TABLE OF CONTENTS

Germinal Period: 1.
2.
Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis
Fertilization
3. Early Cell Development
Weeks 1-2 4.
5.
Implantation
Gastrulation
REVIEW OUTLINE

Gametogenesis Topics in this Video:

- Primordial Germ Cells
- Spermatogenesis
- Oogenesis
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What are Primordial Germ Cells?

- Earliest recognizable precursors of gametes
- They develop & migrate into the gonads during development

Expansion STEADYSTAT LimitEDpopuLAMONf

PGC PGC PGC

L b o l
o •

DIFF DIFF
PGC PGC DIFF
'
.

PGC
.

CELL CELL
CELL
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②
PGC
Millions of PGCs

Spermatogenesis
~3 weeks development multiply by mitosis
(Expansion)
pq
I •

PGC

“Gonocyte”

Birth until Puberty

✓
Spermatogonia
PGC

*""÷
Puberty - steady state mitosis -

Type A
Spermatogonia
pal É
Type B
Spermatogonia

2n, 46 (2xC)

°
Meiosis 1
duplicate DNA!

2n, 92 (4xC)

Primary Spermatocyte

☐
Meiosis 2

Secondary Secondary
☐ Spermatocyte ☐ Spermatocyte
1n, 46 (2xC)

☐
Spermatid ☐
Spermatid ☐
Spermatid ☐
Spermatid

1n, 23 (1xC)

=
Spermiogenesis

- reduced nuclear volume

- formation of acrosome
- formation of flagellum
- addition of glycoproteins coat
- non-motile

Spermatozoa!
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PGC
Up to 12 weeks Millions of PGCs

Oogenesis development
☐ multiply by mitosis
(Expansion) pq
I •

PGC

“Gonocyte”

12 weeks ☐
Meiosis 1 Oogonia

☐ divide by mitosis
to about 7 million

2n, 46 (2xC)

duplicate DNA!

2n, 92 (4xC)

✓
Primary Oocyte
PGC

Puberty O
Ovulation
Arrest in Prophase 1
'
É

Before Meiosis 2
O
Secondary Oocyte
O
+ Polar Body 1 1n, 46 (2xC)

Fertilization
☐
Pause in Metaphase II

Fertilization
-
Ootid (female pronucleus)
o
+ Polar Body 2 1n, 23 (1xC)

o Finish
Meiosis 2
REVIEW OUTLINE

Fertilization Topics in this Video:

- Penetration of the Corona Radiata
- Penetration of the Zona Pellucida
- Fusion of Sperm & Oocyte
- Blocking Polyspermy
- Becoming a Zygote

A.
É÷::= 9h
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Re ie ransport
ut
us

AMPULLA

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Capacitation

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g
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Penetration of the Corona Radiata

- Recall: Capacitation —> Spermatic Hyper-motility
- Acrosome contains Hyaluronidase ÷ :

" "" ""

PERI VITELLINE SPACE

&

l CORONA RADIATA W/
e
HYALURONIC ACID

f 8
mem-m-n.se .

Ñ÷ J ÷ .
FIRST POLAR
BODY
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Penetration of the Zona Pellucida &

Oocyte Fusion
- Relevant Spermatic Characteristics:

-
- Hyper-motility
- Acrosomal Enzymes Fusion with Oocyte
- ZP3 Species-specific protein
- Sperm & Oocyte surface bind via
specific receptors
ZP1 ZP2 ZP3 ZP4 - Membranes fuse

✗
- Spermatic DNA enters
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Blocking Polyspermy

:÷÷
☐
Fast Block ☐
Slow Block

÷
-
-
-

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- Quick change in charge

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- Disrupts any subsequent

sperm adhesion
2+
- Ca wave stimulates release of cortical granules

- Enzymes degrade ZP3, no more recognition ii.

- Polysaccharides flood the PV space, causing it to swell ii. .

- Changes on Membrane prevent future binding

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Zygote Formation
=

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FEMALE
pronucleus
ZYGOTE !
-
Sperm Degeneration

i
- Bye bye, flagellum!
- Male nucleus de-condenses into
male pronucleus I
2 POLAR
Of it? ? ?

②
BODIES
.

Complete Second
.

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Meiotic Division
00
- Finish Anaphase II
- Results in second polar body

Male & female pronucleus aggregate = zygote!

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→

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PRO NUCLEI

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OOTID
REVIEW OUTLINE

Early Cell Topics in this Video:

- Blastocyst Development
Development - Compaction
- Cavitation
- Embryonic Hatching
- Clinical Correlate: Monozygotic Twins

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Cleavage, Compaction, & Cavitation

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Compaction
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2-Cell 4-Cell 8-Cell
Day 1 Day 2 Day 2-3

8-Cell

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Cavitation

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~4 Days

107-Cell Blastocyst
~5 Days
“Blastula”
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Embryonic Hatching

!÷÷?
Hatching
☐
Future States

INNER CELL MASS

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Trophoblast
- Extraembryonic Tissue

107-Cell Blastocyst
~5 Days
“Blastula”
Embryology Bootcamp.com

Monozygotic Twins!
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2-Cell
Day 1

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- Separate Amnions
- Separate Umbilical Cords
- Separate Chorions - Shared Chorions
- Separate Placentae - Shared Placentae
REVIEW OUTLINE

Implantation Topics in this Video:

- Implantation
- Early Embryonic Orientation
- Clinical Correlates: Ectopic Pregnancy &
Placenta Previa

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give
Progesterone!
Implantation Estrogen!

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Hatched Embryo expresses: Endometrium preparation:

- Trophectodermal Projections - Thickened, thanks to Estrogen & Progesterone

- Express Cytokine Receptors 4 from Corpus Luteum (ruptured follicle)
- Cytokines & Chemokines " "
- Adhesive Integrins ii.
.
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" " " ""

3g
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Early Embryonic Orientation

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SYNCYTIO TROPHOBLAST
MATERNAL
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Trophoblast Splits: Syncytiotrophoblast

- Syncytiotrophoblast - Embeds in Endometrium

- Cytotrophoblast - Contact with O 2 Diminishes invasive nature
- Produces hCG (Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin) around 7 days .
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Clinical Correlate: Ectopic Pregnancy

IBE
Uterus
•
:
Fetus .
.
.

••esBaGiHA☒;
. Pregnancy
Ectopic
Pregnancy
Ectopic
Ovary
Ovary

TAG-⑧@_Bg_B
Uterine Wall
Uterine Wall BEM
Blood
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pregnancy_ultrasound_110325143136_1432470.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blob_sign_of_ectopic_pregnancy.svg

Normal Sonogram Ectopic Sonogram

⇐¥¥e→
' - Fetus develops outside of uterine cavity
- Uterine Tubes, Ovary, Abdominal Wall
- Not a viable pregnancy

±⇐y *
.
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Clinical Correlate: Placenta Previa

Placenta Previa:

- Marginal: Placenta is adjacent, but

not covering the cervical opening
- Partial: Placenta partially covers
cervical opening
- Complete*: Placenta completely
covers cervical opening

Symptoms:
- Vaginal bleeding after 20th
week gestation

Treatment:
- Bed rest, limited activity
- *requires Cesarean delivery

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2906_Placenta_Previa-02.jpg
REVIEW OUTLINE

Gastrulation Topics in this Video:

- Germ Layers
- Extraembryonic Ectoderm
- Extraembryonic Endoderm
- Extraembryonic Mesoderm
- Splanchnic
- Somatic
- Week 4 Folding

*
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What is Gastrulation?

I
- Organization of embryo into a multilayered structure
- Three major layers:
- Ectoderm (outermost)
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm (innermost)

Germ Layers: What most people think of:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=germ+layers&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image
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Week
-0--8-64 Folding
Germ Layers: What embryologists think of:
Embryonic Ectoderm...
- Contributions to cranial nerves
- All CNS neurons
- Retina & eye lens
Embryonic Endoderm... - Contributions to integumentary system
- Epithelial linings of the inner ear, - Pituitary Gland
tongue, respiratory system, GI - Contributions to meninges
tract, urinary bladder, urethras, - Melanocytes, Epidermis

"
vagina, etc. - Bony structures of the head & neck
- Hepatocytes
- Contributions to thyroid,
parathyroid, pancreas

Embryonic Mesoderm...
- Skeletal muscles
- Vertebrae & Ribs
- Dermis
- Testes & Ovaries
- Cardiovascular System
- Blood cells
- Contributions to GI tract
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Ectoderm & Endoderm Epiblast

- Amnioblasts begin to create amnion &

amniotic space
- This constitutes Extraembryonic Ectoderm

F)
" " "" " " " " " ""

Hypoblast
CY TO TROPHOBLAST

¥00000008 - Hypoblast cells create the primary yolk sac

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- The primary yolk sac will degenerate into a smaller
version, known as the secondary yolk sac
- This constitutes Extraembryonic Endoderm
EPIBLAST

HYPOBLAST

'

Commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Supine_and_prone_diagrams-ca.svg
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Mesoderm
CONNECTING
STALK
SOMATIC
"" " " "" "
'
MESODERM
EXTRA EMBRYONIC
"" """
SPLANCHNIC
EXTRA EMBRYONIC

;
9
MESODERM

⑤☐
2° York SAC
CAVITIES
0

EXTRA EMBRYONIC
COELOM

- Yolk sac Extraembryonic Endoderm begins - Extraembryonic Mesoderm lies just interior - The Extraembryonic Coelom separates
a cellular transformation into mesenchyme, to the cytotrophoblast and surrounds the the Extraembryonic Mesoderm into
which creates Extraembryonic Mesoderm. amnion and yolk sac. two parts, Somatic and Splanchnic.

- Around day 12, cavities start to form in the

Extraembryonic Mesoderm. These
cavities fuse into what is called the
Extraembryonic Coelom.
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Recap! 😎
Amnion Connecting Stalk

⇐Z
Somatic Extraembryonic Mesoderm Cytotrophoblast
- Mesoderm lining just interior to cytotrophoblast
- Mesoderm surrounding amnion
Syncytiotrophoblast

Yolk Sac
Chorion
- Somatic Extraembryonic
Mesoderm
- Cytotrophoblast
Splanchnic Extraembryonic Mesoderm - Syncytiotrophoblast
- Mesoderm surrounding yolk sac

Extraembryonic Coelom
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Week 4 Folding

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Commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Supine_and_prone_diagrams-ca.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_embryo_3.JPG
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Review Question 😎

Which of the following could not give rise to contents of the Chorion?

A) The Syncytiotrophoblast
B) The Cytotrophoblast
C) The Epiblast
D) The Hypoblast