Chapter 25 – Configuration Management

Chapter 25 Configuration management 1

Topics covered

 Change management
 Version management
 System building
 Release management

Chapter 25 Configuration management 2

Configuration management

 Because software changes frequently, systems, can be

thought of as a set of versions, each of which has to be
maintained and managed.
 Versions implement proposals for change, corrections of
faults, and adaptations for different hardware and
operating systems.
 Configuration management (CM) is concerned with the
policies, processes and tools for managing changing
software systems. You need CM because it is easy to
lose track of what changes and component versions
have been incorporated into each system version.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 3

CM activities

 Change management
 Keeping track of requests for changes to the software from customers
and developers, working out the costs and impact of changes, and
deciding the changes should be implemented.
 Version management
 Keeping track of the multiple versions of system components and
ensuring that changes made to components by different developers do
not interfere with each other.
 System building
 The process of assembling program components, data and libraries,
then compiling these to create an executable system.
 Release management
 Preparing software for external release and keeping track of the system
versions that have been released for customer use.
Chapter 25 Configuration management 4
Configuration management activities

Chapter 25 Configuration management 5

CM terminology

Term Explanation

Configuration item or Anything associated with a software project (design, code, test data,
software configuration document, etc.) that has been placed under configuration control. There are
item (SCI) often different versions of a configuration item. Configuration items have a
unique name.
Configuration control The process of ensuring that versions of systems and components are
recorded and maintained so that changes are managed and all versions of
components are identified and stored for the lifetime of the system.
Version An instance of a configuration item that differs, in some way, from other
instances of that item. Versions always have a unique identifier, which is
often composed of the configuration item name plus a version number.
Baseline A baseline is a collection of component versions that make up a system.
Baselines are controlled, which means that the versions of the components
making up the system cannot be changed. This means that it should
always be possible to recreate a baseline from its constituent components.
Codeline A codeline is a set of versions of a software component and other
configuration items on which that component depends.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 6

CM terminology

Term Explanation
Mainline A sequence of baselines representing different versions of a
system.
Release A version of a system that has been released to customers (or
other users in an organization) for use.
Workspace A private work area where software can be modified without
affecting other developers who may be using or modifying that
software.
Branching The creation of a new codeline from a version in an existing
codeline. The new codeline and the existing codeline may then
develop independently.
Merging The creation of a new version of a software component by merging
separate versions in different codelines. These codelines may have
been created by a previous branch of one of the codelines
involved.
System building The creation of an executable system version by compiling and
linking the appropriate versions of the components and libraries
making up the system.
Chapter 25 Configuration management 7
Change management

 Organizational needs and requirements change during

the lifetime of a system, bugs have to be repaired and
systems have to adapt to changes in their environment.
 Change management is intended to ensure that system
evolution is a managed process and that priority is given
to the most urgent and cost-effective changes.
 The change management process is concerned with
analyzing the costs and benefits of proposed changes,
approving those changes that are worthwhile and
tracking which components in the system have been
changed.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 8

The change management process

Chapter 25 Configuration management 9

A partially completed change request form (a)

Change Request Form

Project: SICSA/AppProcessing Number: 23/02

Change requester: I. Sommerville Date: 20/01/09
Requested change: The status of applicants (rejected, accepted, etc.) should be
shown visually in the displayed list of applicants.

Change analyzer: R. Looek Analysis date: 25/01/09

Components affected: ApplicantListDisplay, StatusUpdater

Associated components: StudentDatabase

Chapter 25 Configuration management 10

A partially completed change request form (b)

Change Request Form

Change assessment: Relatively simple to implement by changing the display

color according to status. A table must be added to relate status to colors. No
changes to associated components are required.

Change priority: Medium

Change implementation:
Estimated effort: 2 hours
Date to SGA app. team: 28/01/09 CCB decision date: 30/01/09
Decision: Accept change. Change to be implemented in Release 1.2
Change implementor: Date of change:
Date submitted to QA: QA decision:
Date submitted to CM:
Comments:

Chapter 25 Configuration management 11

Factors in change analysis

 The consequences of not making the change

 The benefits of the change
 The number of users affected by the change
 The costs of making the change
 The product release cycle

Chapter 25 Configuration management 12

Change management and agile methods

 In some agile methods, customers are directly involved

in change management.
 The propose a change to the requirements and work
with the team to assess its impact and decide whether
the change should take priority over the features planned
for the next increment of the system.
 Changes to improve the software improvement are
decided by the programmers working on the system.
 Refactoring, where the software is continually improved,
is not seen as an overhead but as a necessary part of
the development process.
Chapter 25 Configuration management 13
Derivation history

// SICSA project (XEP 6087)

//
// APP-SYSTEM/AUTH/RBAC/USER_ROLE
//
// Object: currentRole
// Author: R. Looek
// Creation date: 13/11/2009
//
// © St Andrews University 2009
//
// Modification history
// Version Modifier Date Change Reason
// 1.0 J. Jones 11/11/2009 Add header Submitted to CM
// 1.1 R. Looek 13/11/2009 New field Change req. R07/02

Chapter 25 Configuration management 14

Version management

 Version management (VM) is the process of keeping

track of different versions of software components or
configuration items and the systems in which these
components are used.
 It also involves ensuring that changes made by different
developers to these versions do not interfere with each
other.
 Therefore version management can be thought of as the
process of managing codelines and baselines.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 15

Codelines and baselines

 A codeline is a sequence of versions of source code

with later versions in the sequence derived from earlier
versions.
 Codelines normally apply to components of systems so
that there are different versions of each component.
 A baseline is a definition of a specific system.
 The baseline therefore specifies the component versions
that are included in the system plus a specification of the
libraries used, configuration files, etc.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 16

Codelines and baselines

Chapter 25 Configuration management 17

Baselines

 Baselines may be specified using a configuration

language, which allows you to define what components
are included in a version of a particular system.
 Baselines are important because you often have to
recreate a specific version of a complete system.
 For example, a product line may be instantiated so that there are
individual system versions for different customers. You may have
to recreate the version delivered to a specific customer if, for
example, that customer reports bugs in their system that have to
be repaired.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 18

Version management systems

 Version and release identification

 Managed versions are assigned identifiers when they are
submitted to the system.
 Storage management
 To reduce the storage space required by multiple versions of
components that differ only slightly, version management
systems usually provide storage management facilities.
 Change history recording
 All of the changes made to the code of a system or component
are recorded and listed.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 19

Version management systems

 Independent development
 The version management system keeps track of components
that have been checked out for editing and ensures that changes
made to a component by different developers do not interfere.
 Project support
 A version management system may support the development of
several projects, which share components.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 20

Storage management using deltas

Chapter 25 Configuration management 21

Check-in and check-out from a version
repository

Chapter 25 Configuration management 22

Codeline branches

 Rather than a linear sequence of versions that reflect

changes to the component over time, there may be
several independent sequences.
 This is normal in system development, where different
developers work independently on different versions of the
source code and so change it in different ways.
 At some stage, it may be necessary to merge codeline
branches to create a new version of a component that
includes all changes that have been made.
 If the changes made involve different parts of the code, the
component versions may be merged automatically by combining
the deltas that apply to the code.

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Branching and merging

Chapter 25 Configuration management 24

Key points

 Configuration management is the management of an evolving

software system. When maintaining a system, a CM team is put in
place to ensure that changes are incorporated into the system in a
controlled way and that records are maintained with details of the
changes that have been implemented.
 The main configuration management processes are change
management, version management, system building and release
management.
 Change management involves assessing proposals for changes
from system customers and other stakeholders and deciding if it is
cost-effective to implement these in a new version of a system.
 Version management involves keeping track of the different versions
of software components as changes are made to them.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 25

System building

 System building is the process of creating a complete,

executable system by compiling and linking the system
components, external libraries, configuration files, etc.
 System building tools and version management tools
must communicate as the build process involves
checking out component versions from the repository
managed by the version management system.
 The configuration description used to identify a baseline
is also used by the system building tool.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 26

Build platforms

 The development system, which includes development

tools such as compilers, source code editors, etc.
 Developers check out code from the version management
system into a private workspace before making changes to the
system.
 The build server, which is used to build definitive,
executable versions of the system.
 Developers check-in code to the version management system
before it is built. The system build may rely on external libraries
that are not included in the version management system.
 The target environment, which is the platform on which
the system executes.
Chapter 25 Configuration management 27
Development, build, and target platforms

Chapter 25 Configuration management 28

System building

Chapter 25 Configuration management 29

Build system functionality

 Build script generation

 Version management system integration
 Minimal re-compilation
 Executable system creation
 Test automation
 Reporting
 Documentation generation

Chapter 25 Configuration management 30

Minimizing recompilation

 Tools to support system building are usually designed to

minimize the amount of compilation that is required.
 They do this by checking if a compiled version of a
component is available. If so, there is no need to
recompile that component.
 A unique signature identifies each source and object
code version and is changed when the source code is
edited.
 By comparing the signatures on the source and object
code files, it is possible to decide if the source code was
used to generate the object code component.
Chapter 25 Configuration management
31
File identification

 Modification timestamps
 The signature on the source code file is the time and date when
that file was modified. If the source code file of a component has
been modified after the related object code file, then the system
assumes that recompilation to create a new object code file is
necessary.
 Source code checksums
 The signature on the source code file is a checksum calculated
from data in the file. A checksum function calculates a unique
number using the source text as input. If you change the source
code (even by 1 character), this will generate a different
checksum. You can therefore be confident that source code files
with different checksums are actually different.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 32

Timestamps vs checksums

 Timestamps
 Because source and object files are linked by name rather than
an explicit source file signature, it is not usually possible to build
different versions of a source code component into the same
directory at the same time, as these would generate object files
with the same name.
 Checksums
 When you recompile a component, it does not overwrite the
object code, as would normally be the case when the timestamp
is used. Rather, it generates a new object code file and tags it
with the source code signature. Parallel compilation is possible
and different versions of a component may be compiled at the
same time.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 33

Agile building

 Check out the mainline system from the version

management system into the developer’s private
workspace.
 Build the system and run automated tests to ensure that
the built system passes all tests. If not, the build is
broken and you should inform whoever checked in the
last baseline system. They are responsible for repairing
the problem.
 Make the changes to the system components.
 Build the system in the private workspace and rerun
system tests. If the tests fail, continue editing.
Chapter 25 Configuration management 34
Agile building

 Once the system has passed its tests, check it into the
build system but do not commit it as a new system
baseline.
 Build the system on the build server and run the tests.
You need to do this in case others have modified
components since you checked out the system. If this is
the case, check out the components that have failed and
edit these so that tests pass on your private workspace.
 If the system passes its tests on the build system, then
commit the changes you have made as a new baseline
in the system mainline.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 35

Continuous integration

Chapter 25 Configuration management 36

Daily building

 The development organization sets a delivery time (say

2 p.m.) for system components.
 If developers have new versions of the components that they are
writing, they must deliver them by that time.
 A new version of the system is built from these components by
compiling and linking them to form a complete system.
 This system is then delivered to the testing team, which carries
out a set of predefined system tests
 Faults that are discovered during system testing are documented
and returned to the system developers. They repair these faults
in a subsequent version of the component.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 37

Release management

 A system release is a version of a software system that

is distributed to customers.
 For mass market software, it is usually possible to
identify two types of release: major releases which
deliver significant new functionality, and minor releases,
which repair bugs and fix customer problems that have
been reported.
 For custom software or software product lines, releases
of the system may have to be produced for each
customer and individual customers may be running
several different releases of the system at the same
time.
Chapter 25 Configuration management 38
Release tracking

 In the event of a problem, it may be necessary to

reproduce exactly the software that has been delivered
to a particular customer.
 When a system release is produced, it must be
documented to ensure that it can be re-created exactly in
the future.
 This is particularly important for customized, long-lifetime
embedded systems, such as those that control complex
machines.
 Customers may use a single release of these systems for many
years and may require specific changes to a particular software
system long after its original release date.
Chapter 25 Configuration management 39
Release reproduction

 To document a release, you have to record the specific

versions of the source code components that were used
to create the executable code.
 You must keep copies of the source code files,
corresponding executables and all data and
configuration files.
 You should also record the versions of the operating
system, libraries, compilers and other tools used to build
the software.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 40

Release planning

 As well as the technical work involved in creating a

release distribution, advertising and publicity material
have to be prepared and marketing strategies put in
place to convince customers to buy the new release of
the system.
 Release timing
 If releases are too frequent or require hardware upgrades,
customers may not move to the new release, especially if they
have to pay for it.
 If system releases are too infrequent, market share may be lost
as customers move to alternative systems.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 41

Release components

 As well as the the executable code of the system, a

release may also include:
 configuration files defining how the release should be configured
for particular installations;
 data files, such as files of error messages, that are needed for
successful system operation;
 an installation program that is used to help install the system on
target hardware;
 electronic and paper documentation describing the system;
 packaging and associated publicity that have been designed for
that release.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 42

Factors influencing system release planning

Factor Description
Technical quality of If serious system faults are reported which affect the way in
the system which many customers use the system, it may be
necessary to issue a fault repair release. Minor system
faults may be repaired by issuing patches (usually
distributed over the Internet) that can be applied to the
current release of the system.
Platform changes You may have to create a new release of a software
application when a new version of the operating system
platform is released.
Lehman’s fifth law This ‘law’ suggests that if you add a lot of new functionality
(see Chapter 9) to a system; you will also introduce bugs that will limit the
amount of functionality that may be included in the next
release. Therefore, a system release with significant new
functionality may have to be followed by a release that
focuses on repairing problems and improving performance.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 43

Factors influencing system release planning

Factor Description
Competition For mass-market software, a new system release may be
necessary because a competing product has introduced
new features and market share may be lost if these are not
provided to existing customers.
Marketing The marketing department of an organization may have
requirements made a commitment for releases to be available at a
particular date.
Customer change For custom systems, customers may have made and paid
proposals for a specific set of system change proposals, and they
expect a system release as soon as these have been
implemented.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 44

Key points

 System building is the process of assembling system components

into an executable program to run on a target computer system.
 Software should be frequently rebuilt and tested immediately after a
new version has been built. This makes it easier to detect bugs and
problems that have been introduced since the last build.
 System releases include executable code, data files, configuration
files and documentation. Release management involves making
decisions on system release dates, preparing all information for
distribution and documenting each system release.

Chapter 25 Configuration management 45