NOV|2023
Signals and Systems Assignment
19ECE203: Signals and Systems
Submitted by
BL.EN.U4ECE22033 M BHANU CHARAN
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
“ELETRONICS AND COMMUNICATION”
ENGINEERING
NOVEMBER-2023
AMRITA VISHWA VIDYAPEETHAM
AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU, 560035
Department of ECE, ASE, Bengaluru
A: INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
QUESTION 1
a) Create a row vector x with elements 1, 2, 9, -2, 4, 3, -6, and a column vector y with the same
sequence of elements.
b) Use length(x) and find the length of vector x.
c) Find the transpose of x and y. What do you observe?
d) Find x.*x.
close all
x=[1, 2, 9, -2, 4, 3, -6];
y=[1; 2; 9; -2; 4,; 3; -6];
disp("the length of x is: "+length(x));
the length of x is: 7
disp("the lenght of y is: "+length(y));
the lenght of y is: 7
disp("the transpose of x is:");
the transpose of x is:
x'
ans = 7×1
1
2
9
-2
4
3
-6
disp("the transppose of y is:");
the transppose of y is:
y'
ans = 1×7
1 2 9 -2 4 3 -6
disp("the value of x*x' is: " +x*x');
the value of x*x' is: 151
QUESTION 2
Create two 3×3 matrices A and B with elements (1 4 1; 2 3 4; -1 6 7) and (7 4 2;3 5 6; -1 2 1) and
determine the following.
a) A + B
b) A.*B
c) A*B
d) A(:, 3)
e) B(1:2, : )
f) AT + 2BT
A=[1,4,1;2,3,4;-1,6,7];
B=[7,4,2;3,5,6;-1,2,1];
%2.a)
a=A+B
a = 3×3
8 8 3
5 8 10
-2 8 8
%2.b)
b=A.*B
b = 3×3
7 16 2
6 15 24
1 12 7
%2.c)
c=A*B
c = 3×3
18 26 27
19 31 26
4 40 41
%2.d)
d=A(:, 3)
d = 3×1
1
4
7
%2.e)
e=B(1:2, : )
e = 2×3
7 4 2
3 5 6
%2.f)
f=transpose(A)+2*transpose(B)
f = 3×3
15 8 -3
12 13 10
5 16 9
QUESTION 3
Explore the in-built functions sqrt, sin, cos, exp, log10, log, in MATLAB and use them:
clc
close all
disp("p= "+ (2*sqrt(3)+ 2/(sqrt(5)-1)));
p= 5.0821
disp("q= "+(log(exp(5)) + log10(10^2)));
q= 7
disp("r= "+(sin(pi/6)*sin(pi/6))+(cos(pi/6)*cos(pi/6)));
r= 0.250060.74994
disp("s= "+(1+5*sqrt(-1))/(1-5*sqrt(-1)));
s= -0.92308+0.38462i
disp("w= "+(exp(1).^sqrt(-1)*pi/4));
w= 0.42441+0.66098i
disp("u= "+(exp(1).^pi/2*sqrt(-1)));
u= 0+11.5751i
QUESTION 4
Create a vector t = 0:0.001:2 , find x1 = sin(2π10t) and x2 = cos(2π20t).
a) Plot the signals x1 and x2 versus t in two figure windows. (Hint: Use commands plot, xlabel,
ylabel)
b) Plot the signals x1 and x2 versus t in the same figure window. (Hint: Use commands subplot,
plot)
clc
close all
t=0:0.001:2;
x1=sin(2*pi*10*t);
x2=cos(2*pi*20*t);
figure(1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('Time(t)');
ylabel('Signal x1');
figure(2);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('x2');
QUESTION 5
Explore the working following built-in functions in MATLAB (submit code showing how each of the
functions is to be used and show output)
abs(x), cos (x), sin(x), tan(x), ceil(x), fix(x), floor(x), round(x),
char(x), eye(), ones(), zeros(), real(x), mag(x)
clc
close all
x=10.23;
disp("abs:"+ abs(x));
abs:10.23
disp("cos:"+ cos(x));
cos:-0.69295
disp("sin:"+ sin(x));
sin:-0.72098
disp("tan:"+ tan(x));
tan:1.0405
disp("ceil:"+ceil(x));
ceil:11
disp("fix:"+ fix(x));
fix:10
disp("floor:"+floor(x));
floor:10
disp("roumd:"+round(x));
roumd:10
disp("char:"+char(x));
char:
disp("eye:"+eye(10));
Columns 1 through 3
"eye:1" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:1" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:1"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
Columns 4 through 6
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:1" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:1" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:1"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
Columns 7 through 9
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:1" "eye:0" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:1" "eye:0"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:1"
"eye:0" "eye:0" "eye:0"
Column 10
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:0"
"eye:1"
disp("ones:"+ones(5));
Columns 1 through 3
"ones:1" "ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1" "ones:1"
Columns 4 through 5
"ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1"
"ones:1" "ones:1"
disp("zeros:"+zeros(2,2));
"zeros:0" "zeros:0"
"zeros:0" "zeros:0"
disp("real:"+real(x));
real:10.23
disp("mag:"+imag(x));
mag:0
B. Generation of Sequences - I
Generate the following signals and plot them using MATLAB.
a. A continuous-time sinusoidal signal, x(t) = 2sin(2πt+φ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 for phase, φ = 0 and π.
b. A discrete-time sinusoidal signal with a fundamental period N=10, for -20 ≤ n ≤ 20.
c. A rectangular pulse with a pulse width of 2.
d. A triangular waveform with a time-period of 0.5 sec for -2 ≤ t ≤ 2, with peak value occurring at
p = 0.8.
e. A continuous-time exponential waveform, y(t) = e-t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 and a discrete time exponential
signal, x[n] = an, where a = 0.8 and 0 ≤ n ≤ 25.
Hint: Use functions sin(), rectpuls(), sawtooth(), exp(), stem(), figure(),
plot(), legend(), xlabel(), ylabel(), subplot(), grid(), etc.
%(a)
t=0:0.001:4;
xt=2*sin(2*pi*t+0);
plot(t,xt);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('2sin(2πt+φ)');
title('continuous-time sinusoidal for φ=0 ');
grid on;
xt2=2*sin(2*pi*t+pi);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,xt2);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('2sin(2πt+φ)');
title('continuous-time sinusoidal for φ=π');
grid on;
%(b)
N=10;
n=-20:20;
xn=sin(2*pi*n/N);
figure;
stem(n,xn);
title('Discrete time sinusodial signal')
xlabel('n');
ylabel('xn');
grid on ;
%(c)
t=-2:0.01:2;
rect_pulse= rectpuls(t,2);
figure;
plot(t,rect_pulse)
title('Rectangular pulse');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Rect_pulse');
%(D)
T=0.5
T = 0.5000
P=0.8
P = 0.8000
t = -2:0.1:2;
tri_pulse=P* sawtooth(2*pi/T * t,0.8);
figure;
plot(t,tri_pulse);
title('Triangular pulse');
xlabel('t');
grid on;
ylabel('Tri_pulse');
%(E)
t=0:0.001:5;
e=2.71828;
x=e.^(-t);
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x');
title('Continuous-time exponential waveform');
n=0:25;
a=0.8;
y=a.^n;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y');
title('Discrete time exponential waveform');
grid on;
C. Generation of Sequences - I
Generate impulse, step, and ramp signals (continuous time & discrete time) using:
a. Logical operations
b. Function files.
%(a)
%continuous impusule signal
t = -1:0.001:1;
delta_t = (t == 0);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t, delta_t, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Impulse Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('\delta(t)');
grid on;
%continuous unit step signal
u_t = heaviside(t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, u_t);
title('Unit Step Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('u(t)');
%continuous ramp signal
r_t = t .* (t >= 0);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, r_t);
title('Ramp Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('r(t)');
n = -10:10;
delta_n = (n == 0);
%DIsctrete impusle signal
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n, delta_n);
title('Unit Impulse Signal');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('\delta[n]');
grid on;
%discrete Unit step signal
u_n = heaviside(n);
n = -10:10;
u_n = zeros(size(n));
u_n(n >= 0) = 1;
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n, u_n, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Unit Step Signal');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('u[n]');
grid on;
%Discrete ramp signal
r_n = n .* (n >= 0);
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n, r_n);
title('Ramp Signal');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('r[n]');
%(b)
t_cont = -5:0.01:5;
n_discrete = -5:5;
impulse_cont = signals(t_cont,'impulse');
step_cont = signals(t_cont, 'step');
ramp_cont = signals(t_cont, 'ramp');
impulse_discrete = signals(n_discrete, 'impulse');
step_discrete = signals(n_discrete, 'step');
ramp_discrete = signals(n_discrete, 'ramp');
figure;
subplot(3,2,1); plot(t_cont, impulse_cont); title('Continuous Time Impulse Signal');
subplot(3,2,2); plot(t_cont, step_cont); title('Continuous Time Step Signal');
subplot(3,2,3); plot(t_cont, ramp_cont); title('Continuous Time Ramp Signal');
subplot(3,2,4); stem(n_discrete, impulse_discrete); title('Discrete Time Impulse Signal');
subplot(3,2,5); stem(n_discrete, step_discrete); title('Discrete Time Step Signal');
subplot(3,2,6); stem(n_discrete, ramp_discrete); title('Discrete Time Ramp Signal');
D. Basic operations on signals
Question 1
1. Generate a signal x(t) = 3sin(10πt)e-5t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2, and perform the following operations:
(a) y1(t) = x(–t)
(b) y2(t) = x(t–3)
(c) y3(t) = x(t+2)
(d) y4(t) = x(t/2)
(e) y5(t) = x(2t)
Hint: Use commands as subplot(), plot(), legend(), axis(), grid(), etc.
%(A)
t=0:0.001:2;
pi=3.142;
e=2.71828;
T=t;
xt=3*sin(10*pi*T)*e.*(-5*T);
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(T,xt);
title('X(t)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
grid on;
T=-t;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(T,xt);
title('y1(t) = x(–t)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y1(t)');
grid on;
T=t+3;
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(T,xt);
title('y2(t) = x(t–3)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y2(t)');
T=t-2;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(T,xt);
title('y3(t) = x(t+2)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y3(t)');
T=t*2;
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(T,xt);
title('y4(t) = x(t/2)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y4(t)');
T=t/2;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(T,xt);
title('y5(t) = x(2t)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y5(t)');
QUESTION 2
Verify whether the following signals are even, odd or neither even nor odd, by decomposing the signals into
their even and odd components. For each signal, generate a figure window and plot the signal, it’s even and odd
parts using subplots.
(a) x1(t) = 5cos[(π/8)t]
(b) x2(t) = 4sin[(π/6)t]
(c) x3(t) = e-2t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
%(a)
t=linspace(-10,10,1000);
x1t=5*cos((pi/8)*t);
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x1t);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('X1(t)');
xe=0.5*(x1t+fliplr(x1t));
subplot(3,1,2) ;
plot(t,xe);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xe');
title('Even components');
xo=0.5*(x1t-fliplr(x1t));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xo);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xo');
title('Odd components');
sgtitle('x1(t) = 5cos[(π/8)t]');
%(B)
t=linspace(-10,10,1000);
x2t=4*sin((pi/6)*t);
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x2t);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('X2(t)');
xe=0.5*(x2t+fliplr(x2t));
subplot(3,1,2) ;
plot(t,xe);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xe');
title('Even components');
xo=0.5*(x2t-fliplr(x2t));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xo);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xo');
title('Odd components');
sgtitle('x2(t) = 4sin[(π/6)t]');
%(C)
e=2.71828;
t=0:0001:2;
x3t=e.*(-2*t);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x3t);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('X3(t)');
xe=0.5*(x3t+fliplr(x3t));
subplot(3,1,2) ;
plot(t,xe);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xe');
title('Even components');
xo=0.5*(x3t-fliplr(x3t));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xo);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Xo');
title('Odd components');
sgtitle('x3(t) = e^(-2t)');
E. Convolution
QUESTION 1
Find the output of an LTI system characterized by impulse response h[n] = [1, 2, -1, 2, 3, -4,],
when the input signal is x[n] = [1, 0.5, -1, 3, -6, 4, 3, 5]. Numbers in bold are signal values at the
time origin n = 0. Use subplot to plot the input signal x[n], impulse response h[n], and output
signal y[n].
xn=-3:4;
x=[1, 0.5, -1, 3, -6, 4, 3, 5];
hn=-2:3;
h=[1, 2, -1, 2, 3, -4,];
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(xn,x,'b');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x');
title('Input Signal-X(n)');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(hn,h,'r');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h');
title('Impulse Signal-h(n)');
grid on;
yn = hn(1) + xn(1):hn(end) + xn(end);
y=conv(x,h);
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(yn,y,'g');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y');
title('Output Signal-Y(n)');
grid on;
sgtitle('Convolution of signals')
QUESTION 2
Find y(t) = x(t) * h(t) with x(t) = u(t) – u(t-4) and h(t) = u(t+2) – u(t-2),
t = -10:10. Use subplot to plot the input signal, impulse response of the system, and output signal.
t=-10:0.1:10;
x =(t>= 0)-((t-4)>=0);
h=(t>=-2)-(t>=2);
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'b');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x');
title('Input Signal-X(t)');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,h,'r');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h');
title('Impulse Signal-h(t)');
grid on;
y=conv(x,h,'same');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y,'g');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('Output Signal-Y(t)');
grid on;
sgtitle('Convolution of signals')
QUESTION 3
Find y(t) = x(t) * h(t) where x(t) and h(t) are as shown below. Use subplot to plot input
signal x(t), impulse response of the system h(t) and output signal.
t=-0.5:0.01:0.5;
x=abs(t)<=0.5;
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'b');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x');
title('Input Signal-X(t)');
grid on;
t1=-1:0.01:1;
h=1-abs(t1);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t1,h,'r');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h');
title('Impulse Signal-h(t)');
grid on;
y=conv(x,h,'same');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y,'g');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y');
title('Output Signal-Y(t)');
grid on;
