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Lecture # 2 Gas Dynamics

This chapter discusses wave propagation in compressible flows, including sound speed and the Mach number. It defines sound as a periodic mechanical disturbance transmitted through an elastic medium like air. Sound requires a medium and cannot travel through a vacuum. The speed of sound depends on temperature and is about 340 m/s at 15°C for air. The Mach number is the ratio of flow velocity to sound speed. Flow with a Mach number below 1 is subsonic and above 1 is supersonic. Supersonic flow produces shock waves and a conical "Mach cone." An example problem calculates the time for a sound wave to reach Earth from a moving source in orbit.

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41 views18 pages

Lecture # 2 Gas Dynamics

This chapter discusses wave propagation in compressible flows, including sound speed and the Mach number. It defines sound as a periodic mechanical disturbance transmitted through an elastic medium like air. Sound requires a medium and cannot travel through a vacuum. The speed of sound depends on temperature and is about 340 m/s at 15°C for air. The Mach number is the ratio of flow velocity to sound speed. Flow with a Mach number below 1 is subsonic and above 1 is supersonic. Supersonic flow produces shock waves and a conical "Mach cone." An example problem calculates the time for a sound wave to reach Earth from a moving source in orbit.

Uploaded by

mahmood
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University of Canal Suez

College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Power Engineering
Gas Dynamics; Level 5th
Dr. Abdelnabi Zaghloul Abdelnabi

Chapter 2

Wave Propagation in compressible flow


Sound Speed and Mach Number
Speed of Sound

Sound is by definition “ the periodic


mechanical disturbance of an
elastic medium such as air”
Sound requires a medium for its
transmission and cannot cross a
vacuum.
Speed of Sound
Speed of Sound cont.
Speed of Sound Cont.
Mach Number

(V)

= . = / .
@ T = 15 oC
C air = 340.43 m/sec
Mach Number cont.

V V

V
Mach Number cont.
C
Mach Number cont.

If M = 0.5
Mach Number cont.

Acoustic
horizon

* As the object approaches the speed of sound ,


it begins to catch up with the pressure waves and
creates an infinitesimally weak flow discontinuity
just ahead of the aircraft.
Mach Number cont.

If M = 2

Direction
of motion
Mach Number cont.

Mach Cone:
The circular cone enveloping the wave
If M = 2
Mach line :
The generator of the Mach number
Zone of silence :
The region which doesn't have waves
Zone of action : Direction
The region which has waves of motion
Mach angle ( ):
The angle between the Mach line and the
particular direction
Mach Number cont.

Pressure waves
produced by a
supersonic airplane
Mach Number cont.

Shock cones
produced by a Sonic
Boom
supersonic airplane

Compression wave expansion wave


Example 1

A point source is moving a round the earth in a orbit of 13000 km diameter at a speed of 1500 km /h.
With respect to stationary coordinates in source. Plot the wave fronts of the small disturbances
produced by the source at time 0 , t, 2t, etc. Compute the time necessary for the sound wave reach
the earth. What is the Mach angle ? Assume that the earth is spherical (13000 km diameter ), neglect
its curvature and assume an average temperature of 60 oC
Solution

= . = / .
Solution

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