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Founding (2007�2013)
Subscription service (2013�present)
Audiobooks
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Technology
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Accusations of copyright infringement
Controversies
BookID
Supported file formats
See also
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Scribd

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scribd, Inc.

Type of business Private

Available in English, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Portuguese,
Romanian, Russian, Spanish
Founded March 2007; 16 years ago
Headquarters San Francisco, California, U.S.
Founder(s) Trip Adler
Jared Friedman
Tikhon Bernstam
Key people Trip Adler
(co-founder and CEO)
Jared Friedman
(co-founder and CTO)
Tikhon Bernstam
(co-founder and COO)
Services Social reading and publishing platform
Subsidiaries SlideShare
URL www.scribd.com
Scribd Inc. /?skr?bd/ is an American e-book and audiobook subscription service that
includes one million titles.[1][2][3][4] Scribd hosts 60 million documents on its
open publishing platform.[5]

The company was founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Friedman, and Tikhon Bernstam,
and headquartered in San Francisco, California.[citation needed] Scribd's e-book
subscription service is available on Android and iOS smartphones and tablets, as
well as the Kindle Fire, Nook, and personal computers. Subscribers can access
unlimited books a month[6] from 1,000 publishers, including Bloomsbury, Harlequin,
HarperCollins, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Lonely Planet, Macmillan, Perseus Book
Group, Simon & Schuster, Wiley, and Workman.[7][8]

Scribd has 80 million users, and has been referred to as "the Netflix for books".
[9][10][11]

History

Previous logo
Founding (2007�2013)
Scribd began as a site to host and share documents.[10] While at Harvard, Trip
Adler was inspired to start Scribd after learning about the lengthy process
required to publish academic papers.[12] His father, a doctor at Stanford, was told
it would take 18 months to have his medical research published.[12] Adler wanted to
create a simple way to publish and share written content online.[13] He co-founded
Scribd with Jared Friedman and attended the inaugural class of Y Combinator in the
summer of 2006.[14] There, Scribd received its initial $120,000 in seed funding and
then launched in a San Francisco apartment in March 2007.[5]

Scribd was called "the YouTube for documents", allowing anyone to self-publish on
the site using its document reader.[12] The document reader turns PDFs, Word
documents, and PowerPoints into Web documents that can be shared on any website
that allows embeds.[15] In its first year, Scribd grew rapidly to 23.5 million
visitors as of November 2008.[16] It also ranked as one of the top 20 social media
sites according to Comscore.[16]

In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling writers to easily upload
and sell digital copies of their work online.[17] That same month, the site
partnered with Simon & Schuster to sell e-books on Scribd.[18] The deal made
digital editions of 5,000 titles available for purchase on Scribd, including books
from bestselling authors like Stephen King, Dan Brown, and Mary Higgins Clark.[19]

In October 2009, Scribd launched its branded reader for media companies including
The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Huffington Post,
TechCrunch, and MediaBistro.[15] ProQuest began publishing dissertations and theses
on Scribd in December 2009.[20] In August 2010, many notable documents hosted on
Scribd began to go viral, including the California Proposition 8 ruling, which
received over 100,000 views in about 24 minutes, and HP's lawsuit against Mark
Hurd's move to Oracle.[21][22]

Subscription service (2013�present)

Screenshots of Scribd's subscription service

In October 2013, Scribd officially launched its unlimited subscription service for
e-books. This gave users unlimited access to Scribd's library of digital books for
a flat monthly fee.[9] The company also announced a partnership with HarperCollins
which made the entire backlist of HarperCollins' catalog available on the
subscription service.[23] According to Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief digital
officer at HarperCollins, this marked the first time that the publisher has
released such a large portion of its catalog.[24] In March 2014, Scribd announced a
deal with Lonely Planet, offering the travel publisher's entire library on its
subscription service.[25]

In May 2014, Scribd further increased its subscription offering with 10,000 titles
from Simon & Schuster.[26] These titles included works from authors such as: Ray
Bradbury, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ernest Hemingway, Walter Isaacson, Stephen King,
Chuck Klosterman, and David McCullough.[27] Scribd has been criticized for
advertising a free 14 day trial for which payment is required before readers can
trial the products. Readers discover this when they attempt to download material.

Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription service in November 2014 and comic
books in February 2015.[3][28]

In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from a rotating selection of
the library would be available for unlimited reading, and subscribers would have
credits to read three books and one audiobook per month from the entire library
with unused credits rolling over to the next month.[29]

The reporting system was discontinued on February 6, 2018, in favor of a system of

"constantly rotating catalogs of ebooks and audiobooks" that provided "an unlimited
number of books and audiobooks, alongside unlimited access to news, magazines,
documents, and sheet music"[30] for a monthly subscription fee of US$8.99.[31]
However, under this unlimited service, Scribd would occasionally "limit the titles
that you�re able to access within a specific content library in a 30-day
period."[32]

In October 2018, Scribd announced a joint subscription to Scribd and The New York
Times for $12.99 per month.

Audiobooks
In November 2014, Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription library.[33] Wired
noted that this was the first subscription service to offer unlimited access to
audiobooks, and "it represents a much larger shift in the way digital content is
consumed over the net."[34] In April 2015, the company expanded its audiobook
catalog in a deal with Penguin Random House.[35] This added 9,000 audiobooks to its
platform including titles from authors like Lena Dunham, John Grisham, Gillian
Flynn, and George R.R. Martin.[36]

Comics
In February 2015, Scribd introduced comics to its subscription service.[37] The
company added 10,000 comics and graphic novels from publishers including Marvel,
Archie, Boom! Studios, Dynamite, IDW, and Valiant.[28] These included series such
as Guardians of the Galaxy, Daredevil, X-O Manowar, and The Avengers.[38][39]
However, in December 2016, comics were eliminated from the service due to low
demand.

Timeline
In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its first mobile plans for e-readers and
smartphones.[40] In April 2010 Scribd launched a new feature called "Readcast",[41]
which allows automatic sharing of documents on Facebook and Twitter.[42] Also in
April 2010, Scribd announced its integration of Facebook social plug-ins at the
Facebook f8 Developer Conference.[43]

Scribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010, to become, according to

TechCrunch, "the social network for reading".[44]

In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscription service, allowing readers
to pay a flat monthly fee in exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribd's book
titles.[45]
In August 2020, Scribd announced its acquisition of the LinkedIn-owned SlideShare
for an undisclosed amount.[46]

Financials
The company was initially funded with US$120,000 from Y Combinator in 2006, and
received over US$3.7 million in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kinsey
Hills Group.[47] In December 2008, the company raised US$9 million in a second
round of funding led by Charles River Ventures with re-investment from Redpoint
Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.[48] David O. Sacks, former PayPal COO and founder
of Yammer and Geni, joined Scribd's board of directors in January 2010.[49]

In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 million in a round led by MLC
Investments of Australia and SVB Capital.[50] In January 2015, the company raised
US$22 million in new funding from Khosla Ventures with partner Keith Rabois joining
the Scribd board of directors.[51]

In 2019, Scribd raised $58 million in new funding led by growth firm Spectrum
Equity.[52]

Technology
In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document format similar to PDF and
built for the web, which allows users to embed documents into a web page.[53]
iPaper was built with Adobe Flash, allowing it to be viewed the same across
different operating systems (Windows, Mac OS, and Linux) without conversion, as
long as the reader has Flash installed (although Scribd has announced non-Flash
support for the iPhone).[54] All major document types can be formatted into iPaper
including Word docs, PowerPoint presentations, PDFs, OpenDocument documents,
OpenOffice.org XML documents, and PostScript files.

All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows published documents to
either be private or open to the larger Scribd community. The iPaper document
viewer is also embeddable in any website or blog, making it simple to embed
documents in their original layout regardless of file format. Scribd iPaper
required Flash cookies to be enabled, which is the default setting in Flash.[55]

On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be converting the entire site to
HTML5 at the Web 2.0 Conference in San Francisco.[56] TechCrunch reported that
Scribd is migrating away from Flash to HTML5. "Scribd co-founder and chief
technology officer Jared Friedman tells me: 'We are scrapping three years of Flash
development and betting the company on HTML5 because we believe HTML5 is a
dramatically better reading experience than Flash. Now any document can become a
Web page.'"[57][58]

Scribd has its own API to integrate external/third-party applications,[59] but is

no longer offering new API accounts.[60]

Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones and e-readers, in addition
to personal computers. As of December 2013, Scribd became available on app stores
and various mobile devices.[citation needed]

Reception
Accusations of copyright infringement
Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In 2007, one year after its
inception, Scribd was served with 25 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
takedown notices.[61] In March 2009, The Guardian writes, "Harry Potter author
[J.K. Rowling] is among writers shocked to discover their books available as free
downloads. Neil Blair, Rowling�s lawyer, said the Harry Potter downloads were
'unauthorised and unlawful'...Rowling's novels aren't the only ones to be available
from Scribd. A quick search throws up novels from Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan,
Jeffrey Archer, Ken Follett, Philippa Gregory, and J.R.R. Tolkien."[62] In
September 2009, American author Elaine Scott alleged that Scribd "shamelessly
profits from the stolen copyrighted works of innumerable authors".[63] Her
attorneys sought class action status in their efforts to win damages from Scribd
for allegedly "egregious copyright infringement" and accused it of calculated
copyright infringement for profit.[64][65][66] The suit was dropped in July 2010.
[67][68]

Controversies
In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast customers were leaked on Scribd.
The passwords were later removed when the news was published by The New York Times.
[69][70][71]

In July 2010, Gigaom reported that the script of The Social Network (2010) movie
was uploaded and leaked on Scribd; it was promptly taken down per Sony's DMCA
request.[72]

Following a decision of the Istanbul 12th Criminal Court of Peace, dated March 8,
2013, access to Scribd is blocked for Internet users in Turkey.[73]

In July 2014, Scribd was sued by Disability Rights Advocates (represented by Haben
Girma), on behalf of the National Federation of the Blind and a blind Vermont
resident, for allegedly failing to provide access to blind readers, in violation of
the Americans with Disability Act.[74] Scribd moved to dismiss, arguing that the
ADA only applied to physical locations. In March 2015, the U.S. District Court of
Vermont ruled that the ADA covered online businesses as well. A settlement
agreement was reached, with Scribd agreeing to provide content accessible to blind
readers by the end of 2017.[75]

BookID
To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content, Scribd created BookID, an
automated copyright protection system that helps authors and publishers identify
unauthorized use of their works on Scribd.[76] This technology works by analyzing
documents for semantic data, metadata, images, and other elements and creates an
encoded "fingerprint" of the copyrighted work.[77]

Supported file formats

Supported formats include:[78]

Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx)

Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt, .pps, .pptx, .ppsx)
Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx)
OpenDocument (.odt, .odp, .ods, .odf, .odg)
OpenOffice.org XML (.sxw, .sxi, .sxc, .sxd)
Plain text (.txt)
Portable Document Format (.pdf)
PostScript (.ps)
Rich text format (.rtf)
Tagged image file format (.tif, .tiff)
See also
Slideshare
Amazon Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited
Document collaboration
Oyster (company)
Wayback Machine
WebCite
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