RUSANGU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF HUMANTIE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIOLOGY

NAME: CHILESHE CHOLA MUTALE

ID: 20190387

COURSE: SOCIAL WORK IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE

COURSE CODE: SOWK345

LECTURER: DR SILUNGWE

DUE DATE: 26 OCTOBER 2023

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Introduction
A mood disorder is a mental health class that health professionals use to broadly
describe all types of depression and bipolar disorders.
Children, teens, and adults can have mood disorders. However, children and teens
don’t always have the same symptoms as adults. It’s harder to diagnose mood
disorders in children because they aren’t always able to express how they feel.
Therapy, antidepressants, and support and self-care can help treat mood disorders

These are some different types of mood disorders;

Dysthymia. This is a chronic, low-grade, depressed, or irritable mood that lasts for at
least 2 years.
Bipolar disorder. This is a condition in which a person has periods of depression
alternating with periods of mania or elevated mood.
Mood disorder related to another health condition. Many medical illnesses (including
cancer, injuries, infections, and chronic illnesses) can trigger symptoms of depression.

Depending on age and the type of mood disorder, a person may have different
symptoms of depression. The following are the most common symptoms of a mood
disorder:
 Ongoing sad, anxious, or “empty” mood
 Feeling hopeless or helpless
 Having low self-esteem
 Feeling inadequate or worthless
 Excessive guilt
 Repeating thoughts of death or suicide, wishing to die, or attempting suicide
(Note: People with this symptom should get treatment right away!)
 Loss of interest in usual activities or activities that were once enjoyed,
including sex
 Relationship problems
 Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
 Changes in appetite and/or weight
 Decreased energy
 Trouble concentrating
 A decrease in the ability to make decision

Mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, are
complex mental health conditions that have a profound impact on individuals'
emotional well-being and overall quality of life. The etiology of mood disorders is
multifaceted and likely involves a combination of genetic, neurochemical, and
environmental factors. This essay will delve into the hypothesized explanations for
the causation of mood disorders, providing insights into how each factor may
contribute to the development and manifestation of these disorders.
Genetic Factors

One hypothesized explanation for the causation of mood disorders revolves around
genetic factors. Numerous studies have suggested a hereditary component to mood
disorders, as individuals with a family history of these disorders are at higher risk
of developing them themselves. The heritability of mood disorders has been
estimated to range from 30% to 80%, supporting the notion that genetic factors
play a substantial role.

Several candidate genes have been identified as potentially contributing to the

development of mood disorders. For instance, variations in the serotonin
transporter gene (5-HTT) have been associated with an increased susceptibility to
depression. Additionally, genes involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, such as the FKBP5 gene, have been implicated in the
development of mood disorders.

Neurochemical

Another proposed explanation for the causation of mood disorders involves

neurochemical imbalances within the brain. Specifically, dysregulation of
neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, has been
implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The monoamine hypothesis
suggests that a deficiency in the functioning of these neurotransmitters, particularly
serotonin, leads to mood disturbances and the onset of depression.

Environmental Factors

While genetic and neurochemical factors play crucial roles in the development of
mood disorders, the influence of environmental factors should not be overlooked.
High levels of chronic stress, traumatic life events, and experiences have been
associated with an increased risk mood disorders. These environmental factors can
have a profound impact on the functioning of the HPA axis, leading to
dysregulation of stress response systems and subsequent mood disturbances.

Gene-Environment Interactions

The interplay between genetic and environmental factors, known as gene

interactions, further complicates our understanding of the causation of mood
disorders. Recent research has highlighted the importance of considering both
nature and nurture when examining the development of these disorders. Gene-
environment interactions may involve genetic predispositions that increase an
individual's vulnerability to specific environmental risk factors, amplifying the
likelihood of developing a mood disorder.
 We have some other factors of mood disorders;
1. Biological Factors:These include genetic predisposition, chemical imbalances in
the brain (e.g., serotonin and dopamine), and abnormal brain structure or function.
Research suggests a strong genetic component in mood disorders.

2. Psychological Factors:Childhood experiences, trauma, chronic stress, and

personality traits can contribute to mood disorders. Negative thought patterns and
cognitive distortions also play a role.

3. Environmental Factors:Environmental stressors, like significant life events (loss of

a loved one, job loss), can trigger mood disorders in susceptible individuals.
Socioeconomic status and social support also impact susceptibility.

4. Neurotransmitter Dysregulation:Many mood disorders are associated with

imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, which affect mood regulation.

5. Inflammation and Immune System:Some research suggests that inflammation and

immune system dysregulation may be linked to mood disorders. Chronic
inflammation can affect brain function.

6. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those that occur in women

during pregnancy, postpartum, or menopause, can contribute to mood disorders.

7. Substance Abuse:The misuse of drugs and alcohol can exacerbate or even cause
mood disorders. Substances may disrupt brain chemistry and lead to depressive or
manic symptoms.

8. Psychosocial Stressors: Chronic stress, especially when it leads to feelings of

helplessness and hopelessness, can be a significant factor in the development of
mood disorders.

It’s important to note that these factors often interact, and an individual’s
susceptibility to mood disorders is the result of a combination of genetic,
environmental, and psychological elements. Understanding these potential causes
can help in the diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders. However, each case is
unique, and treatment should be tailored to the individual’s specific needs.

Conclusion
Mood disorders are complex conditions with a multitude of factors contributing to
their causation. While genetic factors, neurochemical imbalances, and
environmental influences each play a significant role, their interactions within
individuals and across populations remain an area of ongoing research.
Understanding the hypothesized explanations for the causation of mood disorders
not only aids in their diagnosis and treatment but also facilitates the development
of preventative strategies for individuals at high risk. Ultimately, further research is
needed to unravel the intricacies underlying these disorders and provide more
comprehensive and effective interventions.

REFERENCES

Mood Disorders". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 9 June 2022

Carta, Mauro Giovanni; Altamura, Alberto Carlo; Hardoy, Maria Carolina; et al.
(2003). "Is recurrent brief depression an expression of mood spectrum disorders in
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Lewis, AJ (1934). "Melancholia: A Historical Review". Journal of Mental Science. 80

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