Integrating Biosensors and
Nanotechnology for Advanced Diagnostics
Prof. Dr. Rajiv Dutta, M.Tech (IIT-Kgp), Ph.D (BITS-Pilani)
Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology, London, UK
Fellow of the Institute of Physics, London, UK
Fellow of the American Academy of Science & Technology, Reston, USA
Research & Innovation and Dean, School of Biological Engineering & Life Sciences
Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur
Day 2: Biosensor Fabrication and Applications
Biosensor Fabrication Techniques
• Nanofabrication
Fabrication methods
Session on biosensor assembly Techniques
• Integration of Nanotechnology and Biosensors
How nanotechnology enhances biosensor performance
Case studies and examples
• Applications of Biosensors in Diagnostics
Real-world applications
Challenges and future trends
Various fabrication techniques used in the
development of miniaturized microfluidic biosensors.
Materials
• Biosensors need a critical assortment of materials to fabricate
a microfluidic device
• The employed materials for microfluidic channels must be
sufficient and must exhibit the necessary qualities. Glass and
silicon were the first materials used in microfluidic
applications
• Microfluidic biosensors have been developed using novel
materials such as polymers, composites, and paper as time
has gone on and technology has advanced
• Inorganic, polymeric, and paper materials can be used to
fabricate microfluidic channels.
• These materials ought to have a high melting point and strong
thermal conductivity.
• Furthermore, thermal plaster or paste can be used on the
microchannel in order to improve the thermal conductivity of
the material. As a result, in microfluidic technology, the
materials used to develop microfluidic devices are quite crucial.
• In general, microfluidic devices can be made from a variety of
materials, such as silicone. glass, paper, graphene,
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA).
Optimized ink-jetted paper device for
electroanalytical detection of picric acid
Bacterial cellulose-based electrochemical sensing
platform for miniaturized biosensors
(a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of micro-patterned design with proposed
heavy-metal-detection sensor with three electrodes and TRGO coating onto Au electrode
b) photomicrograph of a miniaturized and completely integrated sensor
(a) Droplet based electrochemical sensor design principle
(b) sensor component sizes and three-electrode arrangements; and
(c) schematic illustration of the droplet-based sensor production technique using
screen printing
Stepwise approach for fabricating a microfluidic device
showing the use of a PCB
printer to print microelectrodes and three-electrode inset
MoboSens has a concept design and a practical package:
(a) assembly view of MoboSens,
(b) detailed element description of MoboSens, and
(c) photograph of the entire MoboSens system
Schematic representation of various applications of
biosensors
Food Processing and Environmental
Monitoring
The quality, safety, and upkeep of food items as well as their processing are
difficult in food processing industries, and hence the food sector would benefit
from cost-effective technologies for food authentication and monitoring
• Potentiometric alternating biosensing devices are also used to detect the
changes in pH caused by ammonia, and have been used to identify E. coli;
ingredients were mixed in a sonicator to separate the bacteria from the food
• Enzyme-based biosensors are also used in the dairy industry: flow cells have
been linked to biosensors based on screen-printed carbon electrodes, and
enzymes are encapsulated by the polymer mounted onto the electrodes.
Three organophosphate insecticides in milk have thus been quantified using
automated flow-based biosensors
Sugar substitutes are one of the most widely used food additives that
are related to a number of conditions, including dental cavities,
cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type II diabetes. In this case,
multichannel biosensors are considered to be effective for merging lipid
films via the electrochemical approaches for rapid and sensitive
sweetener screening
Biomedical
• Glucose biosensors are frequently used in clinical settings to diagnose
diabetes mellitus, requiring precise blood glucose control.
• Biosensors are frequently employed to diagnose infectious diseases such as
urinary tract infections (UTIs), pathogen identification, and antibiotic
susceptibility
• Human interleukin-II has been detected early by using a novel biosensor
based on hafnium (IV) oxide (HfO2)
For early cytokine detection, recombinant human IL-10 with a
monoclonal antibody is used.
The interaction between antibodies and antigens has also been studied
with fluorescence patterns and electromechanical impedance
spectroscopy, while fluorescence patterns have been employed to
produce the bio-recognition of protein.
Plant Biology
• New revolutionary technologies in nucleic acid molecular imaging and
sequencing have enabled advances in plant research
• Conventional mass spectroscopy can accurately identify cellular and
subcellular localization and metabolite levels using critical data on the
dynamics and location of enzymes
• Biosensors can access these data to quantify an active process under
physiological circumstances
• Tsien was the first to produce protein prototype sensors for detecting
caspase activity and calcium levels in living cells
• These sensors were made using fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET) from green fluorescent protein (GFP) spectrum variants. The in
vivo detection of calcium oscillations with a high temporal resolution
was achieved by the use of a chameleon sensor
Biodefense Sensing
• In the case of a biological agent, biosensors can be employed for
military purposes.
• Here, the primary goal is to promptly and correctly identify bio-
warfare agents (BWAs), including bacteria (vegetative and spores),
poisons, and viruses. Several attempts have been made to use
molecular techniques to build biosensors that can recognize the
chemical markers of BWAs.
• Furthermore, the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus with
two strands that have been related to aggressive cervical cancer. HPV
is divided into two
• Types: HPV 16 and HPV 18
Limitations and Challenges in Biosensors
• Biosensors have been under development for over 50 years with
substantial improvements in academic and industries in the past few
decades;
• However, only a few biosensors have reached global market success, apart
from lateral flow pregnancy tests and electrochemical glucose biosensors.
• There are several reasons for this, such as difficulties translating academic
research into commercially viable prototypes for the industry, complex
regulatory issues in clinical applications, difficulty in finding qualified
researchers with a background in biosensor technology, and collaboration
with researchers from various science and engineering disciplines.
Human Interface
• Lots of Ethics clearance as per rules
• 45 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46 (45 CFR 46) is the primary set
of Federal regulations regarding the protection of human subjects in
research and is often referred to as the Common Rule.
The main points of the 1931 Guidelines for
Human Experimentation are as follows:
Full unambiguous and informed consent from test subjects is required,
except in extreme extenuating circumstances.
Risks should be balanced out by potential benefits.
Caution should be taken for subjects under 18 years old.
Extreme caution should be taken if microorganisms are involved.
Poor or socially disadvantaged subjects should not be exploited.
Animal testing should be conducted first, and human experiments are
to be avoided if other means of collecting data are still available.
Thank you for patient listening!
Any QUESTIONS?
