WADC TECHNICAL 1EPORT 56-:313

S
~ ART If
\ASTIA DOCUMENT No. AD 110406

A STUDY OF PARACHUTE SEAM DESIGN CRITERIA

Port II - Investigation of the Strength of Nylon Webbing Joints

CHARLES R. MILLER

PIONEER PARACHUTE COMPANY, INC.

JUNE 1956

This report is not to be announced or distributed

automaticully in occordance with AFR 05 .A'3A
paragraph 6d.

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER

-I
 FOREWOR

This report, phase II of a study of seam characteristics, was prepared

by Pioneer Parachute Company, Inc., of Maxcheter. Connecticut, under Air
Force Contract No. AF 33(616)-28(Y7. Thii contract was initiated under
Project Number 6065, "Parachute Perforsuance and Design Studies," aro Tas'
Number 61512, "Parachute Stresses and Airflows," and administered under the

direction of the Squipment Laboratory, Directorate of Development, Wright

Air Development Center, with Mr. Alfons Hegele as project engineer.

1Q

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~1j

WAATR 56-313 rt !.I

 I-

~ABSTRACT

The purpose of Phase I of this investigation was to

deteiinine the iiost efficient :oint obtainable, using presently
knoim fabrication teahniques ;o join the cords and webbings
specified in the contract.

The investigation attempts tQ evaluate the most efficient

joint with respect to fabrication techniques, as well as
strength considerations.

The variables co-nzidered were:

1. Type of joint
! 2. Size of thr-ead and sewing needle
~3. Pattern of stitching

4. Number of stitches per Inch

The data shows that the most efficient joint in Nylon

Cords of the MM-C-5040 type is one in which the and of one
cord ts superimposed on the other and stitched with a two-step
zig-2.ag stitch pattern. Thread size and length of stitching
~Iz a function of the cord strength.

The most efficient joint in Nylon Cords of the NIL-C-7515

type (coreless) is one in which one of the free ende of the
ii cords to be joined is threaded into the other for a certain
distance.and then stitched with a two-step zig-zag stitch.
-The thread size, length of stitching and distance which one
end is threaded into the other Is a function of the strength
and diameter cf the co.d.

The most efficient joint in the nylon webbings that were

tested is one in which the stitching pattern is of two, three,
four or six point configuration. The number of points in the
stitchir pattern is a function of the width of the webbing.
The size of the thread and the length of the stitching pattern
are functions of the strength of the webbing.

webbing joints, to determine. if the efficiency could be increased

by the addition of reinforcing webbings and tapes. Tedt results
show a definite increase in efficiency in the reinforced joints.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt Ii ii.

'I
 As a result of the tsts, it can be itated that *f.4 rost
efficient non-reinforced webbir- Jolnt ic .- the t-., three,
four or six point cnnfiguration, with the numuer of points
depending upon the width of the webbing. The overall
officlency of this type of Jol. can be raised substantially
by the addition of reinforcing webbings, but this ma-kee
fabrication more difficult arnd is more costly.

PUBLICATION REVIEW
This report has been reviewed and is approved.
* FOR THE COMMANDER:

ROBERT A. BARRERE
Colonel, USAF
Chief, Equipment Laboratory

WADC TR 56-313 Pt 1i iv
IP
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page

I Introduction . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 1

II Specimen Fabrication .... ..........

H Iii Test Methods . .. ...... .. .... .. ... . 6

IV Order of Joint Efficiencies ............. 7
V Analysis of Joint Efficiencies ........... 12

VI Analysis of Joints for General Usage ..... ........ 15

1. Basis of Evaluation .... ............... ... 15

2. Breaking Strength vs. Stitches per Inch ........ 15

3. Comparison of Stitch Patterns . .. .. .. . .. 15

4. Burned Ends vs. Plain Ends ............ 17

5. Effect of Thread Size .... ............ . 18
VII Conclusions .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . 18

1. Nylon Cord, MIL-C-5040. .... .............. ... 18

2. Nylon Cord, MIL-C-7515 .... ............. .... 18

3. Nylon Webbing . ... r................... 18

WADO TR 56-313 Pt IIV

 LIST OF ILLUSThiTIONS

i Comparison of OverlaT: Strength - I

---
Side by Side vs. Superimposed ... 5.......
p

2 Test Arrangement - Tinius Olsen ............... 6

3 Test Arrangement - Baldwin Southwark ......... 6

4 Cord Joint Comparison . . 13

I 5
II

1h
II

,i I

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II I
 LIST OF T! .
RS

Table Page
jmparisors, of Brek S gth and Stitches per Inch . 16
IA Thread Size vs. Breaking Strength ... .............. 19
II Crd J .oint
Test - Phase II - Series I .... ......... 21
III Cord Joint Tests - Phase II - Series II ............ 22
IV Cord Joint Tests - Phase II -Series II ............ 23
V Four Point, Split Four Point and
Three Point Stitch Patterns ....... .............. 24
VI Crossed Box, Four Point and
Three Point Stitch Patterns ... ............. 25
VTI Four Point, Split Four Point and
Three Point Stitch Patterns ..... ................. 26
VIII Four Point, Split Fou r Point and
Three Point Stitch Patterns ..... ................. 27
IX Four Point, Split Four Point and
Three Point Stitch Patterns ........ ... ..... 28
X Four Point, Split Four Point and
Three Point Stitch Pattern ..... .............. 29
XI Cross Box Stitch Pattern ....... ............... 30

XII Single and Double Row w.o-Step Zig-Zag Stitch Pattern . 31

XIII Single and Double Row Two-Step Zig-Zag
and Diamond Stitch Patterns ..... ................. 32
XIV Four Point Stitch Pattern with Reinforcing Wrap . ... 33
XV Four Point Stitch Pattern with Reinforcing Webbing 34
XVI Cross Box, Four Point and Three Point Stitch Pattern 35
XVII Reinforced Four Point and Three Row Two-Step ,
Zig-Zag Pattern ....... ............ ..........
XVIII Four Point, Split Four Point and
Three Point Stitch Pattern ..... ................. 37
XIX Reinforced Four Point and Three Row
[ Zig-Zag Stitch Pattern ...... ................. 38
XX Six Point Stitch Pattern with Reinforcing Wrap . . . . 39
XXI Four Point and Six Poli-t Stitch Patterns .. ...... . 40

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II vii

Ii
 1. INTlRODUCT ION
Phase II covers the investigation of the fabrication
metLIods and the strength of Joints made with nylon cords and
webbings, presently used or suspension lines and risers of
parachutes. The investigation attempts to determine the highest
joint efficiency obtain=Die, with low-st amount of r -itching,
compatible with the presertly known fabricaticn techniques.
In some cases, the most efficient Joint is not the
most desired joint from the standpoint of efficient and economical
production. Where
in relation to •
easeconflict
theivsuch of manufacture thewell.
arises, as as are
joints evaluated
their strength
I efficiency.

The manufacturing equipment, necessary for the fabrlca-

tion of the required test samples, was selected from regular
production machinery and set aside for use on this program.
£ The equipment included the following machinery:
1. Single needle sewing machine (III W 151)
capable of stitching with Size "E", "F",
"FW" and 3 cord thread.
2. Single needle sewing machine (97-10)
capable of stitching with 5, 6 and 8 cord
thread.

3. Zig-zag stitch sewing machine (17 W 15)

capable of stitching with Size "E", "F",
"FF" and 3 cord thread.

4. Miscellaneous equipment, such as, hot

wire cutters, rotary blade cutters,
waxing equipment and small tools.
3.
1. The testing equipment, necessary to the completion of
the program, included the following:
Pioneer Parachute Co., Inc.
1. Tinius Olsen testing M nhine -=a^ah of
testing webbings up to 20,000 lbs.
[! tensile strength.
2. Scott Tester - Model J-2 capable of testing
tapes, webbings and cords up to 500 lhs.
tensile strength.

3. Scott Tester - Model X-5 capable of testing

I.
threads up to 20 lbs. tensile strength.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt i 1
 Cheney Brothers Laboratories

1. Scott Tester - Model Q c,,Lable of besting

tapes, webbings and cords3 2000 lbs.
d
tensile strength.

Massachusetts Institut- of Technology

1. Baldwin South.4ark Testing Machine capab!
of testir materials up to 300,000 lbs.
tensile strength.
In addition to t'he strength testing machinery, various
other laboratory equipmF-t is available at Cheney Bvothers
Textile Laborator-y. A partial list would include conditioning
ovens, twist testers, abrasion tester and various small tools.

The general test procedure conforms to Specification

CC(3-T-191b, as outllred in the contract. Wherever possible
t- tests were varformed under standard conditions. An
exception proved necessary in the testing of the 20,000 lbs.
and. webbings It was necessary to test these
webbings at the Physical Testing Laboratories of the Mass-
achusetts Institute of Technology. These laboratories are
not conditioned, hence, the webbings were necessarily tested
under prevailing conditions at the laboratory.

The variables encountered in the manufacture of the

test specimens were:

1. Varying stitches per inch.

2. Varying thread tension.

3. Inability .f oterator to maintain

precise stitch patterns on the
heavier webbings.
i. Tight and loose stitching, due to
the webbings becoming hard and
inflexible during stitching.

The variables encountered in testing were:

1. 'Variation in strength, between test

inherent variance in webbing strength.

2. Strength difference due to a variation

in stitches per inch between samples.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt Ii 2

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 1i, SPECIMN FABRICATION

Njlon -*cnrC, MIL-C-5040, Type iI and III

The first joint spe;imens to be fabricated and tested
-are nylon cords, !IL-C-504G, Type Ii and III. These tests
are tabulated undel Series 1. Page 21.
Prior experience with this type of cord (core yarns
encased in a braided sleeve) had shown that the highest basic
efficiency was obtained by superimposing the cord ends, one on
the other, and stitching with a two step ztg-zago Further tests
were conducted to de ermine the optimum length f overlap,
stitches per inch and thread size.
Figure 1, Page 5, shows the comparison of the side by
side vs. superimposed construction. All stitching was done with
Nylon Thread, MI-L-T-7807, Type I, Class I, Size "E", 8-11 stitches
per inch counting on side row. Stitching was 1/8 : 1/32 wide.
The "side by side" construction ("A") yielded an average
strength of 302 lbs. and the stitching failed in all casps.
The "superimposed" construction ('B") yielded an average
strength of 328 lbs. and the cord failed in all cases.
2. Nylon Cord, Coreless, NIL-C-7515, Type II and VI
This cord is of "coreless" braided construction. The
superimposition method of joining, as outlined for the MIL-C-5040
type cords, proved less efficient for the "coreless" cord.
Prior experience had proved that the higaest basic
efficiency obtained with this type of cord was obtained by
threading the cord into itself and then stitching with a two step
z Lg-zag stitch for an optimum distance. The tests of the
:oreless" type cords are tabulated under Series I!, Pages 22 & 23.
3. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-56221000 Lbs. and 3W10 Lbs. t.#.
The MIL-W-5625 webbings were used to test the many joint
1stitch
I
patterns, thread sizes and stitches per inch to determine
the most efficient joint to be used on other webbings. The
various configurations and their respective series numbers are
discussed in detail, in another section of the report.
4. Nylon Webbing MIGL-W4-088- X
&"ae
The MIL-W-4088, Type X webbing specimens were curnstructed
in the varicus joints which exhibited superior ,ualities in the
tests of the MIL-W-5625 webbings.
It was on the MIL-W-4088, Type X webbing thaL the first
of the reinforced end joints were tested. (Se, Series XI and XII,
Pages 33 & 34.)

WALC TR 56-313 Pt II 3
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 5. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W- 088, Type XVIII
The various loints of ,uperior qti.ites we c duplicated
in the MIL-W-4088, Type XVIII webbing. The .-- .;cimrens of the
longitudially reinficed Joints were constructed with the
Type XVIII webbing.

6. Nylon Webbing. MIL-W-78Z, Type I aid II

The MIL-W-5787, Tyjpe I and ii (20,000 lbs. and
40,000 lbs.) webbing joints were fabricated in accordance with
Series XXIII and XXIV, as shown on Pages 39 and 40; The
reinforced type joints were not used because reinforced webbings
of suitable width were not available.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II 4
 ii

SI I I
Si i
I>~
36 3

2'
'i
IL

_IIB

Side By Side Superimposed

Comparison of Overlap Strength - Side by Side vs. Superimposed
Figure 1

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II 5
 . ,. __-
.. . ....- - -_

Ill. TEST MbETHODS

i. Cord Tests

The nylon cords o1 550 "-s. tensile strength and

lower were tested on a Scott Mode] Q Tester of 2000 Ibs.
capacity. The cord specimens of he MIL-C-7515, Type VI,
2OO lbs. tensile strength were tested on a Tinius Olsen
testing machine.
2. WebbinZ Tests
The webbing specrinens below a rated strengtl- of
20,000 lbs. were tested on a Tinius Olsen testing machine.
The testing machine had dual ranges of 5000 lbs. and 20,000 lbs.

IThe capacity, and a Jaw separation speed of 4 inches per minute.

webbing specimens above a rated strength of
20,000 lbs. were tested at the Physical Testing Laboratory of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Cambridge, Massachu-
setts. The testing machine was a Baldwin Southwark Tester of
I!• 300,000
pe.- !bs. capacity and the Jaw separation speed was 3 inches
minute. I

The webbings tested on the Tinius Olsen machine were

held on webbing holding fixtures in the manner shown in Figure 2
The webbings tested on the Baldwin Southwark machine
were of loop form and tested over pins as Ehown in Figure 3.

L'

Test Arrangement-Tinius Olsen Test Arrangement-Bald:lr. Southwark

Figure 2 Figur e 3

WAX TR 56-313 Pt i1 6
I
IV. ORDER OF JOIT EFFIC!-2C!ES

The various Joints are presented here with reference

to the most efficient Joints for individual materials. No
attempt is made, at this poiaz, to establish a universally
efficient joint. In Sectio-ii V, Analysis of Joint Effic!encies,
the various types of Joints are evaluated with respect to
establishment of the most efficient Joint for universal usage.
1. Nylon Cord, MIL-C-5040, Type II, 375 lbs. t.s.
The strongest joint obtained with the MIL-C-5040,
Type Ii cord yielded an average breaking strength of 355 lbs.
The low was 350 lbs. and the high was 360 lbs. The average
efficiency was 77.7%, based on an average control strength of
457 Ibs.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with the
Series I type overlap, as shown on Page 21. The length of
overlap ("L ) was 6 inches and the thread was Size "F". The
stitch was a two step zig-zag, 6 to 7 stitches per inch,
1/8 4 1/32 inches wide.
0
Although this proved to be the strongest joint, it
is not the most efficient from the standpoint of the amount
of stitching used. The next strongest joint, using the same
slizc thread, but only a three inch overlap in lieu of six
inches, yielded an average breaking strength of 353.3 lbs.
It is evident that the three inch overlap, yielding a strength
o 353.3 lbs., is more efficient than the six inch overlap
yielding 355 lbs., all other factors being equal.
2. Nylon Cord, MIL-C-5040, Type 111, 550 lbs. t.s.
The most efficient Joint obtained with the MIL-C-5040,
Type III cord yielded an average breaking strength of 555 lbs.,
or an average efficiency of 90.2%, based on an average control
strength of 615 lbs.

This Joint was fabricated in accordance with the

Series I type overlap, as shown on Page 2.-. The length of
overlap ("L) was two inches and the thre .d was Size "FF". The
stitch was a two stop zig-zag, 6 to 7 stitches per inch,
1/8 _1/32 inches wide,,
The Joint of next highest efficiency yielded &n
average breaking strength of 481.6 lbs., or an average efficiency
of 78.4%.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with the
Series I type overlap. The length of overlap was three inchee
and the thread was Size "F". The stitch was a two step zig-zag,
6 to 7 stitches per inch, 1/8 '1/32 inches wide.
0

WADC TR 56-313 Pt YI 7
 | NinCord, MIL-C-7515, 'e II 5' lbs. t~s.

The most efficient Joint obtained with wie MIL-C-7515,

550 lbs. t.s. cord yielded an averagc breaking strength of
, l-s., or an average efiul-en.
11 )f99 ., based on an
average control strength of 593 1*s.

This Joint was fabricaied in accordance with the

Series Ii type overlap, as shown on Page 23. The length oi
overlan ("Li) was 6 inches and the length of stitching was
2 inch-es, The stitch was a two step zig-zag with Size "F"
thread, 6 to 7 stitches per inch counting on the side row,
3/16 + 1/16 wide.
SThe joint of next highest efficiency yielded an

average breaking strength of 580 lbs., or an average efficiency

of 97.8%.

SThis
Joint was fabricated in accordance with the
Series II type overlap and was identical with the Joint of
highest efficiency except that Size "FF" thread was used in
lieu of Size "F".

. Nvion Cord, MIL-C-751.5, Type v. 200 lb. -. s.

The strongest joint obtained with the MIL-C-7515,

2000 lbs. t.s. cord yielded an average breaking strength
of 2346 lbs., or an average efficiency of 97.5%, based on an
average control strength of 2405 lbs.
This Joint was fabricated in accordance with the
Series II type overlap, as shown on Page 23. The length of
the overlap was 6 inches and the leng*'l of the stitching was
2 inches. The stitching was a two step zig-zag with Size "FF"
thread, 6 to 7 stitches per inch, 1/4 + 1/32 wide.
II The joint exhibiting the next highest strength yielded
-0
an average breaklin strength of 2340 lbs., or- an average
efficiency of 97.35.

This Joint was constructed the same as the joint of

highest strength except that Size "F" thread was used in lieu
of Size "FF".

0. .... Atic..3 Wita ta-e 161'e 61e

for the an
Ibs. yielded
2346 "F",
Size
the jointL
average
heavier thread, 2340 itIbs.,
Size of"FF"1,,
strength as against
is evident that
the joint stitched with the lighter thread, Size "F", is the
most efficient.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt 11 8
I
 . N. lon Webbing, ?MIL-W-'5625, 1000 lbs. t.s.
jThe mostu efficient joint obtained with the KIL-W-5625,
1000 lbs. t.s. webbing yielded ..average bra "Ing strength of
1490 lbs., or an average efficiency of 100.9%, based on an
average control strength of 1476 lbs.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with the
Series XXVII, Overlap T>T "A", as shown on Page 42. The length
of the overlap was 6 inches and the stitch pattern was a three
point cross stitch. The thread was Size "FF", 8 stitches per
inch, The joint was re.rforced between rhe webbings by Nylon Webbing,
MIL-W-4088, Type I, 500 lbs. t.s.

The joint of next highest efficiency yielded an average

breaking strength of 1488 lbs., or an average efficiency of 100.8%.
This joint was constructed in accordance with Series
XXVII, Overlap Type "B", as shown on Page 42. The length of
overlap was 6 inches and the stitch,pattern was a three point
cross stitch. The thread was Size "FF", 8 stitches per inch. The
joint was reinforced on both sides by Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-4 088,
Type I, 500 lbs. t.s.

Id 6. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-56e5, 3000 lbs. t.s.

The most efficient joint obtained with the MIL-W-5625:
3000 lbs. t.s. webbing yielded an average breaking strength of
3833 lbs., or an average efficiency of 94.9%, based on an
average control strength of 4040 lbs.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with the
Series IV, Overlap T1ype "C", as shown on Page 27. The length
of the overlap was 6 inches and the stitch pattern was a three
point cross stitch. The thread was Size 3 cord, 11 stitches per
inch.

The joint of next highest efficiency yielded an average

breaking strength of 3746 lbs., or an average efficiency of 93%.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with the
Series IV, Overlap Type "C', as shown on Page 27. The length
of the overlap was 6 inches and the stitch pattern was a three
Doint cross stitch, ThA thread WM -54meL^%,
inch.
The joint of next highest efficiency yielded an average
breaking strength of 3693 lbs., or an average efficiency of 91.4%.
This joint was fabricated in accordance wit the
Series XXII, Overlap Type 'A", as shown on Page 38. The length
of overlap was 6 inches and the stitch pattern was a four point
cross stitch. The overlap was reinforced between the webbings by
1000 lb. Nylon Tape, MIL-T-5038, Type .V. The thread was
Size 3 ,ord, 8 stitches per inch.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II 9
1 7.Ny.loi, Webbina, _MIL-W-4088, :ype X, 87'0 1bs. ts.
The most efficient Joint obtained wlth t,....: -w-4o88,
S 6,700 lb. nylon webbing, yielded an average breaking strength of
9100 lbs., or an average effilenoy X . , bu nu
ii ave.ag
control strength of 9800 lbs.

This Joint was fabricated ia accordance with Series X ,VI,

Overlap Type "B". as shown cn Page 41. The thread size was
6 cord, 6 stitches per inch, and the length of overlap was 8 inches.
The stitch pattern was a 4 point cross stitch and the overlap was
reinforced on both sides by Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-4088, Type XII,
1200 lbs. t.s.
The joint of next highest efficiency yielded an average
breaking strength of 8620 lbs., or an average efficiency of 88.0%.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with Series XXVI,
Overlap Tye " as shown on Page 41. The thread size was
6 cord, 6 stitches per inch, and the length of overlap was 8 inches.
The stitch pattern was a 4 point cross stitch and the overlap was
reinforced between the webbings by Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-4088,
Type XII, 1200 lbs. t.s,
8. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-4088, Type XVIII, 6000 lbs. t.s.
i
iThe
I1 most efficient joint obtained with the MIL-W-4088,
6000 lb. nylon webbing, yielded an average breaking strength of
640 lbs., or an average efficiency of 100.1%, based on an
average control strength of 6433 lbs.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with Series XVII,
Overlap Type "B", as shown on Page 36. The thread size was 3 cord,
8 stitches per inch, and the length of overlap was 6 inches.
The stitch pattern was a 4 point cross stitch with the overlap
reinforced on both sides with 1000 lb. Nylon Tape, MIL-T-5038,
Type IV.
The joint of next highest efficiency yielded an average
breaking strength of 6307 lbs., or an average efficiency of 98.1%.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with Series XVIII,
Overlap Type 'C", as shown on Page 36. The thread size was
3 cord, 8 stitches per inch, and the length of overlap was 8 inches.
The stlcn pattern wa a iz4ple rci of zig-zag ..... t., /4 nh
wide.
The Joint of next highest efficiency yielded an average
breaking strength of 6200 lbs., or an average efficiency of 96.4%.
This joint was fabricated in accordance with Series XVII,
Overlap Type "B", as shou on Page 36. The thread size was
3 cord, 8 stitches per inchj and the length of overlap was 8 inches.
The stitch pattern was a four point cross stitch with the overlap
reinforced on both sides with 1000 lb. Nylon Tape, WIL-T-5038,
Type IV.
WAX TA ,o-31'R Pt II 10
 o.2__ylon Webbing, - I, 20,000 . t.s.
The most eificient Joint obtainea wiun the MIL-W-5787,
20,000 lbs. webbing. yielded an average breaking strength of 21,000

This joint was fa'ricated in accordance with Series XXIV,

as shown on Page 39. The thread size was 8 cord, 6 st:A.ches
per inch, and the length of overlap was 10 inches. The pattern
was a six point cross stitch reinforced at both ends by Nylon
Webbing, ?kIL-W-4088. Type XII.
10. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-5787, Type Ii, 40,100 lbs. t.s.
The most efficient joint obtained with the MIL-W-5787,
40,000 lbs. webbing, yielded an average breaking strength of 35,500
lbs.

This Joint was fabricated in accordance with Series XXIII,

Reinforced End Overlap, as showm on Page 39. The thread size
was 8 cord, 6 stitches per inch, and the length of overlap was
14 inches. 'The pattern was a six point cross stitch.

11. Nylon Webbing- MT-W-41088, -ype XIII, 60n lbs. t.s.

The MIL-W-4088, 6000 lb. webbing was introduced into the

test program to determine if the results obtained in the tests
of the MIL-W-4088, Type X webbing joints would hold true for the
Type XIII, which is of a similar weave, The results indicate
that the most efficient joints obtained in the Type X weobing
joints were, in general, the most efficient joints in the
Type XIII webbing tests. The most efficient joint obtained with
the MIL-W-4088, Type XIII, 6000 lb. webbing, yielded an average
breaking strength of 6353 lbs., or an average efficiency of
86.9%, based on an average control strength of 7313 lbs. This
joint was fabricated in accordance with Series XII, Page 34.

WADC TR 56-313, Pt II 11
V. ANALYS±S OF JO!IT EFFICIENCIES
1. Nylon Cords, MIL-C-504O. Types IT aj.1 III.
The MIL-C-5040 type cords, core yarns encased in a
derive ti-e inajo.L portion of" tneir strength from
^ ol ccv,,-...
the core yarns. An increase in ...... il stenth -':tsc od,
is realized by the add4'cion of core yarns. The function oP the
sleeve is not primarily one of strength, but rather, to ho-d
the core yarns in place.
fence, it would appear that the most efficient Joint
in this type of cord would be one in which the stitching pattern
encompassed and bound to;ather the maximum number of core yarns
in the overlap ends, one to the other.

To illustrate this point, a typical sectional view of

the cord is shown in Figure 4 along with two methods of stitch-
ing the overlapped ends. It is evident from Figure "'that the
most efficient type of overlap would be one constructed with a
two step zig-zag stitch, in which the ends of the cords were
superimposed, one on the other.
After the general construction of the joint was
determined, the optimum le-nth- of overla thread --
stitches per inch was established by test.
For the Nylon Cord, MIL-C-5040, Type II, the test data
indicates that the most efficient joint, on the basis of length
of overlap, thread size and stitches per inch, was the joint
yielding an average breaking strength of 353.3 lbs. (77.3%
efficient) for three inches of overlap, stitched with Size "F"
thread as shown in Series I, Page 21.

For the MIL-C-5040, Type III, cord, the most efficient

Joint was the one yielding an average breaking strength of
555 lbs. The length of overlap was two inches and the thread
was Size "FF". (See Series I, Page 21.)
2. Nylon Cords, MIL-C--7515, Types II and VI.

As explained in Section II, Specimen Fabrioation, the

plain overlapping of the "coreless" cord proved less efficient
than the method of threading one end of the cord into the other
and then stitching for an optimum length.
The joint formed by superimposing one end of the Type II
cord on the other and zig-zag stitching, yielded an average break-
ing strength of 555 lbs. for a two inch overlap in which the
cord failed. The Joint formed by threading the cord ends, one
into the other for 6 inches and then zig-zag stitching for two
inches, yielded an aveoage breaking strength of 590 lDb.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II 12
 The test data on the "coreless" tpe cords show The
most efficient joint constructiun to be on-, in whir, an end
of the cord to be joined is threaded into au>. 4 nd then
stitched rith a t-vc, step zig-zag stitch for an optimum length.
The length of stitching, the st e of thread, and the length
of insertion of one cord into te other, would be a function
of the strength of the specific cord.

Braided Sleeve

Core
/0 0 Yarns
0 '0 i0

O Core Yarns
Side by Side Superimposed

Cord Joint Comparison

Figure 4

3. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-5625, 1/2 Inch Wide, 1000 lbs. t.s.

The results of the joint tests on the MIL-W-5625,

1000 lbs. t.s, webbing, showed the most efficient construction
to be the reinforced type joint, stitched with a 3 point cross
stitch pattern. This joint utilizes a reinforcing webbing
inserted between the overlapped ends of the 1000 lb. webb'Dfir
and extending for a distance of 1 inch beyond the ends of the
overlap. (See Series XXVII on the Overlap Type "A", Page 42.)

The next most efficient construction, as indicated by

the test results, utilizes reinforcing webbings on either side
of the overlap and extending beyond the exposed ends, for a
distance of 1 inch. This joint also uses a 3 point cross stitch pattern.
On both Joints the thread used was Size "F?". 8 stitches per inch.

The average brealcing strengths realized were, 1490 lbs.

for the most efficient joint and 1488 lbs. for the jointf ne- t
•g .
Wcot iffieaxicy. Tne negligible difference in strength
realized would make both joints equally efficient, on the basis
of strength alone. A more complete analysis of these types of
overlaps, will be made when considering the most efficient joint
for universal application.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II 13
 4. ylon Webbing, MIL-W-5625, 1 inch U.de, 3000 lbs. t
The test data obtained from the webb-ng joint ,ests on
the MIL-W-5625, 3000 Its. webbing, shows the mu. vficient joint
to be a plain overiap loint stitched with 3 cord thread, 11
Stitches oer inch, in a 3 point -ross tvitch pattern. The
length of overlap was 6 inches.

The joint of next highest efficiency was precisely

the same construction, with the exception that 8 stitches per
inch were used in lieu of 11 stitches per inch,

The joint of next highest efficiency was the reinforced

typejoint, utilizing a reinforcing webbing between the overlapped
ends of the 3000 lb. webbing. A comparison of the va.ious over-
laps, here mentioned, will be found in Section VI, Analysis of
Webb Joints for Universal Usage.

5. Nlon Webbing, M_L-W-4,88, Type X, 8700 lbs. t.s.

The reinforced type joint, utilizing a reinforcing
webbing on both sides of the overlap, proved to be the most
efficient joint tested with the MIL-W-4088, 8700 lb. webbing.

The reinforced joint, utilizing the reinforcing webbing

between the overlap webbs, proved to be the next highest in
eff c-ency.
The most efficient Joint yielded an average breaking
strength of 9100 lbs., whereas, the joint of next highest effi-
ciency in strength realized is sufficient to favor the doubly
reinforced overlap (Series XXVI, Overlap Type "B", Page 41) over
the joint with the single reinforcing webbing between the overlap.
(See Series XXVI, Overlap Type "A", as shown on Page 41.

6. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-4088, Type XVIII, 6000 lbs. t.s.

The reinforced type Joint again proved to be the most

efficient in the case of the MIL-W-4o88, Type XViII, 6000 lb.
webbing. This 4oint was the Series XMII, Overlap Type "B", as
shown on Page 36, and utilized reinforcing webbings on both
sides of the overlapped webbs.
7. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-5787, Type I, 20,000 lbs. t.s.

The Joints fabricated and tested with this webbing did

not include longitudinal reinforced Joints. No webbing of
sufficient width was immediately available for usp in these tests.
As a Pvuult, the wenbings were tested with the wrapped end type
of reinfcrcement as described in Series XXIV, Page 39. These
were also made with the plain type overlap, utilizing 4 point
and 6 point cross stitch patterns.
8. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-5787, ,ype I, 20,000 lbs. t.s.

These Joints were fabricated in accordance with the

configuration shown in Table XX.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II ll
VI. ANALYSIS OF JOINTS FOR CENERAL US.AGE

1. Basis of Evaluation

Manv different typ- of Joint construCtions were

fabricated and tested. Some of the initial co;figurations were
eliminated quite readily because of obviously inferior qualities,
which would be present for any type of webbing or cord ased. The
others were not so easily analyzed. It was necessary, in some
cases, to rate a joint of lower strength above one of higher
strength on the basis of some factor, such as, a lesser amount of
stitching used, a shorter overlap or a smaller size thread.

Other criteria for evaluation were facility of fabri-

cation, necessity for additional meterials (reinforcing webbings
and necessity for non-standard materials or machinery.

2. Breaking Strength vs. Stitches per inch

In general, it was found that the breaking strength of a

particular joint was at its lowest, for a given length of overlap,
if 5 stitches per inch were used. This was not due entirely to
stitch failure. Webbing failures occurred in a substantial num-
ber of cases where the 5 stitches per inch pattern was used. A
definite increase in strength invariably resulted as the stitches
per inch were increased to 8. It was found that in the majority
of cases, as the stitches per inch were increased to 11, the
strength of the joint was reduced. The data presented in Table I,
Page 16, illustrates the variations in breaking strength due to
variation in stitches per inch.

3. Comparison of Stitch Patterns

The following types of stitch patterns were tested:

1. Six Point Cross Stitch

2. Four Point Cross Stitch

3. Three Point Cross Stitch

4. Split Four Point Cross Stitch

5. Box Stitch
6. Zig-Zag Stitch - Single, double and triple row

7. Dimond Stitch

The highest joint efficiencies for the webbings were

realized in overlaps using the three, four and six point crogs
stitch patterns. Where reinforcing webbs were used in conjunc-
tion with the three, four and six point cross stitch patterns,
increases in efficiency as high as 10% were realized.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II 15
 I4- M I4.TJ 1c. (IV

H~ *[I
;OJ 00 I0J.
10-
-
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rp 0

otOTA(1 4 j.) Q- rf . .
0 flO) o
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P.w C HEr -9 C)0
rzzE r.)-1 4 1H
CI -, H- -..
4..-.- -H-_- __- __"-I H
10 a 0jC

* C C C) C) C .4C C C C
u Z, 04., ~ d r4 .-

W,40
00 Z E-1 4
0 0 -
0 00N, e0 0202 002 0 0

(Y t -:rr -T _Y

r- E-4 4

z LAi CO Hi U-OH

CP 4H- -P a 4 4) 4

E-q 0 M 00 0 02 0 2 02 m 0) O o 0(

1;) a. (YH 0 0 0])

I Ii _
__ _ H
I:
nH~ co _ _
Z - r- -
WACT0 633P I1
 The advisability of ueing a thret, four or mo - point
cross stitch, appears to be governed by th. width n" che webbing
in question. The results indicate that the u. or four point
stitching on the narrow webbing, causes crowding of the stitching
and results in a strength veduL -ion. *nis reduction in strength
has two apparent causes; first, a crowdlng of the -titches into
a smaller area, thus, excessively restricting the elongatJ.-n of the
fibers within the stitch pattern and secondly, bringing tih points
of termination of the stitching closer together in the lateral
plane. This results in more fibers being stressed at a given
lateral line than if the termination points were more widely spaced.
Hence, for a narrow webbing, one would use a three point cross stitch
rather than a four point cross stitch. This can readily be seen
by comparison of the results of the Series XXV and Series aXVII
tests on Pages 41 and 42.

4. Burned Ends vs. Plain Ends

Tests were made to determine the effect of overlapped

webbing ends which were cut with a hot wire on the strength of the
joint. Comparative tests were made of Joints in which the overlapped
webbing ends ifere cut with a rotary blade cutter, but were not burned
or seared. Nylon Webbing, MIL-W-4088, Type X, 8700 lbs. t.s., was
used to make the comparative tests. The joint construction was a
4 point cross stitch pattern, using 6 cord thread, 6 stitches per
inch and an 8 inch overlap. The stitching was carried beyond the
ends of the overlapped webbings for a distance of approximately 1/8
inch. The average breaking strength of the burned end joints was
8020 lbs. The average breaking strength of the plain end joints
was 8120 lbs. The low breaking strength on the burned end Joints
was 7900 lbs. The low breaking strength on the plain end joints
was 7940 lbs.

The results indicate that there is not an appreciable

reduction in strength, due to the stitching passing over the burned
ends of the overlapped webbings. However, it must be noted that the
burning (searing) of the test webbings was controlled, whereas,
webbings burned in production might not receive as careful attention.
This might result in excessive burning and resulting shap edges at
the webbing ends to cause excessive thread breakage and resultant
propagation of thread failure throughout the stitch pattern. It is
therefore recommended that, wherever possible, searing of the
webbing ends be eliminated or the stitching be stopped short of the
webbing ends.

If the stitching is stopped short of the webbing ends,

this will result in a reduction of the stitch length amounting to
approximately 3/8 to 3/4 of an inch. This data indicates that a
strength reduction of 200 to 300 lbs. may result on a webbing of
1400 lba, control strength.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II 17
 5. Effect of Thrread c

In general, the use of a larger size t. -.Il result

in an increase in strength if all other factors are equal. Table IA
illustrates tnis trend for the smaller size threac_, Size "E" to
* Size "FF'i.
It is usually possible tc reduce the amount of stitc ing

necessary to obtain a given breaking strength when a larger size

t read is used.
VII. CONCLUSIONS

1. Nlon Cord, MIL-C.-3040

The most efficient joint construction for general use on
the Nylon Cord, MIL-C-5040, and other cords of generally similar
construction, is the superimposed overlap, stitched with a two step
zig-zag stitch. The length and width of the stitch would be a
function ofC the strength and diameter of the cord in queztion.

2. Nylon Cord; ML-C-7515

The most efficient Joint construction for general use on

the Nylon Cord, MIL-C-7515, and generally similar cords, is the
type in which one of the joint ends is threaded into the other
and then stitched with a two step zig-zag stitch for an optimum
length. The length for which one end is threaded into the other,
and the optimum length and width of zig-zag stitching, would be
a function of the strength and diameter of the cord in question.

3. Nylon Webbing

On the basis of the test data obtained, the most efficient

joint construction for general use on the webbings tested and those
of generally similar construction, would be one using a three, four
or six point cross stitch pattern, depending upon the width and
strength of the webbing used. The reinforced type Joints exhibit
S the highest efficiencies, except for the MIL-W-5625, 3000 Ibs.
webbing; but require additional materials, (reinforcing webbings)

to attain the higher breaking strengths.

For a plain webbing Joint, with no reinforcing webbings,

the most efficient construction is that using a three or more point
stitch pattern, based on the width and strength nf fl-e-
Thc length or utitching and thread size would also be a function of
the strength of the webbing.

For reinforced Joints, the most efficient Joint would be

that using the plain Joint construction, but having a reinforcing
webbing of suitable width and strength, between the overlapped
webbings.

TR 56-313 Pt II 18
I"
*
 TATITF IA
THREAD SIZE VS. BREAKING S17ENGT14
iiI '

Ii','n
. , .. .REAKING
MATERIAL SIZE INL V STRENGTH COMMET

Nylon Cord, I Two step zig-zag stitch.

MIL-C-5040, 375 lbs ."E" 6-7 328.3 Cord failed at splice,
Nylon Cord, l I Two step zig-zag stitch.
'.7
IMI-C-040 375
MIL-C-5040. bs F"I
11 3353'.Cr 3 Cord failed at splice,

Nylon Cord, E _ _Two step zig-zag stitch.

MIL-C-501O, 375 ibs__"E"_ 6-7 6 326.6 Cord failed at splice.
jNylor Cord, Two step zig-zag stitch.
MIL-C-504O, 375 !bs,."F" 6-7 6 355 Cord failed at splice.

Nylon Cord,I Two step zig-zag stitch.

550 lbalV'E"' 6'-7 3
j
ILCord1, 565 'Cord tailed at splice
Nylon Cord, Two step zig-zag stich.
?'MIL-C-7515, 550 lbs."F" 6-7 3 571.6 Cord failed at splice.
Nylon Cord, Two step zig-zag stitch.
MIL-C-7515, 550 Iba."E" 6-7 566.6 Cord failed at splice.
3, £Nlon Cord, Two step zig-zag stitch.
MI -C_=7515, 550 los."?" 6-7 6 157.
I Cord failed
Three point at splice.
cross stitch.
MIL-W-5625, Webbing failed at end of
1 w., 100 lbs. "F" 6 1,378 stitchinz.
Three point cross stitch.
MIL-W-5625,
1/2" w., 1000 lbs. "FF" 5 6 1,418 Webbing tailed at end of
stitching.
Three point cross stitch.
_ ",5
___-56
Webbint failed at end of
2Three point cross stitch.
MIL-W-5625, Webbing failed at end of
11/2" w., 1000 lbs.
MIL-W-5625,
1/2"
L-W-5625,
1000 lbs. "F"
11

8 Ik~3w.,
6 1,432
~Ieb~gf
,29, stitching.
Three point cross stitch.
Webbing failed at end of
stitching.
Three point4 cross stitch.
~4
1/2" w., 1000 lbs. "FF"I 8 1 6 11,470 1stitching.

WADC TR 56-313 Pt II 19
 The reinforced joints, using a longitudinally reinf-'°ced
webbing, are of two types. One type uses tht reinforcing .ebbing
between the overlapped webbings ana extends f&- a cert -,idistance
beyond the ends of the overlap. Se other type . 4ungitudinally
reinforced joint uses tnro reinforcing webbings, one on each side
of the overlap and ecxtending beyond the exposed ends for a certain

In general, these two types of reinforced Joints ar of

substantially the same efficiency. One exception would be the

MIL-W-488, Type x, 8700 lbs. webbing, where the strength of the
doubly reinforced joint exceeded the strength of the singly
reinforced Joint by approximately 500 lbs.

The other type of reinforced joint (wrapped ends) are of

two types. The fIrst type uses a reinforcing webbing wrapped
laterally around trae exposed ends of the overlap. The second type
uses a reinforcIng webh4 nr layed laterally on the top and bottom
i of the overlapped
substantially the ends. Both of these reinforced joints are of
same efficiency.

I i5

I,'

II

'WADO TR 56-313 Pt Ii 20
 TABLE I
Cord Joint Test - ?ase II - Ser- T

I
II. 20 -7-
_____
20 .% .

+ 1/32
Two step zig-zag stitch, 1/8 - 0 wide, 6-'7 stitches per incn,
coufting on side row.

My V Z .v IV.1MIv--

BREAKING

NYLON CORD
MIL-C-5040
THREAD
MIL-T-7807 "L" ISTRENGTH
LBS. [ F.
COMMENT

S375 !bs. Size E"3 328.3 171.8snplice.

Type IICord failed at end of

375 Ibs. Size "E" 6 326.6 71.51 splice.
Type II, i Cord failed at end of
: e!siz "F" 3 5. 77.3 splice.
Type III Cord failed at end or
S37 lbs. Size ^F" 6 77.7 splice.
Cr355

I ,Cord failed at end of

jI±ype MiJ, splice on one specimen,
H 550 lbs.
I
Size "E" 3 390 163.4 stitching failed on rest.
Cord failed at end of
Type III, splice on one specimen,
550 lbs. Size "E" 6 415 67.5 stitching failed on rest.

Type III, Cord failed at end of

.550 lbs. Size "Fl? 481.6 A78.4splice.
±Type 11, Cord failed at end of
[ !150 lbs. Size "F" 6 1455 74.0 splice,

IF,
____~~______,Size 6 2t'~ li Stitching failed on all
75 lbs. Size ";E" _2_ _3 59.7___aples,
I Stitching failea in all
ITypeII, "F"___
........
__ al
375 Ibs. ISize "F" 250 154,y samp)les,

Cvrd failed at end of

Type III,
1,550 lbs. Size "F"
.?splice
2 555 90. m es.
on all

WADC TP 56-313 Pt I 21
 TABLE 1..
CORD JOINT TESTS - PHASE II - SERIES 11

0I '-_ _ - -

S20 L ---

| I L -L,y.,,v vLvL - LN,,7;..

i [SRENGTH .
SNYLON CORD THPAR-,AD "L" EGTH EF.
MIL-C-75i51MIL-T-7807
Ty~~~e ISI U "J(AVERAGE) %COMENT

Type II
550
I bs. Size 'E" 3 5b5 95.3ord failed at end of splice.

.:550 ibs. Size 6 566.6 955pord failed at end of splice.

Type IR i
r-I
550 Ibs. Size IT" 3 571.6 196. Cord failed at end of splice.
,I
S"1
ITypel
Type II
* 550 lbs. Size "F" 6
56VI__
573.3
_ __ _

96.7 Cord failed at end of splice.

_ _ _ _

2000 lbs. Size "E" 3 1,345 155. Stitching

d failed.

Type V6
2000 lbs. Size "F" 1,530 - 63.JStitching failed.

--Ii-.
_____I ___ _____ _

I MIL-C-7515, 550 lbs. t.s.

Control u 593 lbs.
II
MIL-C-7515, 2000 lbs. t.s.
Control = 2405 lbs.

22

I
 TABtlE IV
CORD JOINT TESTS - PHAiaSE Ii - SERIES TI

I a"S

Ar
IA r

IBIIIz5~87SREKNGh
NYLON CORD
..t !
MII
THREAD
-- 7515 ,MI..L-T-7807 "L BRERAGEI
r__S"
ST EN T...1
9E2 .od

COI M N
_ _ _

.1
i ~~Type
2000 VI,
!bs. • 6 2340 2 f±e att""
.973 Cord filed "All.

Type VI,
2000 lbs. "FF" 6 2346 2 97.5 Cord failed at "B".
Type II, Cord failed at end of
550 lbs. "F" 6 590 2 199.5 stitching.

Type II, Cord failed at end of

550 lbs. "FF" 6 580 2 97.8 stitching.

K____
1-i1 __ 7

r _ _ _L-C-7515,
I._ 2000 lsts
Control . 2405 lbs.

23

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WAXC TR 56-313 Pt 11 29
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WADC TR 56-313 Pt. IT

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