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369 views66 pagesApi - 1104
API
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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 66
8 API Susan 1104
2
(603mm)
oot or fale,
Se se bend bend See Note2
(+ enn
ee \
—
‘it less than or equal to
100838 mm).
Nek oeak
ootor an
side band
Creator than or equal to 2% (60.3 mm)
but legs than or equal fo 4/5" (118:3 mm)
‘go, fess tan or eal to 4/2 (114.3 mm)
then wal tckness greater than
anes
a oo
a A cd
Tensile” “Seebend
Root bend or side | yon Vices or side bend
Tensie
a
{f cveaterinan 1236" peeten ||
oot or side bend
& aoe
”
oct or site bene yg Ao recor en
Nickey Of” Ss
Tensile 7 Se
Face ose bend Foot or sit bond
[Le companys opto. he laaton maybe raed provided they areal sped around the pipe how
ce specimens sal not nce te nga! wel
2" Opetullsction eal specea way be Se or pipe wi ameter less han ex cqul 01 ind (38.4 ek
limes)
Figure 3—Location of Test Specimens for Procedure Quaification: Test Butt
Weld Weioms oF Prenes ano
Table
eareD Fackmes
Type and Number of Test Specimens for Procedure Quaitication Test_
ee Temile Nick Root Face Side
Tes limes Strength Beak Bend Berd Wend Tal
Wal Tislness © H inch (127 Miliwie)
3143 o : es 0 0 4
sana eee
3323 ede dea
‘Wall Tans > nah (127 Miles)
euias eo. a O02
sass 2 co
Sa oe
One wisicveak acon rotted spine sal be taken
exequalts
me tem est shale rogues.
tion 10 for testing requirements forthe flash welding proce-
dure.) The minimum numberof test specimens and the tests
to which they shall be subjected are given in Table 2, The
specimens shall be prepared as shown in Figure 4 5,6, of 7
For pipe less than 2% inches (60.3 mullumeters) in diameter,
‘two fest welds shell be made to obtain the required number
of test specimens. The specimens shall be air cooled to a=
bient temperature before being tested, For pipe less than or
equal to 1% inches in diameter, one fall-seetion specimen
may be substituted for the four reduced-section nick-break
and root-bend specimens. The full-section specimen shall be
‘Spec
Approxerately
‘9 (230 0)
Weld enforcement
should not be renoved
‘nether sie of specimen
Figure 4—Tensile-Strer
inches O34 mln in dame oe flection tease ste
‘ov motes wid spcticd anim ye strengths mean 92 Kips Per sgre en), xm
———
St
ease
ee aa
from each ft et weld oF pe esshan
tragecien sale ken
tested in accordance with 2.6.2.2 and shall meet the require
ments of 2.6.2.3
2.6.2 TENSILE-STRENGTH TEST
2.6.2.1 Preparation
Tae tensile-strength test specimens (see Figure 4) shall be
approximately 9 inches (230 millimeters) long and approxi-
imately 1 inch (25 millimeters) wide. They may be machine
cout or oxygen cut, and no other preparation is needed unless
the sides are notched or are not parallel. If necessary, the
yen may be machine ot oxygen eu
‘26gee shal bo smooth an paralel
7
Approximately
asm)
4
ngth Test Specimen 10 API Sranano 1104
specimens shall be machined so that the sides are smooth
and parallel
26.22 Method
‘The tensile-strength test specimens shall be broken under
tensile load, using equipment capable of measuring the load
at which failure occurs. The tensile strength shall be com:
puted by dividing the maximum load a failure by the small-
est cross-sectional area of the specimen, as measured before
the load is applied.
263
3 Requirements
The tensile strength of the weld, including the fusion zone
‘ofeach specimen, shall be greater than or equal tothe spec:
ified minimum tensile strength ofthe pipe matcral but need
not be greater than or equal tothe actual tensile strength of
the material. I the specimen breaks outside the weld and fu
sion zone (that is in the parent pipe material) and meats the
‘minimum tensitesirength requirements ofthe specification,
the weld shall be accepted as meeting the requirements
Ifthe specimen breaks in the weld or fusion zone and the
observed strength is greater than or equal to the specified
‘minimum tensile stength of the pipe material and meets the
soundnese requirements of 2.6.3.3, the weld shall be ae-
cepted as meeting the requirements
Ifthe specimen breaks below the specified minimum ten-
sile strength of the pipe material, che weld shall be set aside
and a new test weld shall be made.
26.3 NICK-BREAK TEST
2.6.3.1 Preparation
‘The nick break tst specimens (cae Figure 5) shall be 2p
proximately 9 inches (230 millimeters) long and approxi
mately 1 inch (25 millimeters) wide and may be machine cut
or oxygen cut. They shall be notched with a hacksaw on each
side atthe center ofthe weld, and each notch shall be ap
proximately 4 inch 3.17 millimeters) deep.
\Nick-break specimens prepared in this manner from welds
made with certain automatic and semiautomatic processes
‘may fail through the pipe instead of the weld. When previous
testing exparience indicates that failure through the pipe can
be expected, the external reinforcement may be notched toa
depth of not more than Yi inch (1-59 millimeters), measured
from the original weld surface
‘Atthe company’s option, nick-break specimens for qual-
tneation of a procedure using a semiautomatic or automatic
‘welding process may be macroetched before being nicked,
2
2 Method
“The nick-break specimens shall be broken by pulling in @
‘ensile machine, by supporting the ends and striking the cen-
ter, or by supporting one end and striking the other end with
sa hammer. The exposed! area ofthe fracture shall be atleast
“inch (19 millimeters) wide.
2.6.3.3 Requirements
‘The exposed surfaces of each nick break specimen shall
show complete penetration and fusion, The greatest dimen-
sion of any gas pocket shall not exceed ¥% inch (1.59 mil
limeters), and the combined area ofall gas pockets shall not
«exceed 2 percent ofthe exposed surface area, Slag. inclusions
shall not be more than ¥ inch (0.79 millimeter in depth and
shall not be more than inch (3.17 millimeters) or one-half
the nominal wall thickness in length, whichever is smaller
‘There shall be atleast ¥ inch (12.7 millimeters) of sound
weld matal hatwe2n adjacent slag inclusions. The dimen-
sions should be measured as shown in Figure 8, Fisheyes, as
defined in AWS A3,0, are not cause for rejection.
2.6.4 ROOT- AND FACE-BEND TEST
2.6.4.1 Preparation
‘The root- and face-bend test specimens (see Figure 6)
shall be approximately 9 inches (230 millimeters) long and
approximately | inch (25 millimeters) wike, ais dhe hog
‘edges shall be rounded. They may be machine cut or oxygen
cut. The cover and root-bead reinforcements shall be te
moved flush with the surfaces of the specimen. These sur-
faces shall be smooth, and any scratches that exist shall be
light and transverse to the weld,
26.4.2 Method
TThe root- and fave-hend specimens shall he hent in a
{guided bend test jig similar to that shown in Figure 9, Bach
specimen shall be placed on the die with the weld at mid
span. Face-bend specimens shall be placed with the face of
the weld toward the gap, and root-bend specimens shall be
placed with the root ofthe weld toward the gap. The plunger
shall be forced into the gap until the curvature of the speci
men is approximately U shaped.
2 Requiromente
‘The bend 1st shall be considered acceptable if no crack oF
other defect exceeding % inch (3.17 millimeters) or one-half
the nominal wall thickness, whichever is smalle. in any di-
section is present in the wold or between the weld aid the fa
sion zone after bending. Cracks that originate on the outer
radius of the bend along the edges of the specimen during
testing and that are fess than i ineh (6.35 millimeters), mea-
sured in any direction, shall not be considered ness obvious
‘detects are observed. Each specimen subjected to the bend
test shall meet these requirements, Wietonsa oF Prcunes ano ReLaTeo Faces "
Approxamatoty
(17mm)
Approomately nt
(tz)
Wed rentorcemont
shoud nat be removed ———
‘on other sid of specimen
‘Approximately ie" (3.17 mem) —
‘xc000 ie" (1.59 mm) inept
Noten cut by hacksaw,
foecimen may be machine oF
Siygon ca edges shal be
Smooth ard pale!
Approxanataly (290 mm)
Cphana: Nick-Braak Tost
‘Specimen for Automatic ard
Sem: Automste Welsing
Figure 5—Nick-Break Test Specimen
2.6.5 SIDE-BEND TEST
26.5.1 Preparation
‘The side-bend test specimens (see Figure 7) shall be ap-
proximately 9 inches (230 millimeters) long and approxi-
‘mately 4 inch (12,7 mlllimeters) wide, aul theit long edges
shall be rounded. They shall be machine cut, or they may be
‘oxygen cut to approximately a %-inch (19-aillimetet) width
‘and then machined or ground to the # inch (12.7-millimeter)
‘width, The sides shall be smooth and parallel. The cover and
root-head reinforcements shall be removed flush with the
surfaces ofthe specimen.
2.6.5.2 Method
‘The side-bend specimens shall be bent in a guided bend
test jg similar to that shown in Figure 9. Each specimen
shall be placed om the die withthe weld at mid span and with
the face of the weld perpendicular to the gap. The plunger
shall be forced into the gap until the curvature of the speci-
‘men is approximately U shaped
2.6.5.3 Requirements
Bach side-bend specimen shall meet the root- and face:
bend test requirements specified in 2.6.4.3, API Sranoano 1104
2
i (17 em) ma
‘Specmen may be
machin or oxygen cut —~
[+ Aeopronimatty 8° (280 mn)
ae
tan
owe The weld siafocemnt sal be remove rom bth fc fash with the race ofthe specimen. The spe
men shal nthe lteter sting.
Fiqure 6—Root- and Face-Bend Test Specimen: Wall Thicknesses Less Than or
Equal to Inch (12.7 Milimeters)
_- Will tikes
{9° (3.17-m) maximum
F — — ne ons ——| (817.00) man
oo
ecu = $ (ode wena
\L watnictnass
oes
1, The weld eiafncement sal be removed from oth aes Flush wih the sue of be spies,
“millet rey may be ox gen clo 4 wit of proses inch
2. Specons maybe machine at wih of ah
(U9 milter) ad hen machined or run sth width of ich (12 mbnctem} Ct stats Be ss sn pall
Figure 7—Side-Bend Test Specimen: Wall Thicknesses Greater Than ¥é Inch (12,7 Milimeters) WieLona oF Pretnes 20 ReLereo Fach mes 3
Ye (127 em) mie
Maximum pth of "(0.7 mm)
‘Maximum feng of (8.17 mm)
‘or oneshal wal tickness
Figure 8—Dimensioning of Discontinuitis in Weld Specimens
2.7 Welding of Test Joints—Fillet Welds
To weld the test joint fr a filet weld, a fillet weld shall be
‘made to one of the configurations shown in Figure 10, fol
lowing all the details of the procedure specification,
2.8 Testing of Welded Joints—Fillet
Welds.
A PREPARATION
"To tes the fillet-welded joint, test specimens shall be cut
from the joint atthe locations shown in Figure 10. At leat
four specimens shall be taken and prepared as shown in Fig
ure 11. The specimens may be machine cut or oxygen cut
They should be atleast 1 inch (25.4 millimeters) wide and
Tong enough so that they can be broken inthe weld. For pipe
less than 2+ inches (60.3 millimeters) in diameter, it may be
necessary to make two test welds to qhisin the required num.
ber of test specimens, The specimens shal be air cooled to
ambient temperature before testing,
2
2.8.2 METHOD
‘The fillet-weld specimens shall be broken inthe weld by
‘any convenient method.
2.8.3 REQUIREMENTS
‘The exposed surfaces of each fillet-weld specimen shall
show complete penetration and fusion, and (a) the greatest
dimension of any gas pocket shall not exceed inch (1.59
nillimeters), (b) the combined area ofall gas pockets shall
not exceed 2 percent ofthe exposed surface area, (c) slag in
clusions shall not be more than Ms incl (0:79 millimeter) in
depth and shall not be more than 4 inch (3.17 millimeters) or
‘one-half the nominal wall thickness in length, whichever is
‘smaller, and (dl) there shall be atleast 4 inch (12.7 millime-
ters) of sound weld metal between adjacent inclusions. The
‘dimensions should be measured as shown in Figure 8 API Srsano 1104
‘Note This gue isnot dawn to sae. Rains of plunger. 4. 1 inches (445 ilies rai of die, B=
Piainches (38.74 linet) wid ofl, C2 nes SOR lees.
Figure 9—Jig for Guided Bend Tests WeLone oF Pans ano Rlren Frcs
Ra Two specimens
‘wo at 90°10
sotch
Nowe Thi gore shows the son of et pecimens for joins witha
torte greater han or equal 9 24 inches (00.3 wales). Foi wat
{ame lee tan 2 inches (0 limes). specimens sal eeu
foam te same sera acto, ht specimens sale rrovel om
cohol veo es wel
Figure 10—Location of Nick-Break Test Specimens:
Fille-Weld Procedure and Welder Quaification Test
Welds 16
_
Approx.
eve
Lezconmel
‘aprox
API Sranoano 1104
[
My ooracaer nance — Em
ae
a Hacksaw ut
Ne,
“Approx. "Y (25 mm) approx
= (@5 mm) aver
i Flame cut
<
approx.
7
Figure 11—Location of Nick-Break Test Specimens: Fillet-Weld Procedure and Welder Qualification Test Welds,
Including Size-to-Size Branch-Connection Welder Qualification Test
‘SECTION 3—QUALIFICATION OF WELDERS
3.1 General
‘The purpose of the welder qualification test isto deter
imine the ability of welders to make sound butt of fillet
welds using previously qualified procedures. Before any
proxtuction welding is performed, welders shall be qualified
according (o the applicable requirements of 3.2 through
3.8. Lis the intent ofthis standard that a welder who satis
factorily completes the procedure qualification test is a
qualified welder.
Before starting the qualifiestion tests, the welder shall be
allowed reasonable time to adjust the welding equipment to
bbe used, The welder shall use the same welding technique
and proceed withthe same speed he will use if he passes the
test and is permitted to do production welding. The quali
cation of welders shall be conducted in the presence of a
company representative
‘A welder shall qualify for welding by performing a test on
‘segments of pipe nipples or on full-size pipe nipples, as spe
iffed in 39.1 When segments of pipe nipples are used, they
shall be supported so that typical fla, vertical, and overhead
welds are produced,
‘The essential variables associated with procedure and
welder qualifications are not identical. The essential vari-
ables for welder qualification are specified in 3.2.2 and 3.3.2
3.2 Single Qual
321 GENERAL
For single qualification, a welder shall make a test weld,
using a qualified procedure to join pipe nipples or segments
of pipe nipples. The weldor shall make a butt weld in eithce
the rolled or the fixed position. When the welder is qualify-
ing in the fixed position, the axis of the pipe shall be in the
horizontal plane, in the vertical plane, ar inclined from the
horizontal plane at an angle of not more than 4S degrees,
‘A welder making a single-qualification test for branch
connections, fillet welds, or other similar configurations
‘hall follow the specifie procedure specification
‘Changes in the essential variables described in 3.2.2 re
quire requalifieation ofthe welder
‘The weld shall be acceptable if it meets the requirements
of 34 and either 3.5 of 3.6.
ication WeLoma oF Pireunes ane evarea Facies v7
322 SCOPE
AA welder who has successfully completed the qualifica
tion test described in 3.2.1 shall be qualified within the limits
of the essential variables described below. If any of the fol
Towing essential variables ate changed, the welder using the
new procedure sal be icqualified
‘aA change from one welding process to another welding
process or combination of processes.
', A change in the direction of welding from vertical uphill
to vertical dawanill or vice vers
. A change of filler-metal classification from Group 1 or 2
(0 Group 3 or from Group 3 1 Group 1 or 2 (see Table 1).
4d. A change from one ouside-diameter group to another,
“These gooupse ate defined as follows
1. Outside diameter less than 2X inches (60.3 millimeters).
2, Outside diameter from 2% inches (60.3 millimeters)
Uhrough 12% inches (323.8 millimeters),
3. Outside diameter greater than 12% inches (323.8 mil
limeters,
fe, A change from one wall-thickness prou
‘groups are defined as follows
1, Nominal pipe wall Uhickness less than Yc ineh (4:78 mil
liners)
2, Nominal pipe wall thickness from % inch (4.78 mil:
Timeters) through % inch (19.05 millimeters).
3, Nominal pipe wall thickness greater th
millimeters).
{A change in position from that for which the welder has
already qualified (for example, a change from rolled to fixed
‘or a change from vertical to horizontal or vice versa). A
Welder who successfully passes a butt-weld qualification test
in the fixed position with the axis inclined 4S degrees from
the horizontal plane shall be qualified to do butt welds in all
to another, These
inch (19.05
positions,
1g. A change in the joint design (for example, the use of @
backing strip or a change from V hovel 10 UT have).
3.3. Multiple Qualification
3.3.1 GENERAL
For multiple qualification, a welder shall successfully
complete the two tests described below, using qualified
procedures
For the first test, the welder shall make a butt weld inthe
fixed position with the axis of the pipe either inthe horizon-
tal plane or inclined from the horizontal plane at an angle of
not more than 45 degrees. This butt weld shall be made on
pipe whose diameter is atleast 6% inches (168.3 millimeters)
land whove wall thichuess i af Teast inch (6.25 millimeters)
without a backing strip. The weld shall be acceptable if it
meets the requirements of 3.4 and either 3.5 ar 3.6. Speci-
‘mens may be removed from the (est weld at the locations
shown in Figure 12, or they may be selected atthe relative
locations shown in Figure 12 but without reference to the
top of the pipe, or they may be selected from locations
that are equidistanily spaced around the entire pipe cir
cumference. The sequence of adjacent specimen types
shall be identical to that shown in Figure 12 for the vari
cous pipe diameters.
For the second test, the welder shall lay out, cut, it, and
weld a full-size branch-on-pipe connection. This test shall be
smatde with pipe whose diameter is at last 6% inches (LAR 3
millimeters) and whose nominal wal thickness is atleast 1/4
inch (6.35 millimeters). A full-size hole shall be eut in the
ran, The weld shall be made with the run-pipe axis in the
horizontal position and the branch-pipe axis extending vert
cally downward from the run, The finished weld shall exmbit
4 neat, uniform workmanlike appearance
‘The weld shall exhibit complete penetration around the
‘entice circumference, Completed root beads shall not con
tain any bura-thraugh of mare than inch (6.35 millime-
ters). The sum of the maximum dimensions of separate
unrepaired burn-throughs in any continuous 12-inch
(G04,8-millimeter) length of weld shall not exceed ' inci
(12.7 millimeters).
Four nick-break specimens shall be removed trom the
‘weld atthe locations shown in Figure 10. They shall be pre-
pared and tested in accordance with 2.8.1 and 2.8.2. The ex-
posed surfaces shall mect the requirements of 2.8.3.
3.3.2 SCOPE
‘A welder who has successfully completed the but-weld
‘qualification test described in 3.3.1 on pipe whose diameter is
greater than or equal to 12% inches (223.8 millimeters) and a
full-size braach-connection weld on pipe whose diauneter is
{greater than or equal to 12X inches (3238 millimeters) shall
be qualified to weld inal positions: on all wall thicknesses,
joint designs, and fsings; and on all pipe diameters. A welder
Who has successfully completed the but-weld and branch
‘connection requirements of 3.3.1 on pipe whose diameter is
less than 12 inches (3238 millimeters) shall be qualified to
‘weld in all positions; on all wall thicknesses, joint designs,
And fitings; and om all pipe diameters less than or equal tthe
i Sas
a suas
aieie — s1i4s38 2
Sa S38 4
‘ensile
vent
ick Root Face Side
Brak Rent Rend end Toul
ey
oo on
Pe
> 2 09 2B
2 2
2 2 6
4 eg
+ Forpipe es anor equal o inches 384 millers in ameter, specimens fom two welds ene fl
seston eile strength specimen stl sake, 20 API Spraano 1104
disqualified. Welds in high-test pipe may not bend tothe full
U shape. These welds shall be considered acceptable if the
specimens that erack are broken apart and their exposed sut-
faces meet the requirements of 2.6.3.3.
If one of the bend test specimens fails to meet these re-
«quirements and, in the company’s opinion, the lack of pene=
tration observed is not representative of the weld, the te
specimen may be replaced by an additional specimen cut ac:
acento the one that failed. The welder shall be disqualified
if the additional specimen also shows defects that exceed the
specified limits
3.5.6 SAMPLING OF TEST FILLET WELDS
‘To test fillet welds, specimens shall be cut from each test,
Weld, Figure 10 shows the locations from which the speci-
rca are co be removed if the test weld Is complete cireum-
ferential weld. If the test weld consists of segments of pipe
nipples, an approximately equal aumber of specimens shall
bbe removed from each segment. The specimens shall be ait
cooled to ambient temperature before testing
35.7 TEST METHOD AND REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILLET WELDS
The fillet-weld specimens shall be prepared and the est
shall be performed as described in 28
3.6 Radiography—Butt Welds Only
3.6.1 GENERAL
tthe company’s option, the qualification butt weld may be
‘examined by radiography in liu of the tests specified in 3.5,
36.2 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS.
Radiographs sill be made of each of the test welds. The
‘welder shall be disqualified if any of the test welds do not
meet the requirements of 6.3
Radiographic inspection shall not be used forthe purpose
of locating sound areas or areas that contain discontinuities
and subsequently making tests of such areas to qualify oF
disqualify « welder,
3.7. Retesting
If, inthe mutual opinion of the company and the contrac-
tor's representatives, a welder fils to pass the qualification
test because of unavoidable conditions or conditions beyond
his contol, the welder may be given a second opportunity to
‘qualify. No further rotests shall he given wn the welder has
submitted proof of subsequent welder training that is accept:
able to the company.
3.8 Records
‘A record shall be made of the tests given to each welder
and ofthe detailed results of cach test. A form similar to that
shown in Figure 2 should be used. (This form should be de-
veloped to suit the needs of the individual company’ uit must
be sufficiently detailed to demonsteate thatthe qualification
fest met the tequirements of this standard) A fist of qualified
welders and the procedures or which they are qualified shall
be maintained, A welder may be required to requalily if a
‘question arises about his competence
‘SECTION 4—DESIGN AND PREPARATION OF A JOINT FOR PRODUCTION WELDING
4.1 General
Piping shall be welded by qualified welders using quali-
fied procedures. The surfaces to be welded shall be smooth,
uniform, and free from laminations, teats, sale, slag, grease,
paint and other defcterious material that might adversely al-
fect the welding. The jar design aed spacing between sbuit-
ting ends shall be in accordance with the procedure
specification used.
42 Alignment
‘The alignment ofthe abutting ends shall minimize the off
set between surfaces. For pipe ends of the same nominal wall
thickness, the offset shall not exceed ¥ inch (1.59 millime-
ters). [fa larger offset is caused by dimensional variations, it
shall be equally distributed argu ihe circumference of the
pipe. Hammering ofthe pipe to obtain proper lineup should
he kept to 9 minimum.
4.3. Use of Lineup Clamp for Butt Welds
Lineup clamps shall be used for but welds in accordance
with the procedure specification. When itis permissible to
remove the lineup clamp before the root bead is completed,
the complcted part of the bead shall be in approximately
equal segments spaced approximately equally around the cir
cumference of the joint However, when an intemal lineup
clamp is used and conditions make it difficult to prevent
Wvemient of the pipe of the weld will be unduly stressed,
the root bead shall be completed before clamp tension is re
eased, Rootbead segments used in connection with external
sill be uniformly spaced around the cireumerence Wetona oF Preines ano Reve Facunes a
ofthe pipe and shall have an aggregate length of atleast 50 per-
cent of the pipe circumference before the clamp is removed
4.4 Bevel
441 MILL BEVEL
All mill bevels on pipe ends shall conform tothe yount de
sign used in the procedure specification.
4.4.2 FIELD BEVEL
Pipe ends should be field beveled by machine tool or ma-
chine oxygen cutting. If authorized by the company, manual
‘oxyizen cutting may also be used, The beveled ends shal! be
reasonably smooth and uniform, and dimensions shal be in
accordance with the procedure speciation
4.5 Weather Conditions
‘Welding shall not be done when the quality of the com-
pleted weld would be impaired hy the prevailing weather
‘conditions, including but not limited to airborne moisture,
blowing sands, or high winds, Windshields may be used
‘when practical, The company shall decide whether weather
‘conditions ate suitable for welding.
4.6 Clearance
‘When the pipe is welded above ground, the working clear
‘ance around the pipe at the weld should not be less than 16
inches (406 millimeters). When the pipe is welded In a
trench, the bell hole shall be large enough to provide the
‘welder or welders with ready access tothe joint.
47 Cle:
9 Between Beads
Seale and slag shall be removed from each bead and
_sroove, Power tls shal be used when called for inthe pro-
‘cedure specification; otherwise, cleaning may be with either
hand ar prwer tas
‘When automatic or semiautomatic welding is used, str
face porosity closters, bead stars, and high points shall be
removed by grinding before weld metal is deposited over
then, When requested by the company, heavy glass deposits
shall be removed before weld metal Is deposited uver then
48. Position Welding
4.8.1. PROCEDURE
Al position welds shall be made with the parts to be
joined seeured against movement and with adequate clear-
ance around the joint to allow the welder or welders space in
‘whieh t9 work
4.8.2 FILLER AND FINISH BEADS
For postion welding, the numberof filler and finish beads
‘Shall be suc at the Gonupleted weld has a sebstentally uni
form cross section around the entire circumference of the
pipe. At no point shall the erowa surface be below the out-
side surface ofthe pipe, nor should it be raised above the ps
tent metal by more than Ye inch (1,59 millimeters).
“Two heads shal not be started at the same location. The
face of the completed wold should be approximately % inch
(3.17 millimeters) wider than the width of the original
‘groove, The completed weld shall be thoroughly brushed
and elewned,
4.9 Roll Welding
4.9.1 ALIGNMENT
At the company's option, roll welding shall be permitted,
provided alignment is maintained by the use of skids or a
structural framework with an adequate numberof roller dol-
lies to prevent sag inthe supported lengths of pipe.
4.9.2 FILLER AND FINISH BEADS
For roll welding, the number of filler and finish beads
shall be such thatthe completed weld has a substantially uni
form cross section around the entire circumference of the
Pipe. At no point shall the crown surface be below the out-
‘de surface ofthe pipe, nor should it be raised above the par-
cent metal by more than "% inch (1-$9 millimeters).
Te tace of the completed weld should be approximately
‘inch G.17 millimeters) wider than the width ofthe original
groove, As the welding progresses, the pipe shall be rolled to
maintain welding at or near the top of the pipe. The com
pleted weld chall he theroughly brushed andl cleaned.
4.10 Identification of Welds
Each welder shall identify his work in the manner pre-
seribed by the company.
4.11. Pre- and Post-Heat Treatment
‘The procedure specification shall specify the pre-and post-
heat treatment practices to be followed when materials or
weather conditions make either or bth treatments necessary. 2 API Staonnn 1106
‘SECTION 5—INSPECTION AND TESTING OF PRODUCTION WELDS
5.1. Rights of Inspection
‘The company shall have the right to inspect all welds by
nondestructive means or by removing welds and subject-
ing them to mechanical tests. The inspection may be made
during the welding or after the weld has been completed.
‘The frequency of inspection shall be as specified by the
company.
5.2 Methods of Inspection
Nondestructive testing may consist of radiographic in-
spection or another method specified by the company. The
‘method used shall produce indications of defects that can
be accurately interpreted and evaluated. The welds shall be
evaluated on the basis of either Section 6 or, at the com-
pany’s option, the appendix to this standard. In the latter
‘case, more extensive inspection 10 determine the flaw size
is required,
Destructive testing shall consist ofthe removal of com:
pleted welds, the sectioning of them into specimens, and the
‘examination ofthe specimens. ‘The specimens shall be pre
pared in accordance with and stall meet the requirements of
3.5. The company shall have the right to accept or reject any
‘Weld that does not meet the requirements for the method by
which it was inspected. ‘The welder or welders who make &
‘weld that fails to comply withthe requirements may be dis-
(qualified from further work.
Operators of nondestructive inspection equipment may be
requited to demonstrate the inspection procedhre's capability
to detect rejectable defects and the operator's bility to prop-
ey intexpret de indications given by the equipment
Trepanning methods of testing shall not he used.
5.3. Qualification of Inspection
Personnel
‘Welding inspection personnel shall be qualified by experi-
ence and training forthe specified inspection task they per-
‘oem, Their qualifications shall be acceptable tothe company.
Documentation of these qualifications shall be retained
by the company and shall include but is not Kmited to the
finllawing:
a, Education and experience,
Training.
«Results of any qualification examinations,
5.4 Certification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel
5.4.1 PROCEDURES
[Nondestructive testing personnel shall be certified in ac
cordance with the recommendations of ASNT Recom:
mended Practice SNT-TC-1A for the test method used. Only
Level II or Il personnel shall interpret test results.
5.42 RECORD
A record of certified nondestructive testing personnel shall
be kept by the company. The record shall include the results
of certitication tests. the agency and person granting cemif-
cation, and the date of certification, Nondestructive testing
Personnel may be required tobe recertified atthe company's
‘option or if any question arises about their ability, Level L
and TI nondestructive testing personnel shall be recertified at
least every unree years. Level IT nondestructive testing per-
sonnel shall be recertified at least every five years
‘SECTION 6—ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
6.1 General
‘Ihe acceptance standards presented in this section apply
to discontinuities located by radiographic, magnetic particle,
liguid penetrant, and ultrasonic test methods, They may also
‘be applied to visual inspection. Nondestructive testing shall
not he used ro seleet welde that are subjected ra destructive
testing in accordance with 5.1.
6.2 Rights of Rejection
All nondestmutive test methods are limited in the informe
tion that can be derived from the indications they produee.
‘The company may therefore reject any weld that appears 19
‘meet these acceptance standards if in its opi
of a discont
the depth
ty may he detrimental to the weld
6.3. Radiographic Testing
‘Nose Al ene eer sin 63. trough 6312 areas om negtve
images.
6.3.1 INADEQUATE PENETRATION
Tradequate penetration without high-low (IP is defined as
the incomplete filling of the weld root. This condition is
shown schematically in Figure 13. IP shall be unacceptable
‘when any ofthe following conditions exists Wie.one oF MiPcuNes AND ELATED PACRITIES 7
ncompet tig at root
‘Note; One rato face may be naeguntely ie he insider
Figure 13—Inadequate Penetration Without High-
Low (IP)
The longth ofan individual indication af ID ovnsos 1 inch
(25.4 millimeter).
1, The aggregate length of indications of IP in any contin.
‘us 12-inch (304.8-millimeter) length of weld exceeds Linch
(254 millimeters)
©, The aggregate length of indications of 1F exceeds 8 pee-
cent of the weld length in any weld less than 12 inches
{304.8 millimeters) in length
6.2.2 INADEQUATE PENETRATION DUE TO
HIGH-LOW
Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) is defined as,
the condition that exists when one edge of the root is ex-
posed (or unbonded) herace adjacent pipe or fitting joints
are misaligned. This condition is shown schematically in
Figure 14, IPD shall be unacceptable when any of the fo
owing conditions exists
‘4 The length of sn individual indication of IPD exceeds 2
inches (50.8 millimeters)
. The aggregate length of indications of IPD in any contin-
‘uous 12-inch (304.8-millimeter) length of weld exceeds 3
inches (76.2 millimeters)
6.3.3 INCOMPLETE FUSION
Incomplete fusion (IF) is defined as a discontinuity be:
tween the weld metal and the base metal that is open 10 the
surface. Us condition is shown schematically in Figwe 15.
TF shall be unacceptable when any of the following condi
tions exists
a. The length ofan individual indication of exceeds 1 inch
(23.4 millimeters),
», The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continu
‘ous I2-inch (304.8-millimeter) length of weld exceeds ! in
(25.4 millimeters)
«The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8 per
cent of the weld length in any weld less than 12 inches
04.8 millimeters) in length
6.3.4 INCOMPLETE FUSION DUE TO COLD LAP
Incomplete fasion due to cold lap (IFT) is define as. dis-
continuity between two adjacent weld beads or between the
Weld metal andthe base metal that is not open tothe surface.
“This condition is shown schematically in Figure 16. FD shall
be unacceptable when any ofthe following conditions exist
4, The length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 2
inches (50.8 millimeters.
». The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any contin
uous 12-inch (304.8-millimeter) length of weld exceeds 2
inches (30,8 millimeters)
«The aggregate length of indications of IFD exceeds 8 per-
cent ofthe weld length.
@A5 INTERNAL CONCAVITY
Internal concavity (IC) is defined in 1.2.2.13 and is shown,
schematically in Figure 17. Any length of intemal concavity
is acceptable, provided the density ofthe radiographic image
‘ofthe intemal concavity does not exceed that of the thinnest
adjacent base metal. Fr areas that exceed the density ofthe
thinnest adjacent base metal, the criteria for burn-through
(ee 6.3.6) are applicable
6.3.6 BURN-THROUGH
6.3.6.1 A burnthrough (BT) is defined as a portion of the
root bead where excessive penetration has caused the weld
puddle to be blown into the pipe
6.3.6.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or
equal to 2% inches (60.3 millimeters), a BT shall be unae
ceptable when any of the following conditions exists:
a, The maximum dimension exceeds inch (6.35 millime-
ters) and the density of the BT's image exceeds that of the
thinnest adjacent hase real
>. The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nom
inal wall thicknesses joined, and the density of the BT's im.
faye exceeds that ofthe thinnest adjacent bive metal
©. The sum of the maximum dimensions of separate BTS
‘whose image density exceeds that ofthe thinnest adjacent
trase metal exceeds ! inch (12.7 millimeters) in any contin=
uous 12-inch (304.8-millimeter) length of weld oF the total
weld length, whichever is less
6.3.6.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2
es (60.3 millimeters) & BT shall be unacceptable when
any ofthe fllowing conditions exist:
8. The maximum dimension exceeds 4 inch (6.35 millime:
ters) and the density of the BT's image exceeds that of the
thinnest adjacent base metal
bb, The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nom-
inal wall thicknesses joined, and the density of the BU's m=
age exceeds that ofthe thinnest adjacent base metal API SramoAno 1104
Incomplete ting al root
none side
Figure 14—Inadequate Penetration due to High-Low
(PD)
C >
, N
t A
ae
Sscontnaty
Ie eurtace connocted
Figure 15—Ineomplete Fusion at Root of Bead or Top
of Join (IF)
pee ’
f a CO y
ox.
Calpbetwoan ol apbewoen
scjecent ease wld Bed an base ta
Figure 16—Incomplete Fusion due to Cold Lap (IFD)
oot bead is tsod to both surtacas,
but contr of rot pass Is sight bolow
Pe pina inn stare
Figure 17—Intemal Concavity (IC) ¢. More than one BT of any size is present and the density of,
‘more than one ofthe images exceeds that of the thinnest ad-
Jacent base metal,
6.3.7. SLAGINCLUSIONS
6.3.7.1 A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic solid
entrapped in the weld metal or between the weid metal and
the pipe metal. Elongated slag inclusions (FSIs)—for exam-
pile, continuous or broken slag lines or wagon tracks—are
usually found at the fusion zone. Isolated slag inclusions
(SIs) are iregularty shaped and may be located anywhere in
the weld. For evaluation porposes, when the size ofa radio-
‘graphic indication of slag is measured, the indicaton’s max-
‘mum dimension shall be considered its length.
6.3.7.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or
‘equal to 2% inches (60.33 millimeters, slag inclusions shall
be unacceptable when aay ofthe following conditions exists:
a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds 2 inches (50.8
sillimeters).
‘Noe: Parle! ES indications separated by aproximutely the wid of the
toot bed (agonrck) sal Pe cosiere single indeation ules the
‘eso eter of tem exces inh (0.79 mire) ah eves ty
‘hal be considered spate indeains
'b, The aggregate length of FSI indications in any continuous
12-inch (304,8-millimeter) length of weld exceeds 2 inches
(50.8 millimeters).
«, The width of an EST indication exceeds inch (1.59 mil-
limeters)
46, The aggregate length of IS] indications in any continuous
12-inch (304.8-millimeter) length of weld exceeds inch
(12.7 millimeters),
, The width of su 1ST indication exceeds M inch (3.17 mil
limeters).
f, More than four ISI indications with the maximum width
‘of 4 inch (3.17 millimeters) are present in any continuous
12-inch (304.8-millimeter) length of weld.
«The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8
percent ofthe weld length.
3.7.3. For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2%
inches (60.3 millimeters), slag inclusions shal! be unaccept-
able when any of the following conditions exists
a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds three times the
thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
Nove Pari ES cation para approximately the Width of the
{Rot bead (wagon track) sl Be considered single iain kes the
‘win of eter fer exceu nh (0.79 mile) In ht ever ny
Thallbe coded separate indicators,
', The width of an ESI indication exceeds Ys inch (1.59 mil-
limmeter)
c, The aggregate length of ISI indications exceeds two times
the thinner of the nominal wal thicknesses joined and the
Weione oF Pipes ano eave Facies 2s
‘width exceeds one-half the thinner of the nominal wall thick-
nesses joined,
d, The aggregate Iength of ESI and IS! indications exceeds 8
percent of the weld length
6.3.8 POROSITY
6.3.84 Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying
‘weld metal before the gas has a chance o rise to the surface
Of the molten puddle and escape. Porosity is generally
spherical but may be elongated of irregular in shape, such as
piping Gwormbote) porosity. When the size of the radio-
graphic indication produced by a pore is measured, the max-
{murn dimension of the indication shall apply to the criteria
given in 63.8.2 through 6.3.8.4.
6.9.0.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) aha be uae
ceptable when any of the following conditions exists:
a. The size of an individual pore exceeds % inch (3.17
millimeters).
i The size of an individual pore excoeds 25 percent of the
thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
«. The distribution of seattered porosity exceeds the concen.
tration permitted by Figure 18 or 19.
6.3.8.9 Cluster porosity (CP) that ocvurs in any pate ex
‘cept the finish pass shall comply withthe criteria of 6.3.8.2.
‘CP that occurs inthe finish pass shall be unacceptable when
any of the following conditions exists:
1a, The diameter of the luster exoseds inch (12.7 millime-
ten).
The aggregate length of CP in any continuous 12-inch
(304.8-millimeter) length of weld exceeds % inch (12.7
millimeters).
c. An individual pore within a cluster exceeds
sillimeters) in size.
63.8.4. Hollow-bead porosity (HB) is defined as elongated
linear porosity that occurs in the oot pass. HB shall be un-
acceptable when any ofthe following conditions exists
(159
‘4 The length of an individual indication of HB exceeds
inch (12.7 millimeters),
’. The aggregate length of indications of HB in any contin
uous 12-inch (304,8- millimeter) length of weld exceeds 2
inches (50.8 millimeters).
¢. Individual indications of HB, each greater than % inch
(6.35 millimeters) in length, are separated by less than 2
inches (50.8 millimeters)
4, The aggregate Iength ofall indications of HB exceeds 8
‘percent ofthe weld length,
6.3.9 CRACKS
Cracks (C) shall be unacceptable when any ofthe Follow-
ing conditions exists: API Sakuno 1104
Tage
z A ° .
Fe
Agnes (eee of more)
. . ° ar ©
eee eee zr eee
oe see ear eee
are
Note:The size ofthe ga pokes not dent scl or dimension, fer 1063.8
Figure 18—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Loss Than
(or Equal to % Inch (12.7 Milimetors) ‘We.ome oF Prunes a0 RELeTeo Fac ues
. ee ae ae
Tape
. .
° .
eam
Algned (twee or more)
$$
oe o-—___ 27} —___e oe
er i
— 17
Figure 19—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Greater
‘Than is inch (12.7 Milimeters) 8. The erack, of any size or location in the weld, is not a
shallow crater erack or star crack.
, The erack is a shallow erater erack or star crack whose
length exceeds % inch (3.96 millimeters).
‘ove: Shallow crt rhs or star eat relate at the stoping
‘wel bral anathema of weld mel contoctons daring oi
6.3.10 UNDERCUTTING
Undereutting is defined as @ groove melted into the base
metal adjacent to the toe or root of the weld and left unfilled
by weld metal Tinderentting adjacent ta the cover pass (EU)
(oF root pass (IU) shall be unacceptable when any of the fol-
lowing conditions exists:
4. The aggregate length of indications of EU and TU, in any
combination. in any continuous 12-inch (304.8-mitlimeter)
length of weld exceeds 2 inches (50.8 millimeters).
'b. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any
combination, exceeds one-sixth of the weld length
Noe: See 6:7 for aceptance standards for unercuting when visa and
6.3.11 ACCUMULATION OF DISCONTINUITIES
Excluding incomplete penetration due to high-low and un
dercutting, any aeeumulation of discontinuities (AD) shall be
unacceptable when any of the following conditions exists
«4. The aggregate length of indications in any continuous 12
inch (304.8-millimeter) length of weld exceeds 2 inches
(508 millimeters.
», The aggregate length of indications exceeds 8 percent of
the weld length,
6.3.12 PIPE OR FITTING DISCONTINUITIES
Are burns, long seam discontinuities, and other discont-
rnuities inthe pipe or fittings detected by radiographic testing
shall be reported to the company. ‘Their disposition by repair
‘or removal shall be as directed by the company.
6.4 Magnetic Particle Testing
6.4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF INDICATIONS
6.4.1.1 Indications produced by magnetic particle testing
are not necessarily defects. Magnetic and metallurgical vari
ations may produce indications that are similar to those pro-
duced by discontinuities but that are not relevant to
acceptability. The criteria given in 6.4.1.2 and 6.4.1.3 apply
when indications are evaluated.
6.4.4.2 Any indication with a maximum dimension of Y«
inch (1.59 millimeters) or less shall be classified as nonrel-
‘evant. Any larger indication helieved to be nonrelevant shall
be regarded as relevant until reexamined hy magnetic pai-
cle or another nondestructive testing method to determine
2 API Sranoano 1108
whether or not an actual discontinuity exists. The surface
‘may be ground or otherwise conditioned before reexamin
tion. After an indication is determined to be nonrelevant,
other nonrelevant indications of the same type need not be
reexamined.
6.4.1.3 Relevant indications are those caused by disconti
nities. Linear indications ate those in which the length is
‘more than three times the width, Rounded indicitions are
those in which the length is three times the width or less
6.4.2 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS
Relevant indications shall be unacceptable when any of
the following conditions exists
2. Linear indications evaluated as erate cracks or star eracks
exceed Ye inch (3.96 millimeters) in length,
>. Linear indieations are evaluated as eracks other than crater
cracks or star cracks,
. Linear indications are evaluated as LF and excved 1 incl
(25.4 millimeters) in total length in a continuous 12-ineh
(304.8-millimeter) length of weld or 8 percent of the weld
length.
Rounded indications shall be evaluated according to the ri-
teria of 6.382 and 6.3.83, as applicable. For evaluation pur
poses, the maximum dimension of a rounded indication sll
be considered is size,
‘Not: When doubt exists sou! he ype of cunt ing cose hy
tn cicaten, verification may he atsned by using ether nondentne
‘esing met
6.4.3 PIPE OR FITTING DISCONTINUITIES.
Laminations, are burns, long seam discontinuities, and
‘ther discontinuities inthe pipe or fitings detected by mag-
netic particle testing shall be reported to the company, Their
disposition by repair or removal shall be as directed by the
company.
6.5 Liquid Penetrant Testing
6.5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF INDICATIONS
6.5.4.1 Indications produced by liquid penetrant vesting
are not necessarily defects. Machining marks, seratches, and
surface conditions may produce indications that are similar
to those produced by discontinuities but that are not relevant
to acceptability. The criteria given in 6.5.1.2 and 6.5.1.3 ap:
ply when indications are evaluated,
6.5.1.2 Any indication with a maximum dimension of Y
inch (1.59 millimeters) or less shall be classified as nonrel-
evant, Any larger indication believed to be nontelevant shall
be garded as relevant until reexamined by liquid penetrant
fr another nondastnictive testing method to determine
whether of not an actual dise
nuity exists. The surface ‘Weinne oF Pree AND RELATED FAQLTES
may be ground or otherwise conditioned before re-exa
tion. After an indication ig determined to be nonrelevant,
‘other nonrelevant indications of the same type need not be
reexamined
6.8.1.3 Relevant indications are those caused by disconti
nuities, Linear indications are those in which the lengts is
‘more than three times the width. Rounded indications are
those in which the length is three times the width or less
6.5.2 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS
Relevant indications shall be unacceptable when any of
the following conditions exists:
1 Linear indications are evaluated as erater cracks oF star
sok nl exceeal nc (3.96 illinseteis) i Feogth,
> Linear indications are evaluated as cracks other than erater
cracks or star racks
¢. Linear indications are evaluated as IF and exceed | inch
(25.4 millimeters) in total length in a continuous 12-inch
(G04.8-millimeter) length of weld of 8 percent of the weld
Jength.
Rounded indications shall be evaluated according to the ct
teria of 6.38.2 and 6.3.8.3, as applicable. For evaluation pur-
poses the maximum dimension of & rounded indication shall
‘be considered its size
Note: When doubexit about herp of isconimty boing sos by
an ndieation, section maybe aban by using ther none seusne
6.5.3 PIPE OR FITTING DISCONTINUITIES
Laminations, are burs, long seam discontinuities, and exher
dliscomtinuitics in te pipe oF fittings dotected by iguid pene
‘ant testing shall be reported to the company. Their disposi-
tion by repairor removal shall be as directed by the company.
6.6 Ultrasonic Testing
6.6.1 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS
Ultrasonic indications shall be evaluated tothe acceptance
standards given in 6.6.2 and 6.6.3.
‘Table 4—Maximum Dimensions of Undercuting
Dew
ian (079 milter of 12-5 0 pipe
wal thickness whichever sulle
ich (0.4 millimeter a6 26-1254 of
Pineal knee whichever smaller
_Shineh (04 ilincte) or 6% of pipe wall
‘hiknest whichever smaller
6.6.2 LINEAR INDICATIONS
All indications that produce a response greater than 20
percent of the reference level shall, to the degree possible, be
investigated to determine the location, shape, extent, and
|ype of reflectors and shall be evaluated according t the fol
lowing criteria:
1 Linear indications inexpreted tobe shallow crater eracks or
star cracks, locate a the Weld surface, with a length less than
inch (3.96 millimeters) are acceptable. Al other cracks are
lunsceeptsbi, regardless nF
