity, however, may degenerate into Democracy- rule of the Many in the
C
interest of few ( Elite theory)
25.
Best practicable Government/ Constitution- Mix of Polity and Aristocracy-
named Polity again- don’t get confused!
An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957)-​Anthony Downs
The book gives a model of how economic theory can be applied to non-
market political decision-making, such as public policy. Much of his research
A
eventually became integrated into public choice theory- how public policy is
26.
outcome of rational choice of set of individuals who are rational and self-
interested.
John Rawl cannot be associated with positive liberty, he supported rights
D
of individual over common good
27.
C Both Gandhi and Savarkar were influenced by Mazzini
28. John Ruskin- Sarvodaya ; Henry Thoreau- civil disobedience ; Tolstoy-
pacific anarchism ; Plato & Aristotle: normativity, justice ; Jainism- non-
C
29. violence; Vaishnavism- Catholicism

D
30. Because Ambedkar gave us the ‘the supreme law’- Constitution- so he is
D
31. modern Law Giver
B Important, may be asked separately; remember
32. B Must remember
33. A Lesser known fact but may be asked
34. Because he compared 158 Constitutions of his time to come up with 6
D
pure types of Constitution/Government
35.
Graham Wallas wrote ‘Human Nature in Politics’
D Arthur Bentley wrote ‘The Process of Government’
36. Both these books help usher behavioural approach in political science
In this classic book Alexis de Tocqueville compares Democracy in USA
D
with France and other western European nations
37.
D
38. C Anarchic world order is brute reality accepted by all schools of IR Theory
39. Must remember Hugo Grotius and his 3 justifications for war
B
Also Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello
40.
C
42.
41. D Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Belize, Barbados, Canada, Grenada,
Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St
Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, The Bahamas and Tuvalu-
these commonwealth nation accept Monarch of UK as their Constitutional
head of state
B
43. C Remember who coined IR terms- favourite topic for ETs
44. Golden Triangle, Golden Crescent both are areas of illicit opium and other
B
banned drug production
45. A Yugoslavia was founding member of NAM
46. A Better to remember Revolution named as colour- favourite of ETs
47. D Actually, it was end of Japan as a colonial power
48. D Oft- repeated; must remember
49. BIMSTEC members: five from South Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan,
C India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, and two from Southeast Asia, including Myanmar
50. and Thailand.
Very Important fact for this year’s exams
D
Note: India would be the next president of G-20 in Dec, 2022
51.
C Yes, India had 2+2 with Russia, too in December 202
52. B
53. Note; under article 359, Right to life & liberty- 20 & 21- cannot be
B
suspended
54.
A Inter-state council, this time, is important
55. D Range of articles on a issue/office must be mapped and remembered
56. A Subject matter of parts of Constitution should be remembered
57. No joint sitting for breaking the deadlock in case of constitutional
amendment bills; neither required for money bill
C
Thus, joint sitting only for ordinary bill
58.
Note: only a simple majority required to pass bill during the joint sitting.
B
59. As head of the state, president take oath to Preserve, Protect, and Defend
B the Constitution of India
60. Article 60- oath to President
85(2) simply says that president may dissolve the Lok Sabha from time to
C time…there may be occasion when the president may use his discretion to
61. decide on the dissolution, without going by the advise of council of minister.
President is bound to give assent to passed money bill and Constitutional
D
amendment bills
62.
D
63. D
64. D
65. Article 85(2) gives some situational discretion to the President in deciding
dissolution of Lok Sabha
B But in 1979, when Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, the then president accepted
66. advice of Charan Singh, who could never win the majority in Lok Sabha, it
became controversial.
D India has Parliamentary form of Government, in which PM and not the
67. president holds the real executive power, but still all entire Government is run
 in the name of president, who is almost bound by the advise of council of
minister headed by the PM
B
68. Note: President hands over resignation to Vice-President and Vice-
D President to President
69. Similarly, Dy. Speaker resigns to Speaker and vice-versa
C Important and interesting fact, must remember
70. D Recently, SCI banned use of the sedition law till it is reviewed
71. The Government of India Act, 1919 had introduced Diarchy in provinces
A under which some of the ministers, looking after transferred subjects, were
72. elected.
garbage can model of organizational behaviour was developed by Cohen,
D
March and Olsen
73.
D
74. C Also, many times, policy goals are vague, not well defined
75.
 SET 3
Question Answer
Hint/additional Info
No. Key
(liberal) Communitarianism is one stream within the liberal doctrine; it is
D not similar to Communism/Socialism; it believed in individual liberty, value
1. pluralism, rights, etc.
Robert Nozick was Liberaltarian- often asked
B Remaining 4 are famous liberal communitarian thinkers- again asked
2. frequently
D Definition of Moral Relativism
3. Universalism- universal human nature, fate, worth, rights, values- all are
A
related to liberalism
4.
Meta narrative is narrative of historical events, grand narrative; post
modernism believes that narratives ( historical accounts) of past events are
D
not factual account but done with a purpose; hence it rejects it
5.
Lyotard is associated with rejecting meta-narratives.
Opposite is correct; it rejected Platonism and its idea of structure of
E
transcendental philosophy
6.
This is how Dworkin defined some rights as trump; they are like
D
fundamental rights
7.
Jeremy Bentham was supporter of legal rights( oft-repeated)
C He was staunch critic of natural right theory.
8. For him, natural rights were nonsense upon the stilts( asked frequently)
Definition of Rationalism
B
Note the rationalism vs empiricism dichotomy
9.
A Remember these definitions of justice
10. Reverse: Sovereignty originates in people and remains there, cannot be
B delegated
11. Both Locke and Rousseau gave the concept of ‘ Popular Sovereignty’
Marx gave ‘Instrumentalist’ view of capitalist state
The statement ‘Capitalist State help re-produce social structure needed to
C
maintain capitalism’ is structuralist view of capitalist state- given by Luis
12.
Althusser
Occasion for disobeying the sovereign: for self-preservation, to protect
A
honour/dignity of family, when independence of state is not in danger, etc.
13.
State was necessary for flourishment of Individuals, only living as citizen
C
of a state, individual could attain ‘Eudemonia’( Flourished and fulfilled life)
14.
Joseph Schumpeter was not pluralist thinker; he was critical of classical
Democracy and defined Democracy merely as political method to chose ruler
D
through periodic election
15.
He wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy(1942)’
Just remember this
A
Bentham- father of utilitarianism
16.
D Lenin wrote: Lenin- ‘Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism’
17. Robert Nozick was libertarian thinker, for him welfare state is like slavery
B as taxation is like forced labour
18. He wrote ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia( 1974)’
19. D Remember this, very important
Also read about these concepts
“Tyranny of Majority”- in Democracy the permanent minorities may not
be able to pursue their distinct culture, way of life, and independence as
C decisions are taken through majority vote; hence Democracy may require
20. specific safeguards to protect minority rights
Alex de Tocqueville wrote ‘Democracy in America( 1835)’
D Refer explanation of Q.N. 2 above
21. The Capability Approach focuses upon the moral significance of
individuals’ capability of achieving the kind of lives they have reason to value.
C A person’s capability to live a good life is defined in terms of being in good
22. health or having loving relationships with others to which they have real
access, have good education, opportunity, status, and dignity.
D labour theory of property was given by John Locke
23. It was Justice based on functional division of society based on aptitude,
education & training
C It was very similar to ‘Varna system’ of early Vedic Period ( note not the
24. caste system, which is degenerated and perverted form of the ‘Varna
system’)
Marx was not influenced by David Hume’s empiricism and his focus on
B feeling and emotions over reason/rationality
25. Remember remaining all, asked frequently
.‘Voluntary Poverty’ denoted renunciation( leaving) of wants/desires
A
Just opposite to possessive individualism of western culture
26.
For Gandhiji, mere theoretical knowledge was not true education, it should
C
27. include skill such as handicraft and other vocational work
A A hidden fact, was asked in BHU
28. C
29. A
30. C
31. A Obvious fact but was asked in one PG ET
32. New Institutionalism focuses on norms, beliefs, practices shaping
B
behaviours. These are soft aspect of institutions.
33.
F As stated above Norms & belief are part of New Institutionalism
34. D Reverse is correct, capitalism separated economic and political domains
Why? Because system approach does not look inside the political system,
35. A
it compares at system level only.
36.
D
37. D
38. A
39. B Robert W. Cox- critical thinker
40. ‘Coercion is only part of foreign policy’- such crude and outlandish
B
statements are generally wrong
41.
B
42. A
43. B This is core them of neo-realism
44. C
45. B
46. C CEPA with UAE became operational from 1 May 2022
47. Before this, India had CEPA with Japan and South Korea
India is negotiating CEPA with UK, Australia, Canada, EU
The five largest spenders in 2021 were the United States, China, India,
B
the United Kingdom and Russia- 62% of the total world’s military expenditure
48.
C
49. Actually, reverse is true- State control over private sector within its borders
C
has decreased
50.
• Dependency Theories:
• Raul Prebisch( founder)
• AG Frank- ‘ Development of Underdevelopment’,
C • Cardoso- was also president of Brazil
51. • Wallerstein- ‘World System Theory’- Core & Periphery
Dos Santos- "new dependency", which comprehends the period of the
dominion of multinational corporations after World War II.
Unique fact, must remember
Note that the president Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy accepted Charan Singh’s
B
advise to dissolve the Lok Sabha and make him caretaker PM; this action of
52.
the president became hugely controversial.
As per art. 74, president almost bound by the advise of council of minister
D
but still has some very important discretionary powers
53.
SCI used Article 142 to issue order to release one of the convict of Rajiv
B
Gandhi's killing, Perarivalan.
54.
D Its interim president was Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha
55. D 4th member of the oligarchy- Patel
56. As per art. 67, No Impeachment required for removal of Vice President, a
C
resolution of Rajya Sabha, accepted by Lok Sabha is required.
57.
Pardoning powers of president and governor are within the purview of
C
Judicial review
58.
A
59. Rule of law implies that both citizen and state are bound by the laws;
C Note the state is both creator and child of law; it cannot act arbitrarily, it is
60. bound by the law
No where listed but SCI , in its orders, have indicated many such items
C
consisting of basic structure of Indian Constitution
61.
C Note: residuary powers now rests with the centre/union
62. A Note: A Supreme Court was set up in Bengal under this act;
63. C Ambedkar ​resigned in 1951 on the issue of Hindu Code Bill
64. D Oft-repeated
65. Though it was implemented fully from 26th January, 1950 to
C commemorate public declaration of the resolution of ‘ Purna Swaraj’ on 26
66. January 1930, the day Congress decided to celebrate as Independence day
Only about 11% Indian voted in electing legislatures who formed the
A Constituent Assembly
67. Statement in the Reason is oft-repeated…remember this
H.C. Mukherjee was the Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly-
A hidden fact…remember this
68. Statement 1 is oft-repeated
Following Convention need hundreds of years of traditions and consensus
A
on fundamental political values.
69.
D
71.
70. B
Now there is No policy-administration dichotomy; in fact, public policy has
B
become the life line of public administration
72.
6 stages of policy process: Defining problem, Agenda setting, Policy
C
alternatives, adoption of policy, implementation, evaluation
73.
A Lasswell wrote ‘The Policy Sciences(1951)’
74. C CoP 27 is scheduled in 2022 at Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt
75.
 SET 4
Question Answer
Hint/additional Info
No. Key
D Definition of Cosmopolitanism
1. Opposite is true; Rawl did not extend his difference principle to global
C
level
2.
C Relativism is just opposite to universalism
3. C Oft- repeated; remember this liberal definition of citizenship
4.
1st Gen: civil liberties; political rights
C 2nd gen: socio-economic rights
5. 3rd gen: group and cultural rights
D Obviously as Right of national self-determination will break nation-state
6. C
7. Definition of Luck egalitarians
D
Dworkin was a Luck egalitarian
8.
An economic concept, but also important in politics as it tells about
A
dilemma in distribution.
9.
Reverse is true, both can be placed on a continuum; very strong equality
D
of opportunity is very similar to equality of outcome
10.
Plato's second-best state was based on positive law, made by the ruler
C following a constitution
11. Note that Plato’s ideal state didn’t require any law!
Locke’s Two Treatises of Government was refutation to Robert Filmer’s
D
Patriarcha
12. In fact, he advised the king ( prince) to use religion for maintaining his
D state; this was instrumental view of religion, that is, using religion for
13. controlling emotions of citizens.
C Reverse: Ideas or Forms can be fully known by knowledge
14. B Both Aristotle and Hegel considered Women inferior to men
15. Base/ structure: Economic mode of production, means of production,
relation of production, class structure
Superstructure: Law, policy, polity, media, art& culture, etc
A
Marx – Base determined superstructure; civil society part of base
16.
Gramsci- civil society part of superstructure- the capitalist class creates
ideology which maintain their hegemony in Base
Rousseau, in his ‘Emile’, said that purpose of education develop men as
natural men and women as natural women
D He differentiated natural roles of men and women
17. Mary Wollstonecraft refuted this view of Rousseau in her book ‘vindication
of Rights of Women’
two dimensional rights of men: in public/political domain- equal civil &
A political rights
18. In private domain- rights over their wives
C Arbit, just mug it up…
19. End of history- end of ideological conflict and evolution- human civilization
A
finding one best ideology for managing human arrangements
20.
B Constitutionalism- associated with Locke
21.
 Hobbes’ Sovereign was not bound by any law/Constitution
doctrine of overlapping consensus: In a liberal society,
individual/groups may have different conception of justice but all may have
D
some basic common agreement point on what must be protected to have
22.
justice in society.
Instead, Marx believed that Our (bodily of physical) existence determine
A our consciousness
23. Hence, his theory is called materialistic
Thomas Carlyle (1795 –1881) was a Scottish historian, satirical writer,
essayist, translator, philosopher, mathematician, and teacher ; a polemicist
C It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied;
24. better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.” – J.S.Mill in his
book Utilitarianism
Hobbes used science/physics , laws of motion to build his theory
B
Motion creates emotions, he claimed
25.
A Sarvodaya means welfare of all
26. Gandhiji gave advt. in his magazine ‘Indian Opinion’ seeking names for
C his passive resistance. Mganlal Gandhi, his distant cousin, won the prize by
27. suggesting ‘Sadagraha’
C
28. B
29.
Shamashastry was Librarian in Mysore Oriental Library
E
30.
He found the Manuscript in 1905
General System theory was evolved by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in
1968. This model subsequently adopted by various disciplines of social
science in following sequence: Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology and
B
Political Science.
31.
David Easton is considered as father of the system approach in
comparative politics
Political communication is one of the 4 Input functions, others are: Political
C
socialisation, interest articulation, interest aggregation,
32.
Reverse is true; old Institutionalism suffered more from Eurocentrism and
C
Ethnocentrism
33.
Remember 3 types of New Institutionalism
C
Structural New Institutionalism is also called historical New Institutionalism
34.
D
35. Examples: Syria, Somalia, Liberia, Sudan, etc
A
They may also be termed as failed states
36.
C
37. A
38. B
39. Jus ad Bellum- just causes of war
D
Jus in Bello: Just Conduct of war
40.
A
41. C
42. B
43. D
44. D
46.
45. A Socialism/communism, both as ideology and form of Government, is still
exist
David Easton was pioneer in introducing system approach in Comparative
Politics
B
System approach in political science was adopted from the general
47.
system theory ( biology), which was given by Ludwig von Bertalanffy
India began its two-year term as a non-permanent member of the United
B
48. Nations Security Council, 8th time, on 1 January 2021
Bi-polarity was most evident during Cold War period, also one of the most
B stable phase in global politics
49. Compare this with Hegemonic Stability Theory
B Easy but oft-repeated
50. Note in India, legal Sovereignty is vested in the Constitutional; and
A
political Sovereignty in the people represented by the Parliament
51.
Very important facts, must remember
D
52. Provisions contained in the Preamble are Not justiciable
President has to give assent to amendment Bills passed by the
D
parliament; same with Money bill
53.
It is Not applicable to 6th Schedule areas/states
D
54. Election to chairperson pf Panchayat samiti and Zila Parishad is indirect
Provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of
D Municipalities are contained in schedule 12;
55. Schedule 11- 73rd amendments
Under PESA-1996, 73rd amendments are now applicable to 5th schedule
C
56. areas
CIC- Central Information Commission- under the RTI act, hence statutory
C
body
57.
D Inter-state Council is mentioned in article 263, hence Constitutional body
58. E
59. C Often asked; remember them
60. E Residency condition was there previously but was removed later on.
61. ‘Due Process’ doctrine- even the content/substance of the act comes
A
under judicial review
62.
Government of India tried to bring National Judicial Appointments
Commission (NJAC) to replace the collegium system through 99th
A
63. Constitutional amendments, but SCI declared the amendments un-
Constitutional on the basis of ‘basic Structure’ doctrine
B Note how very few articles mention PM
64. As the executive come out of legislature, there is a Fusion of legislature
and executive in parliamentary form of Government
C
In presidential form of Government there is neat separation between
65.
legislature and executive
K.R. Narayana is considered as most independent minded Indian
C
President who used his limited discretion on many occasions.
66.
Money bills are presented in the Parliament only after approval of the
E President, hence, president cannot refuse to give assent to the money bill
67. passed by the Parliament.
B Very important fact
68. C Just remember
69.
70. C
Friedrich Hayek was a libertarian or neo-liberal thinker; must also know
B
that Thomas Pogge was also an advocate of global justice
71.
Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) was
D
adopted IN Rio Earth Summit-1992
72.
A Judith Ann Tickner wrote ‘Gendering world politics(2001)’
73. Implementation of public policy is exclusively done by public
D
administration
74.
Rosa Luxemburg, a Marxist thinker, is not considered as feminist
C
thinker.
75.
 SET 5
Question Answer
Hint/additional Info
No. Key
T.H.Green supported positive liberty
B
Oft-repeated
1.
Note; when they said political theory, it meant normative philosophical
C
political theory
2.
B Oft-repeated
3. No, Ideology is NOT same as theory
D
4.
B Ishiah Berlin was hopeful of its revival
5.
Economic determinism denoted base ( economic structure of society)
determining aspects in superstructure ( law, polity, art-craft, media, culture);
Gramsci turned this upside down;
B
6. To him, civil society, located in superstructure, through ideology, created
cultural hegemony which helped capitalist class dominate the Base.

D Just remember
7. D Oft-repeated
8. B Literal meaning of Theory
9. G.H. Sabine said this in his seminal creation/book ‘A History of Political
C
Theory(1937)’
10.
Obviously, as no one knew his/her position, status, endowments ( natural
D
& social luck, abilities), bias or partiality would be removed
11.
General will is always morally right, it is like common or group mind;
D by its definition it would be by consensus because no one can differ if all
12. are guided by their real or true will( representing their higher self)
Rousseau Emile advocate for education & training which develop men
and women as best natural men and women
Rousseau, therefore, believed in natural differentiation in the roles/duties
D
of men & women
13.
Mary Wollstonecraft refuted this view of Rousseau in her book ‘vindication
of Rights of Women’
This was instrumentalist view of the state
Later on, Louis Althusser gave structural view of capitalist state
Ralph Miliband and Nicos Poulantzas engaged in a fascinating debate (
D
14. called great debate), former taking instrumental whereas latter took the
structural view

D Just remember these facts about Hobbes

15. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation by David Ricardo
B Marx took idea from this book to develop his theory of surplus labour
16. value
B Elements of natural philosophy by William Thomson
17. Robert Dahl was a Pluralist, he wrote ‘Polyarchy’
C
18.
B Aristotle’s distributive justice was based on proportional equality and
19. distribution based on desert/merit
Rousseau gave concept of ‘popular sovereignty’- sovereignty reside with
D people/body politic cannot be delegated to people’s representatives, asserted
20. Rousseau
Hegel supported corporatist state
D Corporatism: State recognizing and incorporating all business/social
21. associations such as trade guilds, farmers union, and other interest groups.
A Just remember this; also Rawls gave concept of overlapping Consensus’
22. Timaeus was written by Plato
B
23.
B Remember these concepts and thinker, may be asked in many ways
24. End of history- end of ideological conflict and evolution- human civilization
B
finding one best ideology for managing human arrangements
25.
D And Gandhiji called Tagore ‘Gurudev’
26. C Gandhiji called Socrates ‘Satyavir’- brave who died for truth
27. Udasin or Neutral state was most powerful but far away from the circle of
C
states
28.
Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti (DS 4) was founded by Kanshi
B Ram
29.
reverse; For him, political freedom is meaningful only after social reforms
C
30.
B
31. D
32. D
33. System approach does Not perform deeper analysis of parts and their
F
interactions; hence it is called black box approach
34.
Oft-repeated
A
Remember ? S.E. Finer called pressure group anonymous empire?
35.
Democratic Peace Theory- Michael Doyle
A
Perpetual peace Theory- Immanuel Kant
36.
D Morton Kaplan- system approach in IR
37. C
38. B
39. Offensive: Power Maximization, Hegemony
D
Defensive: Security Maximization
40.
Liberal Thinkers
Kant, Thomas Paine, Bentham, Woodrow Wilson, Karl Deutsch, Michael
W. Doyle, Robert Keohane , Joseph Nye, David Mitrany, Norman Angell,
Michael Doyle, Francis Fukuyama, David Held, John Hobson, Richard
Rosecrance, Alfred Zimmern
C
41. Realist Thinkers: Raymond Aron, E.H. Carr, Robert Gilpin, John Herz
(Security Dilemma), George Kennan, Henry Kissinger( Shuttle Diplomacy),
Stephen Krasner, Hans Morgenthau( father of classical realism), Susan
Strange( Casino capitalism, retreat of state), Kenneth Waltz( father of neo-
realism), John Mearsheimer, Robert Kaplan, Robert Jervis
C All of them belonged to Constructivist School
42. D All of them are prominent Feminist IR thinkers
43. B After WWI, ottoman Empire was dismantled and institution of Khalifa was
44. abolished by British Empire
B
45. D QUAD is important for this year
46. Recently in News as growth reports were published by IMF and World
D
bank
47.
B Very important, oft-repeated
48. Not that Mrs Gandhi used the term ‘hegemony’ but she stressed no
interference of external powers in India’s role and position in South Asia
C Gujral Doctrine is oft-repeated
49. Non-reciprocity means, India will give one sided concession to its small
neighbours
C Yes, Burma ( now Myanmar) also signed Panchsheel.
50. C Remember these landmark cases
51. C
C Important; may be asked
52.
53. 44 has become important ; must remember important DPSP and
corresponding articles
A Note: Participation of workers in management of
54. Industries was inserted through 42nd amendments 1976

Expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India are not voted by

B
Parliament during the budget session
55.
Important pre-independence Constitutional reforms must be read
D
carefully; will be asked
56.
D
57. In both USA and India, Judiciary becomes custodian and interpreter of
D
Constitution
58.
A Very important…asked separately
59. D Oft-repeated; must know
60. B
61. B
62. C
63. B
64. D 74th amendments contained provisions for district planning committee
65.
PESA-1996 is not applicable to 74th amendments, hence, it is not
B
66. implemented in 5th and 6th schedule areas
86th Amendments, in 2002, inserted 11th duty- ‘the duty of a parent or
guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case
may be ward between the age of six and fourteen years’
B
67. Note: Swaran Singh Committee in 1976 recommended Fundamental
Duties; which were inserted in part IVA through 42nd amendments-1976

It was One of the first democratically elected Communist governments in

C the world; However, barely after 2 year, in 1959, the state Government was
68. dismissed under article 356
C Just remember
69. A Remember these latest Amendments
70. D Rawls did not extend his difference principle at global level; this is one
71. criticism against his concept of global justice
 D Pye was pioneer is linking political culture to political development
72. Çatch All Party are those which try to attract all segments of voters
D
disregarding any specific political ideology
73.
1st UN summit on human environment was held in 1972 AT Stockholm,
D
74. Sweden
2022 is the 50th anniversary of the World Environment Day
A
75. World Earth Day is celebrated on 22 April
 TIPS & TRICKS TO PREPARE FOR MCQ TESTS
• Very Different strategy from essay Type Questions
• Do Extensive Study- read widest possible things related to syllabus
• No need of deep understanding; one need to recall few facts, that’s all
• Develop the knack of picking up odd facts/figures, News, person/place, etc.
• Like only Indian PM not to face Lok Sabha for seeking vote of confidence
• Name of school of Plato, and so on.

• Make note of odd or unique facts & figures

• Revise your notes multiple times…devise innovative ways to remember facts

• Like record in your own voice and listen while walking or doing exercise
• Playing MCQ quiz in a group
• Try to think and recall about facts/info while walking, relaxing, wathing TV, and even brushing.
• Revise daily in last 30 days.

• Practice as many quality MCQs, sample papers as possible

• Rule of Thumb- at least 5 times of actual numbers of questions
• Learn from the options of MCQs- make notes
• From the wrong answers of MCQs make multiple MCQs
• Make MCQs from the related information as in the given MCQ
• For example: MCQ: who is the current MD of IMF
• Related MCQ: who was the first MD of IMF
 Tips & Tricks to tackle MCQs
• First, mark on the questions you are sure about
• Then return back to questions you are confused about
• Devide the confusing questions in two parts- ones in which you are able
to eliminate two options ( 50:50 game) and remaining about which you
don’t have any clue
• For the first part, do elimination and guess intelligently believing your gut
feeling
• For second part, don’t guess. Just mark any one option (better B or C) in
all remaining questions.
• The MCQ may include words like- denote, implies, informed, indicate,
etc. be fully aware about meaning of these words; in case of confusion
see the Hindi version of the question, you may get the clue!
• How to tackle doubtful MCQs?
• Use 50:50 trick- eliminate most unlikely options
• In case of matching type of MCQ, sometimes even if you know one
match, you get the right option; try this.
• If more than one option is correct, check for those option which is
definitely wrong; all codes/options containing the wrong one can be
eliminated.
• Hard, crude, outlandish statements are generally wrong. Options
containing words ‘Only’, ‘Never’, ‘No way’, etc. are generally wrong
• Statements containing hard data, lots of specific information, and
general/standard statements are generally correct.
• In case of options containing statements, normally the correct one is the
longest one, why? Because the question setter needs to right
completely correct statement, it becomes longer.
• If more than one option seems correct, go for the best option.
• In case of Assertion/Reason type of MCQ: go for option A even if the
reason(R) statement only slightly relates to or explain the Assertion(A)
statement.
• Guess? Depends
• 0.25 per 1.0 (1/4th) negative marking- Guess if you can eliminate 2
options (50:50)
• Don’t guess those MCQ you don’t have any clue
• Should we fill one option (either a, b, c, d) in remaining questions?
• Yes, Do it
• more probability in b and c option
• For example: suppose after doing all tricks you are completely clueless
about 10 MCQs; if suppose you choose option b or c in all them,
chances are that at least 2-3 would be correct( law of avaerages, yes)
• You loose: 7*1 = 7 marks ( if 3 correct); you gain 3*4 =12 marks; net
gain= 5 marks !
BEST OF LUCK !