Aging Matters An Introduction to Social

Gerontology 1st Edition Hooyman Test

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Test Bank, AGING MATTERS

Chapter 7: Informal and Family Caregiving

1) Informal caregiving is defined as care that is only provided by family members to

an elder.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 194
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

2) Informal caregivers often give emotional support to elders.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 195
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Factual

3) Most family caregivers are male.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 196
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

4) Family caregivers save society an estimated $450 billion.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 197
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

5) A primary stressor for a caregiver might be a difficulty adjusting to a caregiver

role or financial losses suffered from caring for an elder.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 197
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Conceptual

6) Sons who are caregivers often use a “work” paradigm in approaching caregiving.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 200
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Conceptual

7) The term “men in the middle” is a commonly used one in caregiving literature.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 201
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Factual

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 156
Test Bank, AGING MATTERS

8) African American caregivers tend to be older than their caregiving counterparts.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 202
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

9) Under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, businesses with 2 or more
employee are required to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave annually when a
child is born or adopted.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 207
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

10) Respite care is planned or emergency short‐term relief for caregivers from the
demands of ongoing care.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 210
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

11) In the text, the term “informal caregiver” is used interchangeably with
A) a family member giving care.
B) a home health aide.
C) a nurse.
D) all of the above.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 194
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Factual

12) Approximately this percentage of older adults get long‐term services and
supports at home exclusively from family or informal caregivers.
A) 20%
B) 28%
C) 40%
D) 66%
Answer: D
Page Ref: 195
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

13) Which of the following is not true of family caregivers in general?

A) They are mostly male.
B) They are mostly female.

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 157
Test Bank, AGING MATTERS

C) About 70% are between 50 and 64.

D) About a third care for two or more people.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 196
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

14) “Primary stressors” are

A) those stressors that do not arise directly from an older person’s illness.
B) events that derive directly from the elder’s illness.
C) role strains placed on caregivers.
D) sometimes exemplified by financial losses to the caregiver.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 197
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Factual

15) A caregiver’s “subjective burden” is

A) a caregiver’s emotions or feelings in terms of their role and responsibilities as
caregiver.
B) what the caregiver has to do on a daily basis to provide care.
C) something like taking an elder to the doctor.
D) all of the above.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 198
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Conceptual

16) Which of the following is one of the stresses felt by caregivers?

A) poor physical health
B) poor mental health
C) emotional stress
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 198
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Conceptual

17) Women caregivers

A) typically have less stress dealing with caregiving.
B) have higher life satisfaction than men when it comes to caregiving.
C) experience more stress as a result of caregiving.
D) spend less time in the role as caregiver.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 199
Difficulty: Medium

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 158
Test Bank, AGING MATTERS

Type: Factual

18) Caregivers of color

A) use more formal services than their counterparts.
B) use fewer formal services than their counterparts.
C) experience more depression related to their caregiving roles.
D) none of the above
Answer: B
Page Ref: 199
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

19) When it comes to children caring for aging parents, daughters

A) are less likely as sons to be primary caregivers.
B) are twice as likely as sons to be primary caregivers.
C) are less likely to care for older widowed women.
D) are less likely to care for older unmarried men.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 200
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Conceptual

20) Which of the following is true of male caregivers and sons in particular?
A) Sons provide more personal care, especially to mothers.
B) Sons place more importance on emotional well‐being.
C) They are more likely to separate boundaries of employment and caregiving.
D) all of the above
Answer: C
Page Ref: 200‐201
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Conceptual

21) The terms “women in the middle” refers to

A) women juggling family responsibilities with employment and their own age‐
related transitions.
B) women raising children and working outside the home.
C) women with elderly parents.
D) women without siblings.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 201
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

22) Which of the following is not true when it comes to African American
caregivers?
A) They tend to be older than their counterparts.

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 159
Test Bank, AGING MATTERS

B) They provide higher levels of care.

C) They usually do not live with the care recipient.
D) They are more economically disadvantaged than their white counterparts.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 202
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

23) Which of the following characterizes American Indians and caregiving?

A) Providing care for elders is a core cultural value for American Indians.
B) Caring for elders may place a strain on the community as a whole because of
additional stressors in the community.
C) Many care for elders with high levels of functional disability.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 203
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Conceptual

24) The largest percentage of grandparent caregivers are

A) white.
B) African American.
C) Asian American.
D) Latino.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 205
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

25) This many grandparents have grandchildren under age 18 living with them.
A) half a million
B) one million
C) three million
D) over six million
Answer: D
Page Ref: 205
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

26) Which of the following is true with regard to the Family and Medical Leave Act
of 1993?
A) It applies to businesses with 50 or more employees.
B) It requires six weeks of unpaid leave annually when a child is born or adopted.
C) Employers are under no obligation to provide health coverage to employees who
take leave.
D) FMLA does not apply to small employers.

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 160
Test Bank, AGING MATTERS

Answer: A
Page Ref: 207
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

27) Which of the following is a service funded by the National Caregiver Support
Program?
A) information and referral assistance
B) individual counseling
C) peer support groups
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 208
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

28) Providing information and/or linking family caregivers to services are called
A) intrusions.
B) interventions.
C) subjective burdens.
D) coping mechanisms.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 208
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

29) When it comes to caregiver services and caregivers’ use of them,

A) they may be unaware of services.
B) they may not be able to afford the services offered.
C) they resist accepting help.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 209
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Conceptual

30) This term refers to planned or emergency short‐term relief for caregivers from
the demands of ongoing elder care.
A) lifespan care
B) respite care
C) eldercare
D) intervention
Answer: B
Page Ref: 210
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Conceptual

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 161
Test Bank, AGING MATTERS

31) Which of the following is a self‐care suggestion for caregivers?

A) incorporate exercise into daily routines
B) learn to accept help
C) eat healthy food
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 212
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Conceptual

32) This accounts for most of the reported cases of elder mistreatment.
A) hoarding
B) undue influence
C) neglect
D) intimate partner violence
Answer: C
Page Ref: 214
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Conceptual

33) When it comes to reporting and/or asking for help, victims of elder abuse
A) generally do not ask friends or family for help.
B) generally turn to their friends for assistance.
C) go directly to their families in most cases.
D) often call the police.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 215
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Conceptual

34) Which of the following fall under the title of “direct‐care worker”?
A) nursing assistant
B) home health aide
C) personal care aide
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 217
Difficulty: Easy
Type: Factual

35) What are some of the characteristics of informal caregivers and what kinds of
duties do they perform on behalf of the elders in their care? How does gender affect
who provides care and what they do?
Difficulty: Hard
Type: Applied

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 162
Test Bank, AGING MATTERS

36) Why do some people experience stress in their role as caregiver to an elder?
What role does gender, race, and ethnicity play in the kinds of stresses caregivers
experience?
Difficulty: Hard
Type: Applied

37) What challenges do grandparents are primary caregivers face, both emotionally
and legally?
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Applied

38) What are the types of abuse that elders can suffer at the hands of their
caregivers? What emotional stressors result from their abuse?
Difficulty: Medium
Type: Applied

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 163
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Leonia, 414
Lepeta, 405
Lepetella, 405
Lepetidae, radula, 227
Lepidomenia, 404;
radula, 229
Leptachatina, 327
Leptaena, 500, 501, 502, 503, 505;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
Leptaxis, 441
Leptinaria, 357, 358, 442
Leptochiton, 403
Leptoconchus, 75, 423
Leptoloma, 348, 351
Lepton, 453;
parasitic, 77;
commensal, 80;
mantle-edge, 175, 178
Leptoplax, 403
Leptopoma, 316, 319, 338, 414
Leptoteuthis, 390
Leptothyra, 409
Leroya, 331
Leucochila, 442
Leucochloridium, 61
Leucochroa, 292, 295, 441
Leuconia, 439
Leucotaenia, 335, 359, 441
Leucozonia, 64, 424, 424
Levantina, 295
Libania, 295
Libera, 327, 441;
egg-laying, 128
Libitina, 451
Licina, 414
Life, duration of, in snails, 39
Ligament, 271
Liguus, 349, 351, 442
Lima, 178, 179, 450;
habits, 63
Limacidae, radula, 232
Limacina, 59, 249, 436, 436
Limapontia, 429, 432;
breathing, 152
Limax, 245, 440;
food, 31, 179;
variation, 86;
pulmonary orifice, 160;
shell, 175;
jaw, 211;
radula, 217;
distribution, 285, 324;
L. agrestis, eats May flies, 31;
arborum, slime, 30;
food, 31;
flavus, food, 33, 36;
habits, 35, 36;
gagates, 279, 358;
maximus, 32, 161;
eats raw beef, 32;
cannibalism, 32;
sexual union, 128;
smell, 193 f.
Limea, 450
Limicolaria, 329–332, 443
Limnaea, 439;
self-impregnation, 44;
development and variation, 84, 92, 93;
size affected by volume of water, 94;
eggs, 124;
sexual union, 134;
jaw, 211;
radula, 217, 235;
L. auricularia, 24;
 glutinosa, sudden appearance, 46;
Hookeri, 25;
involuta, 82, 278, 287;
peregra, 10, 180;
burial, 27;
food, 34, 37;
variation, 85;
distribution, 282;
palustris, distribution, 282;
stagnalis, food, 34, 37;
variation, 85, 95;
circum-oral lobes, 131;
generative organs, 414;
breathing, 161;
nervous system, 204;
distribution, 282;
truncatula, parasite, 61;
distribution, 282
Limnocardium, 455
Limnotrochus, 332, 415
Limopsis, 448
Limpet-shaped shells, 244
Limpets as food for birds, 56;
rats, 57;
birds and rats caught by, 57;
as bait, 118
Lingula, 464, 467, 468, 471, 472, 473, 475, 477, 478, 487;
habits, 483, 484;
distribution, 485;
fossil, 493, 494, 503;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508, 510, 511
Lingulella, 493, 503;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508, 511
Lingulepis, 503, 511
Lingulidae, 485, 487, 496, 503, 508
Linnarssonia, 504;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508
Lintricula, 426
Liobaikalia, 290
Liomesus, 424
Lioplax, 340, 416
Liostoma, 424
Liostracus, 442
Liotia, 408
Liparus, 324, 359, 441
Lissoceras, 399
Lithasia, 340, 417
Lithidion, 414
Lithocardium, 455
Lithodomus, 449
Lithoglyphus, 294, 296, 297, 415
Lithopoma, 409
Lithotis, 302, 443
Litiopa, 30, 361, 415
Littorina, 413;
living out of water, 20;
radula, 20, 215;
habits, 50;
protective coloration, 69;
egg-laying, 126;
hybrid union, 130;
monstrosity, 251, 252;
operculum, 269;
erosion, 276;
L. littorea, in America, 374;
obtusata, generative organs, 135;
rudis, 150;
Prof. Herdman’s experiments on, 151 n.
Littorinida, 415
Lituites, 247, 395
Liver, 239;
liver-fluke, 61
Livinhacea, 333, 359, 441
Livona, 408;
 radula, 226;
operculum, 268
Lloyd, W. A., on Nassa, 193
Lobiger, 432
Lobites, 397
Loligo, 378–389;
glands, 136;
modified arm, 139;
eye, 183;
radula, 236;
club, 381;
L. punctata, egg-laying, 127;
vulgaris, larva, 133
Loligopsis, 391
Loliguncula, 390
Loliolus, 390
Lomanotus, 433
Lophocercus, 432
Lorica, 403
Lowe, E. J., on growth of shell, 40
Loxonema, 417
Lucapina, 406
Lucapinella, 406
Lucerna, 441
Lucidella, 348–351, 410
Lucina, 270, 452
Lucinopsis, 454
Lung, 151, 160
Lunulicardium, 455
Lutetia, 452
Lutraria, 446, 456
Lychnus, 442
Lyonsia, 458
Lyonsiella, 458;
branchiae, 168
Lyra, stratigraphical distribution, 507
Lyria, 425
Lyrodesma, 447
Lysinoe, 441
Lytoceras, 398

Maackia, 290
Macgillivrayia, 133
Machomya, 458
Maclurea, 410
Macroceramus, 343–353, 442
Macroceras, 440
Macrochilus, 417
Macrochlamys, 296, 299, 301 f., 310, 316–322, 440
Macrocyclis, 358, 359, 442
Macron, 424
Macroön, 441
Macroscaphites, 247, 399, 399
Macroschisma, 265, 406
Mactra, 271, 446, 454
Macularia, 285, 291, 292 f., 441
Magas, 506;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
Magellania, 500
Magilus, 75, 423
Mainwaringia, 302
Malaptera, 418
Malea, 419
Malletia, 447
Malleus, 449
Mangilia, 426
Mantle, 172 f., 173;
lobes of, 177
Margarita, 408;
radula, 225
Marginella, 425;
radula, 221
Mariaella, 314, 338, 440
Marionia, 433
Marmorostoma, 409
Marrat, F. P., views on variation, 82
Marsenia, 133
Marsenina, 411
Martesia, 305, 457
Mastigoteuthis, 390
Mastus, 296, 442
Matheronia, 455
Mathilda, 250, 417
Maugeria, 403
Mazzalina, 424
Megalatractus, 424
Megalodontidae, 451
Megalomastoma, 344, 414
Megalomphalus, 416
Megaspira, 358, 442
Megatebennus, 406
Megerlia, distribution, 486, 487
Meladomus, 249, 328, 331, 416
Melampus, 18, 199, 250, 439, 439
Melanatria, 336
Melania, 276, 417, 417;
distribution, 285, 292 f., 316 f., 324, 336
Melaniella, 442
Melaniidae, origin, 17
Melanism in Mollusca, 85
Melanopsis, 417;
distribution, 285, 291, 292 f., 323, 326
Melantho, 340, 416
Melapium, 424
Meleagrina, 449
Melia, 348
Melibe, 432
Melongena, 424;
radula, 220;
stomach, 238
Merica, 426
Merista, 505, 508
Meroe, 454
Merope, 327
Mesalia, 417
Mesembrinus, 356, 442
Mesodesma, 454
Mesodon, 340, 441
Mesomphix, 340, 440
Mesorhytis, 377
Meta, 423
Metula, 424
Meyeria, 424
Miamira, 434
Microcystis, 323, 324, 327, 338, 440
Microgaza, 408
Micromelania, 12, 297
Microphysa, protective habits, 70
Microplax, 403
Micropyrgus, 415
Microvoluta, 425
Middendorffia, 403
Milneria, 451
Mimicry, 66
Minolia, 408
Mitra, 425;
radula, 221
Mitrella, 423
Mitreola, 425
Mitrularia, 248, 412
Modiola, 446, 449;
habits, 64;
genital orifice, 242
Modiolarca, 449
Modiolaria, 449;
habits, 78
Modiolopsis, 452
Modulus, 417
Monilia, 408
Monkey devouring oysters, 59
Monoceros, 423
Monocondylaea, 452
Monodacna, 12, 297, 455
Monodonta, 408, 408;
tentaculae, 178
Monogonopora, 134, 140
Monomerella, 496, 504
Monopleura, 456
Monotis, 449
Monotocardia, 9, 170, 411
Monstrosities, 250
Montacuta, 452;
M. ferruginosa, commensal, 80;
substriata, parasitic, 77
Mopalia, 403
Moquin-Tandon, on breathing of Limnaeidae, 162;
on smell, 193 f.
Moreletia, 440
Morio, 420
Mormus, 356, 442
Moseley, H. N., on eyes of Chiton, 187 f.
Moussonia, 327
Mouth, 209
Mucronalia, 422
Mucus, use of, 63
Mulinia, 272
Mülleria, 344, 452
Mumiola, 422
Murchisonia, 265, 407
Murchisoniella, 422
Murex, 423;
attacks Arca, 60;
use of spines, 64;
egg-capsules, 124;
eye, 182;
 radula, 220;
shell, 256
Musical sounds, 50
Mussels, cultivation of, 115;
as bait, 116;
poisonous, 117;
on Great Eastern, 116
Mutela, 294, 328, 331, 336, 452
Mutyca, 425
Mya, 271, 275, 446, 456;
stylet, 240;
M. arenaria, variation, 84
Myacea, 456
Myalina, 449
Mycetopus, 307, 316, 344, 452
Myochama, 458
Myodora, 458
Myophoria, 448
Myopsidae, 389
Myrina, 449
Myristica, 424
Mytilacea, 448
Mytilimeria, 458
Mytilops, 452
Mytilopsis, 14
Mytilus, 258, 449;
gill filaments, 166, 285;
M. edulis, 14, 165;
attached to crabs, 48, 78;
pierced by Purpura, 60;
Bideford Bridge and, 117;
rate of growth, 258;
stylet, 240
Myxostoma, 414

Nacella, 405
Naiadina, 449
Nanina, 278, 300 f., 335, 440;
radula, 217, 232
Napaeus, 296–299, 316, 442
Naranio, 454
Narica, 412
Nassa, 423;
egg-capsules, 126;
sense of smell, 193
Nassodonta, 423
Nassopsis, 332
Natica, 246, 263, 411;
spawn, 126;
operculum, 268
Naticopsis, 409
‘Native’ oysters, 106
Nausitora, 15
Nautiloidea, 393
Nautilus, 254, 392, 395;
modified arms, 140;
eye, 183;
nervous system, 206;
radula, 236;
kidneys, 242
Navicella, 267, 268, 324, 327, 410;
origin, 17
Navicula, 358, 442
Navicula (Diatom), cause of greening in oysters, 108
Nectoteuthis, 389
Neda, 431
Nematurella, 12, 297
Nembrotha, 434
Neobolus, 504
Neobuccinum, 424
Neocyclotus, 357, 358
Neomenia, 8, 133, 216, 228, 404, 404;
breathing organs, 154;
nervous system, 203
Neothauma, 332
Neotremata, 511
Neptunea, 252, 262, 423;
egg-capsules, 126;
capture, 193;
monstrosity, 251
Nerinea, 417
Nerita, 17, 410;
N. polita used as money, 97
Neritidae, 260, 410;
radula, 226
Neritina, 256, 410;
origin, 16, 17, 21;
egg-laying, 128;
eye, 181;
distribution, 285, 291 f., 324, 327;
N. fluviatilis, habitat, 12, 25
Neritoma, 410
Neritopsis, 409;
radula, 226;
operculum, 269
Nervous system, 201 f.
Nesiotis, 357, 442
New Zealanders, use of shells, 99
Nicida, 413
Ninella, 409
Niphonia, 408
Niso, 422
Nitidella, 423
Nodulus, 415
Notarchus, 431
Nothus, 358, 442
Notobranchaea, 438
Notodoris, 434
Notoplax, 403
Novaculina, 305
Nucula, 254, 269, 273, 447
Nuculidae, otocyst, 197;
foot, 201
Nuculina, 448
Nudibranchiata, 432;
defined, 10;
protective and warning colours, 71 f.;
breathing organs, 159
Nummulina, 295
Nuttallina, 403

Obba, 311, 315, 441

Obbina, 306, 311, 312, 314, 319
Obeliscus, 442
Obolella, 496, 504;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508
Obolidae, 496, 504, 508
Obolus, 504, 508;
embryonic shell, 509
Ocinebra, 423
Octopodidae, hectocotylised arm, 137, 139, 140
Octopus, 379–386;
egg-capsules, 127;
vision, 184;
radula, 236;
crop, 238
Ocythoe, 384;
hectocotylus, 138
Odontomaria, 407
Odontostomus, 358, 442
Odostomia, 250, 422;
parasitic, 78
Oesophagus, 237
Ohola, 434
Oigopsidae, 390
Oldhamina, 506, 508
Oleacina, habits, 55
Oliva, 199, 255, 275, 425, 426
Olivancillaria, 426
Olivella, 260, 267, 426;
O. biplicata as money, 97
Olivia, 408
Omalaxis, 413
Omalonyx, habitat, 23
Ommastrephes, 6, 378, 390
Ommatophores, 180, 187
Omphalotropis, 306, 309, 316, 324, 327, 338, 414
Onchidiella, 443
Onchidiidae, 245;
radula, 234;
anus, 241
Onchidiopsis, 411
Onchidium, 443;
breathing, 163;
eyes, 187
Onchidoris, radula, 230
Oniscia, 420
Onoba, 415
Onychia, 390
Onychoteuthis, 390;
club, 386
Oocorys, 420
Oopelta, 329, 440
Opeas, 442
Operculum, 267 f.
Ophidioceras, 247, 395
Ophileta, 413
Opis, 451
Opisthobranchiata, 427;
defined, 9;
warning, etc., colours, 71 f.;
generative organs, 144;
breathing organs, 158;
organs of touch, 178;
parapodia, 199;
 nervous system, 203;
radula, 229
Opisthoporus, 266, 300, 314–316, 414
Opisthostoma, 248, 309, 413
Oppelia, 399
Orbicula, 464
Orbiculoidea, 504, 510
Orders of Mollusca, 5–7
Organs of sense, 177
Origin of land Mollusca, 11 f.
Ornithochiton, 403
Orphnus, 356, 441
Orpiella, 440
Orthalicus, 342–358, 355, 442;
habits, 27;
variation, 87;
jaw, 211;
radula, 233, 234
Orthis, 505;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 507, 511
Orthoceras, 394, 394
Orthonota, 457
Orthothetes, 505;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
Orygoceras, 247
Osphradium, 194 f.
Ostodes, 327
Ostracotheres, 62
Ostrea, 252, 258, 446, 449;
intestine, 241
Otina, 18, 439
Otoconcha, 326, 440
Otocysts, 196 f., 197
Otopleura, 422
Otopoma, 331, 338, 414
Otostomus, 353, 442
Ovary, 135
Ovoviviparous genera, 123
Ovula, 419;
protective coloration, 70, 75;
radula, 80, 224;
used as money, 97
Ovum, development of fertilised, 130
Oxychona, 358
Oxygyrus, 422;
foot, 200
Oxynoe, 432;
radula, 230
Oyster-catchers, shells used by, 102
Oyster, cultivation, 104–109;
living out of water, 110;
enemies, 110 f.;
reproduction, 112 f.;
growth, 114;
cookery, 114;
poisonous oysters, 114;
vision, 190

Pachnodus, 329–335, 441, 442

Pachybathron, 425
Pachychilus, 354
Pachydesma crassatelloides, money made from, 97
Pachydomidae, 451
Pachydrobia, 307, 415
Pachylabra, 416
Pachyotus, 334, 336, 355, 358, 441
Pachypoma, 409
Pachystyla, 337, 440
Pachytypus, 451
Padollus, 407
Palaearctic region, 284 f.
Palaeoneilo, 447
Palaeosolen, 457
Palaina, 327, 413
Palio, 434
Pallial line and sinus, 270
Pallifera, 340, 440
Palliobranchiata, 464
Paludina, 416;
penis, 136;
eye, 181;
vision, 184;
P. vivipara, 24—see also Vivipara
Paludomus, 332, 336, 338, 417
Panama, Mollusca of, 3
Panda, 322, 325, 335
Pandora, 458
Papuans, use of shells, 99
Papuina, 309, 319–324, 441
Paramelania, 332
Paramenia, 404
Parasitic worms, 60 f.;
Mollusca, 74 f.
Parastarte, 451
Parkinsonia, 398
Parmacella, 245, 291, 294 f., 438 n., 440;
radula, 232;
shell, 175
Parmacochlea, 322, 326, 440
Parmarion, 309, 440
Parmella, 326, 440
Parmophorus, 406
Parthena, 349–352, 350, 441
Parts of univalve shell, 262;
bivalve, 269
Partula, 319–327, 326, 442;
radula, 233
Paryphanta, 321, 325, 440
Paryphostoma, 415
Passamaiella, 332
Patella, 405, 464;
 as food, 56 f.;
eye, 182;
radula, 214, 215, 227;
crop, 238;
anus, 241;
kidneys, 242;
shell, 262;
P. vulgata, veliger, 132;
breathing organs, etc., 156, 157
Patelliform shell in various genera, 19
Paterina, 509, 510, 511
Patinella, radula, 227
Patula, 297, 298, 318–338, 340, 441
Paxillus, 413
Pearl oysters, 100
Pecten, 446, 450, 450;
organs of touch, 178;
ocelli, 191;
flight, 192;
nervous system, 206;
genital orifice, 242;
ligament, 271
Pectinodonta, 405;
radula, 227
Pectunculus, 448
Pedicularia, 75, 419;
radula, 224
Pedinogyra, 319, 322, 442
Pedipes, 18, 199, 439, 439
Pedum, 450
Pelagic Mollusca, 360
Pelecypoda, 7, 445;
development, 145;
generative organs, 145;
branchiae, 166–169;
organs of touch, 178;
eyes, 189 f.;
 foot, 201;
nervous system, 205
Pella, 333
Pellicula, 352, 442
Peltoceras, 399
Pentadactylus, 423
Peraclis, 436
Pereiraea, 418
Perideris, 328–330, 443
Periodicity in breeding, 129
Periophthalmus, 187
Periostracum, 275
Periploma, 459
Perisphinctes, 399
Perissodonta, 418
Perissolax, 424
Peristernia, 424
Perna, 449;
ligament, 271
Pernostrea, 449
Peronaeus, 358, 442
Peronia, 443
Perrieria, 319, 442
Perrinia, 408
Persicula, 425
Persona (= Distortio), 420
Petenia, 353, 440
Petersia, 420
Petraeus, 295, 331, 442
Petricola, 454
Phacellopleura, 403
Phanerophthalmus, 430
Phaneta, 408
Phania, 312, 441
Pharella, 457
Pharus, 457
Pharynx, 210
Phasianella, 409
Phasis, 333
Phenomena of distribution, 362
Philine, 245, 428, 430;
protective coloration, 73;
radula, 229, 230
Philomycus, 245, 318, 440
Philonexis, 138
Philopotamis, 304, 417
Phoenicobius, 315, 441
Pholadacea, 457
Pholadidea, 457
Pholadomya, 459
Pholas, 245, 274, 447, 457;
in fresh water, 15
Phos, 424
Photinula, 408
Phragmophora, 386
Phyllidia, 434;
breathing organs, 159
Phyllirrhoe, 360, 428, 433
Phyllobranchus, 432
Phylloceras, 398, 398;
suture, 396
Phylloteuthis, 390
Physa, 439;
aestivating out of water, 27;
spinning threads, 29;
sudden appearance, 46;
osphradium, 195;
nervous system, 205;
radula, 235;
P. hypnorum, 23, 27
Pileolus, 410
Pileopsis, 76
Piloceras, 394
Pinaxia, 423