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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SHATTERED COCONUT SHELLS AS

BY
Angelo Amor & Julex Marcelino
Civil Engineering Students

A Research Proposal Presented to The Faculty Members: College of Engineering

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

Instructor: Engr. Maricar Peralta Mahinay

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ACCEPTANCE/ APPROVAL PAGE

Western Philippines University

Title of Study: The Effectiveness of Using Shattered Coconut Shells as Partial

Replacement of Coarse Aggregates to the Physical Properties of Concrete

This study, entitled "The Effectiveness of Using Shattered Coconut Shells as Partial

Replacement of Coarse Aggregates to the Physical Properties of Concrete," conducted by

Angelo Amor and Julex Marcelino has been reviewed and approved by the undersigned

members of the examination committee. We certify that this work meets the requirements

and standards set forth by the WPU for the successful completion of requirements in CE102:

Constructions Materials and Testing.

Examination Committee:

Supervisor: Engr. Maricar Peralta Mahinay

This study has been accepted and approved by the examination committee, and the final
version has been submitted for evaluation.

Angelo Amor & Julex Marcelino

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ABSTRACT

Due to the strong demand for concrete and the scarcity of raw materials, the rising

cost of construction supplies is a cause for concern. Concrete technologists must look into

cheaper alternatives to coarse particles. Therefore, one possible approach is using broken

and wasted coconut shells as a partial substitute for coarse aggregates. Coconut shells can be

used as aggregates to lower the cost while still providing adequate strength for buildings and

roads.

Additionally, by using this strategy, energy usage, and landfill costs are reduced. In

the Philippines, coconut shells, frequently used as fuel but occasionally regarded as garbage

after oil extraction, degrade slowly.

Moreover, the concrete's compressive and tensile strengths were assessed after 7,

28, and 56 days with and without coconut shell aggregates. The findings showed that

concrete that had coconut shells replaced by at least 10% had good strength qualities. This

study has demonstrated the viability of using coconut shells as a partial replacement for

coarse aggregates.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project is funded by Western Philippines University, Main Campus, Aborlan,

Palawan. Under CE102 Research Project 2023. The authors wish to thank the WPU

management and our supervisor: Engr. Maricar Peralta Mahinay for their financial aid as

well as the technical support and those who were directly or indirectly involved in this study.

DEDICATION

To all the individuals who have contributed to the completion of this study, both

directly and indirectly, and whose support and encouragement have been invaluable

throughout the research process.

To our supervisor, Engr. Maricar Peralta Mahinay, for their guidance, expertise, and

unwavering support. Your wisdom and insights have shaped this study and our academic

journey.

To the participants and organizations who generously contributed their time,

resources, and expertise. Your involvement has been instrumental in conducting this study

and obtaining meaningful results.

Lastly, to the broader scientific community and future researchers in this field, may

this study serve as a stepping stone, encouraging further exploration and innovation in

sustainable construction practices.

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This work is dedicated to all those who strive to make a positive impact on

the construction industry and contribute towards a more environmentally friendly

and sustainable future.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGES

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………... i

ACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT …………………………………………………………………………………………. iv

DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………… v, vi

CHAPTER:

I. INTRODUCTION

 Background of the study …………………………………………………………………………… 1

 Significance of the study …………………………………………………….…………………………2

 Objectives of the study……………………………………………………………….………………… 3

 Place and Duration of the study …………………………………………….………………………4

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 Scope and Limitations………………………………………………………………….

……………… 5

 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………………………6

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 Related Literatures …………………………………………………………………………..………7

III. METHODOLOGY

 Methods & Instrumentation ……………………………………………………….………….…

 Gathering of Data ……………..…………………………….…………………………………………10

 Research Design ……………..…………………..………………………...…………….……………11

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Due to its strength, longevity, and versatility, concrete is one of the most often used

building materials. Cement, aggregates, water, and additives are the main ingredients in

concrete. Approximately one-third of the volume of concrete is made up of aggregates, which

typically include both coarse and fine particles. Natural aggregates are abundantly available,

but the massive mining of these materials has raised environmental issues such as habitat

loss and the depletion of limited resources. As a result, scientists have been looking for

substitute materials that can partially replace conventional aggregates without reducing

concrete's performance.

There are various possible advantages to using waste materials as substitute

aggregates in concrete manufacturing. Broken coconut shells, a byproduct of the coconut

industry, offer a promising alternative for reusing some of the coarse aggregates in concrete.

Coconut shells have advantageous qualities like low density, effective thermal insulation, and

excellent impact resistance. Their incorporation into concrete can also help reduce waste and

offer an environmentally friendly alternative.

A small amount of study has particularly examined the use of broken coconut shells

as a replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete, despite earlier studies looking into the

use of various waste materials as partial replacements for conventional aggregates.

Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the viability of employing broken coconut shells in

the manufacturing of concrete and assess their effect on the physical parameters of the

resulting concrete. The development of sustainable construction techniques will be aided by

an understanding of the possible advantages and drawbacks of this alternative material,

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which will also offer insights into how to use waste materials wisely in the

construction sector.

Significance of the Study

The study's findings about the viability of replacing some of the coarse particles in

concrete with shattered coconut shells are significant in several ways:

A. Sustainable Building Techniques: The study makes a contribution to

sustainable building techniques by investigating the use of waste materials—

in this case, broken coconut shells—instead of conventional aggregates. The

project encourages environmental conservation and allays worries about

resource depletion by using waste materials and lowering the dependency on

natural aggregates.

B. Waste management: The study emphasizes the possibility of employing waste

products from the coconut industry, particularly broken coconut shells, in the

manufacture of concrete. The amount of waste that would otherwise wind up

in landfills or negatively impact the environment is decreased thanks to this

use, which offers a practical option for controlling and repurposing waste.

C. Cost-effectiveness: The study looks into whether using broken coconut shells

in place of some of the coarse aggregates in concrete would be cost-effective.

If successful, using waste materials instead of virgin aggregates, which can be

expensive to remove and transport, can result in cost savings when producing

concrete.

Overall, the importance of this study lies primarily in its potential to advance waste

management, cost-effectiveness, and the development of alternative materials, ultimately

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promoting environmentally responsible and financially sound construction

industry solutions.

Objectives of the Study

One of the objectives of the study on the effectiveness of using shattered coconut

shells as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete is to determine the ideal

replacement percentage of broken coconut shells for coarse aggregates in concrete. This

objective entails carrying out tests and experiments to ascertain the ideal percentage of

broken coconut shells that can be added to concrete without affecting its overall

performance.

To assess the mechanical characteristics of concrete including crushed coconut shells

to determine how the substitution will affect the concrete's compressive strength, flexural

strength, and density. To identify any modifications or potential restrictions, the study will

examine the effects of coconut shell substitution on the compressive strength, flexural

strength, and density of the concrete.

To investigate the durability characteristics, such as water absorption and chloride

ion penetration resistance, of concrete containing shattered coconut shells as partial

replacements: This objective aims to evaluate the durability properties of coconut shell

concrete. To determine the potential impacts of employing broken coconut shells on the

concrete's resistance to degradation and environmental conditions.

Additionally, the study aims to compare the physical properties of coconut shell

concrete with conventional concrete to assess its suitability for various construction

applications. This objective involves comparing the physical properties of coconut shell

concrete with those of conventional concrete. The goal of the study is to establish whether

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coconut shell concrete is appropriate for various building applications by

evaluating elements including workability, setting time, and overall performance.

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Place and Duration of the Study

Place:

The study was conducted at the Western Philippines University Campus Laboratory located

in Aborlan, Palawan. The facilities and equipment available at this institution provided the

necessary infrastructure for conducting laboratory experiments and data analysis.

Duration:

The study was carried out over a period of 56-60 days in total, starting from March 23, 2023.

to May 22, 2023. This duration encompassed various stages of the research, including

literature review, experimental setup, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

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Scope and Limitations

Scope:
1. The study focuses on investigating the effectiveness of using shattered coconut shells
as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete.
2. The study assesses the impact of coconut shell replacements on the physical
properties of concrete, such as compressive strength, density, and workability.
3. Various proportions of coconut shell replacements are considered to evaluate their
influence on concrete properties.
4. The research includes laboratory experiments, data collection, and analysis to
conclude the effectiveness of coconut shell replacements.

Limitations:

1. The study's findings are limited to the specific characteristics of the coconut shells
used and the concrete mix proportions tested. Other factors, such as the origin and
preparation of the coconut shells, may affect the results.

2. The investigation focuses solely on the physical properties of concrete. Other aspects,
such as durability, long-term performance, and environmental impact, are not
extensively addressed in this study.

3. The study does not consider the economic feasibility or cost-effectiveness of using
coconut shell replacements in concrete. The financial implications and market
viability of such a practice are beyond the scope of this research.

4. The study does not explore the potential effects of using coconut shell replacements
on other construction materials, such as steel reinforcement or admixtures.

It is important to acknowledge these limitations to ensure a comprehensive

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Statement of the Problem

The goal of this study is to determine whether using broken coconut shells as a partial

replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete is effective and what effect it has on the

physical characteristics of the final concrete. The following research queries will be

specifically addressed:

1) What effect does use broken coconut shells in place of some of the coarse aggregates

have on the compressive strength of concrete?

2) How are the density and workability of concrete affected by the inclusion of broken

coconut shells?

3) What impact does employ broken coconut shells have on concrete's water absorption

and porosity properties?

4) Are there any negative consequences when using broken coconut shells as a partial

replacement for coarse aggregates on the strength and long-term performance of

concrete?

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CHAPTER II:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

Sekar, A., & Kandasamy, G. (2019, April 30, India). Study on Durability Properties of

Coconut Shell Concrete with Coconut Fiber. His research focused on the durability of

coconut shell concrete reinforced with coconut fibers. It promotes the idea that although

coconut fibers and shells are both made of wood, they can still be utilized to make concrete

and can be put to practical use without any hesitation due to their durable features. With this

study, it strengthens the foundation of our study that coconut shells can be used in

constructions especially at concretes.

“Study on strength properties of coconut shell concrete” - Kalyanapu Venkateswara

Rao, A.H.L. Swaroop, et. Al. (March 2015- Gudlavalleru, India.) This study's objective is to

evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of coconut shells as a coarse artificial aggregate in

place of natural aggregate in concrete. It has not been tried to use coconut shells as concrete

used for structural purposes. Hence, similar to our study’s objectives and goals, where the

use of coconut shells is sustainable and ecological.

“Sustainable Management of Waste Coconut Shells as Aggregates in Concrete

Mixture” by Tomas U. Ganiron Jr. (December 2013) School of Engineering, Auckland

University of Technology, New Zealand. This study is very similar to the previous studies

presented. It states that the addition of coconut shell as partial aggregate replacement

reduces the concrete workability owing to its shape and rougher texture. However, it is

interesting to note that the replacement of natural coarse aggregate with coconut shell

resulted in an increase in compressive strength compared to the conventional concrete

mixture.

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CHAPTER III:

METHODOLOGY

Methods & Instrumentation

For the current study, comprehensive preliminary research is needed.

1. Choosing the grade of the mix, designing the mix using the proper technique,

creating test batches, and producing the final blend of the ratios.

2. Calculate the total amount of concrete needed to complete the job.

3. Calculate the number of coconut shells, fine aggregate, and cement that will be

needed for work on the project.

4. Testing the characteristics of coconut shells, fine aggregate, and coarse

aggregate.

5. Preparing the concrete cubes with gravel and coconut shells.

6. Utilizing a compression testing machine to test the cubes.

The method used for this investigation was hand mixing with a concrete mixer

and utilizing a standard cube and cylinder mold with dimensions of 150x150x150

mm. For the simple removal of hardened concrete, the mold was carefully greased

and assembled before mixing. Cubes that were restored and made from granite and

coconut shells in a mixture of 1:1:3 were manufactured by volume of 0 or 100%.

A slump test was performed to determine the mix's W/C ratio before the

mixture was correctly churned with a shovel until it achieved a plastic state. After

that, it was fed into a greased cast iron mold, and the water-curing procedure was

used. Before being de-molded, the concrete cubes were given 24 hours to solidify.

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To Strengthen the concrete, encourage hydration, prevent shrinkage,

and absorb the heat of hydration until the age of the test, they were then submerged

beneath the water in a curing tank. The cubes and cylinders were then weighed

before testing, while the densities of the cubes at different times of testing were

measured. Before testing, the specimen was brought out of the curing tank and left

outside in the open air for about 3hrs before crushing. The compressive strength of

the cubes was tested by BS 1881, using a universal crushing machine Mix Design (IS

10292:1982)

The mix design for M20 grade concrete was done as recommended in IS 10262-1982

and according to IS 10262-1982 the following data was required for concrete mix design.

i.) Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days is 20 N/mm2

ii.) Cement used is OPC (According to IS 1489: 1991(part 1) Table 1 Gives the properties

of Cement

iii.) Coarse Aggregate - Crushed coconut shell aggregate of size between 12.5mm to 20 mm in

length and 2-8mm thickness and Specific gravity- 2.67

iv.) Fine aggregate River sand was used as the fine aggregate conforming to grading zone II

as per IS 383:1970 [159] and Specific gravity- 2.5

v.) Free Water absorption=0.6% for CA and 0.1% for FA

vi.) Workability corresponds to compaction factor 75mm slump.

vii.) Admixture No admixture added.

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Water Absorption

The capacity to absorb water is a measurement of aggregate porosity. According to

Olan et al. [26] water absorption for coconut shell concrete was found to be at 6.17 %. Low

values demonstrate that coconut shells have very little water during the mixing process.

process. In addition, Anju et. According to al [33], 6.42% of the water absorption rate for the

concrete grade was discovered. M20 with some coconut shell added to it. The extent

aggregate that was replaced was the same one that was used. Kakade et al. [34] discovered,

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in contrast, that the water Coconut shell concrete absorption was discovered to be

at 24 % .

We get the conclusion that coconut shells can be substituted for up to 10–12.5% of

the coarse aggregate by evaluating the outcomes. Coconut shells used to cement concrete can

aid in the reduction of waste and pollution. The purpose of this project is to promote the use

of waste products as building materials for affordable homes. However, it has been

determined that concrete's compressive strength decreases when coconut shell replacement

increases. And concrete becomes more workable as coconut shell replacement increases.

Gathering of Data

Data Collection (Assumptions): The researchers would collect data on the physical

properties of the concrete specimens. This would involve conducting various tests, such as

compressive strength tests, density tests, workability tests (e.g., slump test), water

absorption tests, porosity tests, and potentially durability tests (e.g., freeze-thaw resistance).

The data would be collected at specific intervals or time periods to assess any changes or

trends over time.

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Research Design

Experimental Approach: The study would likely employ an experimental research

design to investigate the impact of incorporating shattered coconut shells on the physical

properties of concrete. It would involve manipulating and controlling the independent

variable (coconut shell replacement) while measuring and observing the dependent variables

(physical properties of concrete).

Experimental Procedure: The researchers would prepare different concrete mixes by

varying the percentage of shattered coconut shells in the mix. The control group would

consist of concrete without any coconut shell replacement. The concrete specimens would be

prepared following standard procedures, ensuring consistency in the mixing, casting, and

curing processes.

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