CSEN

LESSON 1: IN-TEXT CITATION

The purpose for citing sources  Sipacio et al. states that in general, the social sciences employ this
 It is important not only to get information from credible sources citation style (2019)
but also to properly document all borrowed ideas, information,  In general, the social sciences employ this citation style (Sipacio et
concepts, arguments, or information and attribute them to their al., 2019).
authors or creators For a work with six or more authors, use the primary author followed by 'et al.
TO GIVE CREDIT TO THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR OF A WORK  According to Sipacio et al. (2019), APA style is required for
 Plagiarism is a serious offense in which someone takes and uses Business student majors.
the ideas, information, concepts, unintentionally or intentionally  APA style is required for Business student majors (S/pacio et al.,
without proper citations 2019).
TO PROMOTE SCHOLARLY WRITING Direct Quotations
 Scholarly writing means that you are able to exhaustively use  When you use a direct quote with less than 40 words, you are
related and existing ideas required to include the number(s) enclosed in parenthesis.
TO HELP YOUR TARGET AUDIENCE IDENTIFY YOUR ORIGINAL  The page number must be preceded by 'p' or 'pp for multiple pages.
SOURCE  Check the examples focusing on the variety of formats and the use
 Your target audience or readers want to either verify information or of capitalization, parentheses, quotation marks, period, spacing,
learn more information from the original source. and numbers. page
FORMS OF CITATION
 Sipacio (2019) claimed that "beginners found the APA style guide
IN-TEXT CITATION
too complex (p. 56)
 Requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a
 According to Sipacio (2019) "beginners found the APA style guide
certain part of his/her work within the work itself.
too complex"(p. 56)
REFERENCE CITATION  He claimed that "beginners found the APA style guide too
 Refers to the complete bibliographic entry of a reference used by complex" (Sipacio, 2019, p. 56) because of several factors.
the writer. When you use a direct quote with 40 words or more, you are still required to
 Last part of the paper include the page number/s. Start your quotation in a new line with a 2
Style Guides indentation on the left margin. There is no need to enclose long quotations in
THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL quotation marks, but the parenthetical citation should be placed after the
ASSOCIATION (APA) period.
 Psychology, education, nursing, hotel and restaurant, management, Check the example below; focus on the spacing and placement of the citation.
business, economics, and other social sciences
THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION STYLE GUIDE (MLA) The Department of Education (2018) states that
 Literature, arts and humanities
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (IEEE) (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and
 Engineering two years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MANUAL OF STYLE (AMA) mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare
 Medicine, health sciences, and other natural sciences graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development,
THE CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (CHICAGO) employment, and entrepreneurship. (p. 5)
 Humanities, reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g., MLA Style (8th Edition)
magazines, newspaper, journal, among others)  The in-text parenthetical details in MLA vary depending on
Guidelines in In-text Citation the type of source (e.g, print, web, DVD) and on the entry in
APA Style Guide (6th Edition) your paper's Works Cited page. The first detail in your
 Follow the author's last name-(latest) year of publication method. reference's in-text citation must also be the first thing that will
Although not required. appear when it is listed in the Works Cited page.
 APA encourages you to indicate the page numbers even in  This style follows the author's last name-page method. Note
paraphrases or summaries. that the author's name may appear in the sentence, but the page
 Place the period after the citation when it is at the end of the number should always be in the parenthetical citation and not
sentence. in the sentence.
1. According to Sipacio (2019), APA style is required for Business student Check the examples focusing on the variety of formats and the use of
majors. capitalization, parentheses, quotation marks, period, spacing, and numbers.
2. APA style is applied in the social sciences (Sipacio, 2019). Notice the absence of comma in the in-text citation.
 For a work with only one author, see the example below. 1. Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors
1. According to Sipacio (2019), APA style is required for Business student (54)
majors. 2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio, 2019, 2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54)
p.54). For a print source with only one author, see the examples below.
 For a work with two authors, notice in the example the use of "&" 1. Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors
when the citations are inside the parentheses. (54)
1. According to Sipacio and Barrot (2019), APA style is required for Business 2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54)
student majors. 2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio For a print source with two authors, use "and" when the citations are inside the
& Barrot, 2019). parentheses.
 For a work with three to five authors, name all three during the 1. Sipacio and Barrot claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities
first citation. Then use the primary author followed by 'et al.' student majors (54).
(which means 'and others') for subsequent citations. 2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio and Barrot
54)
First citation:
For a print source with three or more authors, use the primary author followed
 According to Sipacio, Barrot, and Sanchez (2019), the APA style is
by 'et al.
appropriate for the fields of nursing and education. 2. The APA
style is appropriate for the fields of nursing and education (Sipacio, 1. Sipacio et al claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student
Barrot Sanchez, 2019). majors (54)
2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio et al. 54)
Subsequent citations:
If the print source does not list an author, use the shortened title of the work education, middle-level skills development, employment, and
enclosed in quotation marks in place of the author's name. Do not include entrepreneurship [5]
initial articles (e.g. A, An, The) in the title.
MLA style is one of the many citation styles students can use "Citation Styles" AMA Manual of Style (10th edition)
64)  As with the IEEE editorial style, there is no need to add the
Direct Quotations author, date, or year of publication in the in-text citation.
 Use double quotation marks to enclose direct quotes not exceeding  Instead, each reference is assigned a number according to the
four lines. In the parenthetical citation, give the author's last name order in which it was cited in the text.
and the page number.  The number reference is placed in superscript after the period in
 All punctuations which are a part of the quoted text must be placed the sentence.
inside the quotation AMA style is required for Health Science majors. ¹
 The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic
marks. However, if the punctuations are part of your own text, place them details of the text in thereference list of your paper.
outside. In-text:
1. Miranda claimed that "adhering to a style is a mark of discipline" (56). AMA style is required for health science majors". ¹
2. Would it be fair to say that "adhering to a style is a mark of discipline" Reference
(Miranda 56)? 1. Cruz Y Citation Guide for the Natural Sciences. Chicago: Medical
If your source quotes another text, use "qtd. in" (which stands for as "quoted Publishing: 2013
in") in the parenthetical remarks:  When two articles of different authors are cited, use a comma to
Mallari claimed that "the level of complexity differs according to each person separate the reference numbers.
(qtd. in Sipacio 56) because of several factors. AMA style is required for Health Science majors. ¹ ²
For direct quotations that exceed four lines of text, start in a new line. There is Direct Quotations
no need to enclose the whole text in double quotation marks, but make sure to  When you use a direct quote that is less than four lines, enclose it
indent the block of text 1/2 inch from the left. Maintain double spacing. The with quotation marks. Add the reference number after the closing
parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark of the quotation mark.
quoted text. "Beginners found the AMA style guide too complex"²
The Department of Education (2018) states that  When you use four or more lines of direct quotations. you should
use a block quotation that is indented and single-spaced. Add the
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic reference number at the end of the quote, after the closing
education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, punctuation mark.
and two years of Senior High School (SHS) to provide sufficient time for The Department of Education (2018) states that
mastery of concepts and skils, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates
for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment, and The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six
entrepreneurship. (5) years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of
Senior High School (SHS) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts
IEEE Editorial Style Manual (2018) and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary
 In this style, there is no need to name the author, page number, or education, middle-level skills development, employment, and
date of publication in the in-text citation. entrepreneurship."²
 Instead, the references are numbered according to the order in
which they were cited in the text. The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition
 The reference numbers which appear in the text have to be  There are two varieties in the Chicago style: (1) notes and
enclosed in brackets. bibliography and (2) author-date. The "notes and bibliography"
 When a reference which was cited earlier is used again in the later system is commonly used by professionals in the fields of
parts of the text, the same reference number will be used (see literature, history, and the arts, while the "author-date" system is
example below). preferred by those working in the sciences and social sciences.
(Paragraph 2)  The in-text citations in the "notes and bibliography" system uses
Sipacio claimed that the IEEE style is complex [1]. superscript placed after the closing punctuation mark.
(Paragraph 5) Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex. ¹
There are reasons why it has been claimed that using an IEEE formatting style  For five or more lines of direct quotations in the "notes and
is complex [1]. bibliography" system, put it in block format, indent, and use single
 The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic space. Place the superscript after the closing punctuation mark.
details of the text in the reference list of your paper.
In-text The Department of Education states that
Sipacio claimed that the IEEE style is complex
Reference The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six
B. Sipacio, Citation for Engineering. Chicago: Skyward Publishing, 2010. years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of
Direct Quotations Senior High School (SHS)) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts
 Use double quotation marks to enclose direct quotes with one to and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary
two lines. Place the reference number enclosed in brackets after the education, middle-level skills development, employment, and
quotation mark. entrepreneurship."²
Sipacio claimed that "beginners found the IEEE style guide too complex [1]  The in-text citations in the "author-date" system consist of the
 When you use a quotation with three or more lines, put it in block author's last name, year of publication, and page number/s, usually
format, indent, and use single spacing and a smaller font. Place the in parentheses and found before the closing punctuation mark.
reference number enclosed in brackets after the quoted text but Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex (Sipacio 2019, 12).
before its closing punctuation mark.  For works with one author using the "author-date" system, see the
The Department of Education (2018) states that examples below.
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six 1. Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex (Sipacio 2019, 12).
years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of 2. Sipacio (2019, 12) claimed that "beginners found the Chicago style guide
Senior High School (SHS)) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts too complex
and skills, develop lifelong leamers, and prepare graduates for tertiary
  For works with two or three authors using the "author-date"
system, note the use of "and."
Chicago style can be used for newspapers and magazines (Sipacio and Barrot
2019, 178-180).
 For works with four or more authors using the "author-date"
system, use the primary author followed by "et.al."
Chicago style can be used for newspapers and magazines (Sipacio et al. 2019,
46).
LESSON 5: BASICS OF SUMMARIZING
Summarizing
 is an important skill in critical reading that is often used to share
the essential ideas in a book a book chapter, an article, and/or parts SUMMARY FORMATS
of it. These essential ideas include the gist or main idea, useful Idea Heading format - the summarized idea comes before the citation.
information, or keywords or phrases that help you meet your
reading purpose. Summarizing is generally done after reading Author Heading Format -comes after the citation. The authors’ name is
 Summarizing is an important skill because it helps you connected by an appropriate reporting verb.
 deepen your understanding of the text; identify relevant Date Heading Format - the summarized idea comes after the date when the
information or key ideas; material was published.
 combine details or examples that support the main idea/s: Using Reporting Verbs when Summarizing
 concentrate on the gist or main idea and keywords presented in the
text;
 and capture the key ideas in the text and put them together clearly
and concisely.
What is Not Summarizing?
1. write down everything:
2. write down ideas from the text word-for-word;
3. write down incoherent and irrelevant ideas;
4. write down ideas that are not stated in the text:
5. or write down a summary that has the same length or is longer than
the original text
Guidelines in Summarizing
1. Clarify your purpose before reading
2. Read the text and understand the meaning
3. Annotate and Underline or encircle key ideas
4. Write all the key ideas and phrases you identified on the margins or
in your notebook in bullet or outline for
5. Without looking at the text, identify the connections of these key
ideas and phrases using a concept map.
6. List your ideas in sentence form in a concept map.
7. Combine the sentences into a paragraph. Use appropriate
transitional devices to improve cohesion.
8. Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the original
text.
9. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas it
presents
10. Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant ideas. TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING:
11. Compare your output with the original text to ensure accuracy 1. Somebody Wanted But So- helps students generalize, recognize
12. Record the details of the original source (author's name/s, date of cause and effect relationships, and find main ideas.
publication, title, publisher, place of publishing and URL (if
online]). It is not necessary to indicate the page number/s of the
original text in citing souces in summaries.
13. Format your summary properly. When you combine your
summaries in a paragraph, use different formats to show variety in
writing.

2. State, Assign, Action, Complete (SAAC Method)- helpful in

summarizing any kind of text.
 that has long short text with one conveys a powerful
sections (e.g., a or two sentences or message or whose
page or chapter of a a paragraph with a impact lessens if it
book or the book maximum of five is paraphrased or
itself, a paragraph sentences. summarized (eg,
of an essay or the Constitution,
essay itself). 2. Paraphrase when government
you want to documents,
2. Summarize when a. avoid or philosophies,
you want to minimize direct monographs, or
a. avoid or quotation; or other scholarly
minimize b. use your own materials)
direct quotation; or words to state the 2. Quote directly
3. 5 W’s, 1 H (who, what, when where, why, and how)- these b. use the main idea author's ideas. when you want to
questions make it easy to identify the main character, important of the text and write a. begin your
details, and main idea. it in your own discussion with the
words. author's stand; or
b. highlight the
author's expertise in
your claim,
argument, or
discussion.
Guidelines in Paraphrasing
1. Read the text and understand its meaning. Do not stop reading until you
understand the message conveyed by the author.
2. Use a pen to mark or highlight the key words or main idea of the text.
3. Recall the key words or main idea of the text that you highlighted when you
4. First Then Finally- helps students summarize in chronological read it.
order. 4. Write in your own words what you understood about the ideas in the text.
5. Get the original text and compare it with your paraphrase.
6. Check the meaning. Remember, your paraphrase should have the same
meaning as the original text.
7. Check the sentence structure. The sentence structure of your paraphrase
should be different from the original text.
8. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas presented
in the text.
9. Record the details of the original source (author's name/s, date of
publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if on-line]).
5. Give Me The Gist- a summary – not a retelling of every detail. 10. Format your paraphrase properly. When you combine your paraphrases in
LESSON 6: PARAPHRASING AND DIRECT QUOTING a paragraph, use different formats to show variety in writing.
Comparing Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Direct quoting Guidelines in Direct Quoting
Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct quoting 1. Copy exactly the part of the text that you want to use.
Does not match the Does not match the Matches the 2. Use quotation marks to show the beginning and ending of the quote.
original source original source original source 3. Record the details of the original source (author's name/s, date of
word for word word for word word for word publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, URL [if on-line] and page
Involves putting the Involves putting a Is usually a short number/s). Indicating the page number/s is necessary in citing sources when
main idea(s) into passage from a part of the original quoting.
your own words, source into your source 4. Format your quotation properly. If your direct quotation consists of less
but includes only own words Cited part appears than 40 words, it should be presented as part of the text.
the main point(s) Changes the words inside quotation 5. Direct quotation should not be used to replace paraphrasing or
Presents a broad or phrasing of a marks summarizing.
overview, so is passage, but retains Must be attributed  Using Reporting Verbs when Paraphrasing and Direct Quoting
usually much and fully to the original  Reporting verbs are also used in paraphrasing and direct quoting to
shorter than the communicates its source integrate your sources In the text. Follow the same guidelines as
original text original meaning with summarizing when incorporating reporting verbs in your
Must be attributed Must be attributed paraphrase and direct quotations.
to the original to the original
source source
In the summary, only the main idea is presented. In the paraphrase, all the
ideas in the original text are still mentioned, but the wording and structure are
completely different. In both the summary and paraphrase, the source is
properly cited. The words that appear between the quotation marks are the
original words or ideas of the author. Proper citation is also used.
WHEN TO USE PARAPHRASING, SUMMARIZING, AND
DIRECT QUOTING
Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting
1. Summarize a text 1. Paraphrase a 1. Quote a text that
 REFERENCES

Formatting a paper using APA 7th Edition

LAST ANG AUTHOR STYLE

FIRST ANG AUTHOR STYLE