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State Space Modelling: Input Signals Dynamics Future State and Output Smallest Set

State space modeling represents dynamic systems using state variables and equations. The state of a system is defined by a set of variables whose values determine the future states and outputs. State variables are the minimum set of variables needed to describe the system's state. These variables are arranged in a state vector and their behavior is defined by state equations in a state space. The output is defined by an output equation relating the outputs to the state variables and inputs.

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10 views10 pages

State Space Modelling: Input Signals Dynamics Future State and Output Smallest Set

State space modeling represents dynamic systems using state variables and equations. The state of a system is defined by a set of variables whose values determine the future states and outputs. State variables are the minimum set of variables needed to describe the system's state. These variables are arranged in a state vector and their behavior is defined by state equations in a state space. The output is defined by an output equation relating the outputs to the state variables and inputs.

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ee210002004
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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State Space Modelling

State: The state of a system is a set of variables whose values, together with the input signals and the
equations describing the dynamics, will provide the future state and output of the system.

State variables: The state variables of a dynamic system are the variables making up the smallest set of
variables that determine the state of the dynamic system.

State vector: A vector whose elements are the state variables.

State Space: The n-dimensional space whose coordinate axes consist of the x1-axis, x2-axis, … , xn- axis,
where x1, x2, ... , xn are state variables, is called a state space.

State equations: A set of n simultaneous, first-order differential equations with n variables, where the n
variables to be solved are the state variables.

Output equation: The algebraic equation that expresses the output variables of a system as linear
combinations of the state variables and the inputs.
Generalized State space representation
• In state-space analysis, three types of variables that are involved in the modeling of dynamic
systems: input variables (u(t)), output variables (y(t)), and state variables x(t).
• The dynamic system must involve elements that serve as memory devices-- integrators in control
systems-- the outputs of such integrators can be considered as the state variables.
• Assume that a MIMO system involves n integrators. Assume also that there are r inputs, m outputs
and n outputs of the integrators as state variables: x1(t), x2(t), ... , xn(t). The system can be given as:

What is a state variable?


Ans: see pdf pg 4
State-space representation
LTI System LTV System

State equation:

Output equation:
Converting a Transfer Function to State Space
A convenient way to choose state variables is to choose the output, y(t),
and its (n-1) derivatives as the state variables, called as phase-variables.

Phase-variable form of the state equations


P1: State-space representation

Phase-variable form of the state equations


P2: State-space representation
P3: State-space modelling
The system equation is:

This system is of second order. This means that the system involves two integrators. Let us define
state variables x1(t) and x2(t) as
P4: State space modelling

States:
Voltage across capacitor
Current through inductor

Output:
Voltage across Resistor

States:
Voltage across capacitor​
Voltage across inductor
P5: State space modelling
P6: State space modelling
Find a state-space representation if the output is the current
through the resistor.

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