05.02.

1





Chapter 05.02
Direct Method of Interpolation More Examples
Mechanical Engineering

Example 1
For the purpose of shrinking a trunnion into a hub, the reduction of diameter D A of a
trunnion shaft by cooling it through a temperature change of T A is given by
T D D A = A o
where
= D original diameter ( ) in.
= o coefficient of thermal expansion at average temperature ( ) F in/in/
The trunnion is cooled from F 80 to F 108 , giving the average temperature as F 14 .
The table of the coefficient of thermal expansion vs. temperature data is given in Table 1.

Table 1 Thermal expansion coefficient as a function of temperature.
Temperature, ( ) F T Thermal Expansion Coefficient, ( ) F in/in/ o
80 6.47
6
10

0 6.00
6
10

60 5.58
6
10

160 4.72
6
10

260 3.58
6
10

340 2.45
6
10

05.02.2 Chapter 05.02


Figure 1 Thermal expansion coefficient vs. temperature.

If the coefficient of thermal expansion needs to be calculated at the average temperature of
F 14 , determine the value of the coefficient of thermal expansion at F 14 = T using the
direct method of interpolation and a first order polynomial.

Solution
For first order polynomial interpolation (also called linear interpolation), we choose the
coefficient of thermal expansion given by
( ) T a a T
1 0
+ = o

Direct Method of Interpolation More Examples: Mechanical Engineering 05.02.3

Figure 2 Linear interpolation.

Since we want to find the coefficient of thermal expansion at F 14 = T , and we are using a
first order polynomial, we need to choose the two data points that are closest to F 14 = T
that also bracket F 14 = T to evaluate it. The two points are F 0
0
= T and F 60
1
= T .
Then
( )
6
0 0
10 00 . 6 , 0

= = T T o
( )
6
1 1
10 58 . 5 , 60

= = T T o
gives

( ) ( )
6
1 0
10 00 . 6 0 0

= + = a a o


( ) ( )
6
1 0
10 58 . 5 60 60

= + = a a o

Writing the equations in matrix form, we have

(

=
(

6
6
1
0
10 58 . 5
10 00 . 6
60 1
0 1
a
a

Solving the above two equations gives

6
0
10 00 . 6

= a

6
1
10 007 . 0

= a
Hence

( ) T a a T
1 0
+ = o

0 60 , 10 007 . 0 10 00 . 6
6 6
s s + =

T T
At F, 14 = T
( ) ( ) 14 10 007 . 0 10 00 . 6 14
6 6
+ =

o
F in/in/ 10 902 . 5
6
=



( )
0 0
, y x
( )
1 1
, y x
( ) x f
1
x
y

05.02.4 Chapter 05.02

Example 2
For the purpose of shrinking a trunnion into a hub, the reduction of diameter D A of a
trunnion shaft by cooling it through a temperature change of T A is given by
T D D A = A o
where
= D original diameter ( ) in.
= o coefficient of thermal expansion at average temperature ( ) F in/in/
The trunnion is cooled from F 80 to F 108 , giving the average temperature as F 14 .
The table of the coefficient of thermal expansion vs. temperature data is given in Table 2.

Table 2 Thermal expansion coefficient as a function of temperature.
Temperature, ( ) F T Thermal Expansion Coefficient, ( ) F in/in/ o
80 6.47
6
10

0 6.00
6
10

60 5.58
6
10

160 4.72
6
10

260 3.58
6
10

340 2.45
6
10

If the coefficient of thermal expansion needs to be calculated at the average temperature of
F 14 , determine the value of the coefficient of thermal expansion at F 14 = T using the
direct method of interpolation and a first order polynomial.

Solution
For second order polynomial interpolation (also called quadratic interpolation), we choose
the coefficient of thermal expansion given by
( )
2
2 1 0
T a T a a T + + = o

( )
0 0
, y x
( )
1 1
, y x
( )
2 2
, y x
( ) x f
2
y
x
Direct Method of Interpolation More Examples: Mechanical Engineering 05.02.5

Figure 3 Quadratic interpolation.

Since we want to find the coefficient of thermal expansion at F 14 = T , and we are using a
second order polynomial, we need to choose the three data points that are closest to
F 14 = T that also bracket F 14 = T to evaluate it. These three points are F 80
0
= T ,
F 0
1
= T and F 60
2
= T .
Then
( )
6
0 0
10 47 . 6 , 80

= = T T o
( )
6
1 1
10 00 . 6 , 0

= = T T o

( )
6
2 2
10 58 . 5 , 60

= = T T o

gives

( ) ( ) ( )
6 2
2 1 0
10 47 . 6 80 80 80

= + + = a a a o


( ) ( ) ( )
6 2
2 1 0
10 00 . 6 0 0 0

= + + = a a a o


( ) ( ) ( )
6 2
2 1 0
10 58 . 5 60 60 60

= + + = a a a o

Writing the three equations in matrix form, we have

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

10 58 . 5
10 00 . 6
10 47 . 6
3600 60 1
0 0 1
6400 80 1
6
6
6
2
1
0
a
a
a

Solving the above three equations gives

6
0
10 00 . 6

= a


9
1
10 5179 . 6

= a


12
2
10 0357 . 8

= a

Hence
( ) 80 60 , 10 0357 . 8 10 5179 . 6 10 00 . 6
2 12 9 6
s s + =

T T T T o
At F, 14 = T
( ) ( ) ( )
2 12 9 6
14 10 0357 . 8 14 10 5179 . 6 10 00 . 6 14 + =

o
F in/in/ 10 9072 . 5
6
=


The absolute relative approximate error
a
e obtained between the results from the first and
second order polynomial is

100
10 9072 . 5
10 902 . 5 10 9072 . 5
6
6 6

= e


a

% 087605 . 0 =

Example 3
For the purpose of shrinking a trunnion into a hub, the reduction of diameter D A of a
trunnion shaft by cooling it through a temperature change of T A is given by
T D D A = A o
where
05.02.6 Chapter 05.02

= D original diameter ( ) in.
= o coefficient of thermal expansion at average temperature ( ) F in/in/
The trunnion is cooled from F 80 to F 108 , giving the average temperature as F 14 .
The table of the coefficient of thermal expansion vs. temperature data is given in Table 3.

Table 3 Thermal expansion coefficient as a function of temperature.
Temperature, ( ) F T Thermal Expansion Coefficient, ( ) F in/in/ o
80 6.47
6
10

0 6.00
6
10

60 5.58
6
10

160 4.72
6
10

260 3.58
6
10

340 2.45
6
10

a) If the coefficient of thermal expansion needs to be calculated at the average
temperature of F 14 , determine the value of the coefficient of thermal expansion at
F 14 = T using the direct method of interpolation and a first order polynomial. Find
the absolute relative approximate error for the third order polynomial approximation.
b) The actual reduction in diameter is given by

}
= A
f
r
T
T
dT D D o
where =
r
T room temperature ( ) F
=
f
T temperature of cooling medium ( ) F
Since
F 80 =
r
T
F 108 =
f
T

}

= A
108
80
dT D D o
Find out the percentage difference in the reduction in the diameter by the above integral
formula and the result using the thermal expansion coefficient from part (a).

Solution
a) For third order polynomial interpolation (also called cubic interpolation), we choose the
coefficient of thermal expansion given by
( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
T a T a T a a T + + + = o

Direct Method of Interpolation More Examples: Mechanical Engineering 05.02.7

Figure 4 Cubic interpolation.

Since we want to find the coefficient of thermal expansion at F 14 = T , and we are using a
third order polynomial, we need to choose the four data points closest to F 14 = T that also
bracket F 14 = T to evaluate it. Then the four points are F 80 T
0
= , F 0 T
1
= , F 60
2
= T
and F 160
3
= T .
( )
6
0 0
10 47 . 6 , 80

= = T T o
( )
6
1 1
10 00 . 6 , 0

= = T T o
( )
6
2 2
10 58 . 5 , 60

= = T T o

( )
6
3 3
10 72 . 4 , 160

= = T T o

gives
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 3
3
2
2 1 0
10 47 . 6 80 80 80 80

= + + + = a a a a o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 3
3
2
2 1 0
10 00 . 6 0 0 0 0

= + + + = a a a a o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 3
3
2
2 1 0
10 58 . 5 60 60 60 60

= + + + = a a a a o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 3
3
2
2 1 0
10 72 . 4 160 160 160 160

= + + + = a a a a o
Writing the four equations in matrix form, we have

(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

6
6
6
6
3
2
1
0
6
5
5
10 72 . 4
10 58 . 5
10 00 . 6
10 47 . 6
10 096 . 4 25600 160 1
10 16 . 2 3600 60 1
0 0 0 1
10 12 . 5 6400 80 1
a
a
a
a

Solving the above four equations gives

6
0
10 00 . 6

= a

y
( )
0 0
, y x
( )
1 1
, y x
( ) x f
3
( )
2 2
, y x
( )
3 3
, y x
x

05.02.8 Chapter 05.02


9
1
10 4786 . 6

= a


12
2
10 1994 . 8

= a


15
3
10 1845 . 8

= a

Hence

( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
T a T a T a a T + + + = o

80 160 , 10 1845 . 8 10 1994 . 8 10 4786 . 6 10 00 . 6
3 15 2 12 9 6
s s + + =

T T T T
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 15 2 12 9 6
14 10 1845 . 8 14 10 1994 . 8 14 10 4786 . 6 10 00 . 6 14 + + =

o
F in/in/ 10 9077 . 5
6
=


The absolute relative approximate error
a
e obtained between the results from the second
and third order polynomial is
100
10 9077 . 5
10 9072 . 5 10 9077 . 5
6
6 6

= e


a

% 0083867 . 0 =

b) In finding the percentage difference in the reduction in diameter, we can rearrange the
integral formula to

}
=
A
f
r
T
T
dT
D
D
o
and since we know from part (a) that
80 160 , 10 1845 . 8 10 1994 . 8 10 4786 . 6 10 00 . 6 ) (
3 15 2 12 9 6
s s + + =

T T T T T o
we see that we can use the integral formula in the range from F 108 =
f
T to F 80 =
r
T
Therefore,

}
=
A
f
r
T
T
dT
D
D
o
( )
}

+ + =
108
80
3 15 2 12 9 6
10 1845 . 8 10 1994 . 8 10 4786 . 6 10 00 . 6 dT T T T

108
80
4
15
3
12
2
9 6
4
10 1845 . 8
3
10 1994 . 8
2
10 4786 . 6 10 00 . 6


(

+ + =
T T T
T

6
10 9 . 1105

=

So in/in 10 9 . 1105
6
=
A
D
D
using the actual reduction in diameter integral formula. If we
use the average value for the coefficient of thermal expansion from part (a), we get
T
D
D
A =
A
o
( )
r f
T T = o
( ) 80 108 10 9077 . 5
6
=



6
10 6 . 1110

=
Direct Method of Interpolation More Examples: Mechanical Engineering 05.02.9

and in/in 10 6 . 1110
6
=
A
D
D
using the average value of the coefficient of thermal
expansion using a third order polynomial. Considering the integral to be the more accurate
calculation, the percentage difference would be

( )
100
10 9 . 1105
10 6 . 1110 10 9 . 1105
6
6 6

= e


a

% 42775 . 0 =


INTERPOLATION
Topic Direct Method of Interpolation
Summary Examples of direct method of interpolation.
Major Mechanical Engineering
Authors Autar Kaw
Date November 23, 2009
Web Site http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu