READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2.

Author
3. Anachronistic style – idiom, orthography,

Lesson 1: History punctuation

4. Anachronistic reference to events – too early,
What is History? too late, too remote.
● Greek word: Historia 5. Provenance – custody

● Common words: man, study, past 6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a

text or word.
Why study history?
7. Hermeneutics – determine the ambiguities
● Means of understanding the past and present
(uncertainty of meaning or intention)
● Sense of identity – bridge to discipline
Test of Credibility
1. Author
Lesson 2: Historical Sources
2. Approximate date

Form of Sources 3. Ability to tell the truth

1. Written: 4. Willingness to tell the truth

a. Published materials 5. Corroboration

b. Manuscripts
3 Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking
2. Non-written:
1. Sensitivity to multiple causation
a. Oral history
2. Sensitivity to context
b. Artifacts
3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and

Categories of Sources change in human affairs

1. Primary Sources – involved in the event

2. Secondary Sources Tejeros Convention (1897)

About the happenings at the 1897 Tejeros Convention,

Lesson 3: Historical Criticism
which was suppose to reconcile the two parties,

1. External – problem of Authenticity however, the accounts instead illustrated the several

a. Forge or fabricated disputes that occurred between the Magdalo and

2. Internal – problem of Credibility Magdiwang.

a. Verisimilar - as close as to really what

● Primary source: Santiago Alvarez “Memoirs of
happened
a General”

Test of Authenticity ● Secondary source: Teodoro Agoncillo’s “Seeds

1. Date of the document of Discontent”

 Memoirs of a General Seeds of Discontent 1: First Voyage Around the World

Focused on what Was able to include

primarily happened at the several events before the About Magellan’s voyage around the world, including
convention convention the Philippines.

Parties involved
Author’s background

1. Magdiwang – stand firm in the remaining of the Antonio Pigafetta (1941 - 1534)

Katipunan since it was already discovered by the ● Joined the expedition to the Spice Islands
Spaniards ○ led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan
a. Supremo Andres Bonifacio under the flag of King Charles I of
b. Santiago Alvarez Spain
2. Magdalo – stand firm that the Katipunan
Historical background/context the document
should change despite the Spaniard had
● August 10, 1519 – 5 ships departed from Seville
discovered it.
○ Trinidad – Lead ship; sailed by Magellan
a. Emilio Aguinaldo
○ Santiago – Lost at sea
Historical context of the Document ○ Victoria – The only boat that returned
○ Concepción – Burned by the crew
● Happened on: March 25, 1897, San Francisco
○ San Antonio – one abandoned the
de Malabon
expedition in South America and
● What happened before the Convention
returned to Spain
(according to the seeds of discontent)
● March 16, 1521 (Dawn; Saturday) – Island
○ Bonifacio (along with his wife & 2
named Zamal [i.e Samar]
brothers) left for Cavite
■ Was met by Emilo Aguinaldo,
Candido Tirona and Edilberto at 2: Customs of the Tagalog
Zapote
○ Bonifacio wrote from San Francisco de About the culture and society of the people in Luzon

Malabon to his uncle-in-law, Mariano

Author’s background
Alvarez Juan de Pasencia
○ Town fiesta at SFdM was disturbed by
● Born in: 16th century, Extremadura, Spain
series of shot caused by the men of
● Spanish friar of the Franciscan order.
Captain Mariano San Gabriel
● Authored the Doctrina Christiana
(Magdiwang)
○ Aguinaldo’s birthday, fought the Historical background/context the document

Spaniards in Salitran . ● Written during the Spanish colonial period

● Culture mentioned: ■ Unmarried women can own no
○ Datos - title for chiefs property
○ Barangay - tribal gathering ○ Mode of dressing
○ Castes - social stratification based on: Male Female
income, race, profession, employment, ● Headgear: Putong
or heredetary position or priviledge. (symbolizes the #
■ Maharlikas - free born, did not of persons killed by
pay any tax or contribute to the the wearer ● Upper: Baro /
Camis
dato, accompany the Datos in ● Upper: Kanggan
the war at their own expense. (jacket with short ● Lower: Saya
■ Commoners / Aliping sleeve)
Namamahay - accompanied
● Lower: Bahag
the Dato whenever he went
beyond the island and rowed for
○ Worship of the Tagalogs
him
■ Before Chrstianity: Filipinos
■ Slaves or Aliping Saguiguilid -
were Pagan
serve their master in his house
■ Simbahan: place of adoration
and on his cultivated lands, and
■ Pandot: “worship” festival;
may be sold
celebrate in the house of the
Marriage of Castes
chief
Odd number children Even number children
Belongs to: Father Belongs to: Mother ○ Idols (6)
■ Pleiads - seven little goats
● Maharlika + Maharlika = Maharlika
■ Mapulon - changes of seasons
● Children inherit the status of their parents
■ Balatik - greater bear
● Following their marriage, the Maharlikas were
■ Lic-ha - images with different
prohibited from moving from one village to
shapes
another or from one barangay to another
■ Dian Masalanta - patron of
without first paying a stipulated fee in gold.
lovers and the generations
○ Debts: Slaves were made by debt ■ Lacapati and Indianale -
■ Half the cultivated lands and all patrons of the cultivated lands
their produce belonged to the and of the husbandry
master ○ Beliefs
○ Dowries: Given by the men to the ■ Tigmamanuguin
women's parents. ■ Divination
 ○ 12 Devil Priests ● Members of the Kartilya will experience/do:
Catolonan Magtatangal ○ Unity
Mangagauay Osuang
○ Treated equally
Manyisalat Mangagayoma
Mancocolam Sonat ○ Renounce disorderly habits
Hoclobon Pangatahojan
○ Not receive financial help or have a
Silagan Bayoguin
comfortable life
○ House - made of wood, bamboo, & nipa
● 2 Versions of the Kartilya
palm
Andres Bonifacio Emilio Jacinto
○ Ornaments - decorative object or -Much more religious.
Emphasizes how everyone is
detail; adds quality and distinction to a -Mentioned God multiple
equal
times
peron/place/thing
● Originally titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga
Z. Ll. B. (Duties of the Sons of the People)
3: Kartilya of the Katipunan
○ It was never published because
Bonifacio believed that Jacinto's
A guide book or code of conduct for the new members
Kartilya was superior to what he had
of the organization.
made.
Author’s background
Emilio Jacinto
4: Act of Declaration of the Philippine Independence
● Born on: Dec. 15, 1875
● “Utak ng Katipunan”
Speech of Emilio Aguinaldo, declaring the
● Became the secretary, then chief advisor
independence of the Philippines against Spanish Rule
● Wrote the society’s newspaper: Kalayaan
○ Pen name: Dimas-Ilaw Historical background/context the document

Historical background/context the document ● Translation by: Sulpico Guevara

● Known as: KKK (Kataastaasang, ● About the Speech

Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng ○ Happened: Town of Cavite-Viejo,

Bayan) Province of Cavite; June 12, 1898

○ Anti-spanish ○ Independence was not recognized by

○ Secret revolutionary society the US or Spain because:

● Gomez wrote the first version of the Kartilya ■ Treaty of Paris – indemnity of

● Formed in: 1892 Spanish to the US for expense

○ But The Kartilya of Emilio Jacinto was and asset lost

written, promoted and publicized in: ● What happened which leads to the Speech

1896; Malolos Bulacan

 ○ Arbitrary arrests and abuses of the ● After the Speech:
Filipino People ○ PH was given: $200 million economic
○ Revolution against the rule of Spain by aid
Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
○ The pact of Biak-na-Bato – Truce with
6; Gunita ng Himagsikan
the Spanish
○ The First Cry of Cavite – town’s The memoir of Emilio Aguinaldo that tells about the
tribunal was captured by Filipino experiences during Spanish Rule
revolutionists
Author’s background
Emilio Aguinaldo
5; Corazon Aquino ● First President ofthe PH
● Born March 22/23, 1869, near Cavite, Luzon,
About Cory’s Speech before the Joint Session
Philippine
Author’s background ● Died February 6, 1964, Quezon City
Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino
Historical background/context the document
● Born in: January 25, 1933; Paniqui, Tarlac
● Wife of Benigno Aquino Sr ● First volume produced on: 1928 - 1946
● 11th president, and 1st female president of the ● Produced in long hand and written in Tagalog
Philippines ● Sequencing of the Memoirs
○ Started with Aguinaldo boarding a
Historical background/context the document
bangka that will take him from Kabite
● Before the speech was given, these happened to Cavite El Viejo (Kawit, Cavite)
first: ■ Was annoyed because the
○ Declaration of Martial Law bangka was slow
○ Death of Ninoy ○ Upon arrival, he went directly to:
○ End of Martial Law Convent to tell the Kura about the
○ Snap Elections unsuccessful trip
○ Edsa People Revolution ■ unsuccessful = unable to
● Given because of Democracy secure guns
● Happened at: Washington D.C, September 18, ○ He finds it difficult to call the attention
1986 of the Kura
● Status of the Philippines during the speech ■ Kura = priest
○ $26 billion foreign debt ○ He suspected that they had a gist of his
○ Export earnings of: $4 billion dollars pagbabalatkayo from them
 ■ Pagbabalatkayo = disguise ○ Aguinaldo & Tirona - in charge of
■ He was disguising as an ally of disarming & getting the gun
the Kura (he was totally against ○ Dano will head back to Binakayan to
them) prepare the Katipunan
○ He went downstairs while trying to call ■ Binakayan: in Kawit, Cavite
the attention of convent people, the (Cavite el Viejo)
Kura asked him about his trip ○ Aguinaldo asked the help of Cuadrillero,
○ Went back to his house G. Honorio Falla, to prepare and seize
○ Went back to the tribunal guns
■ Followed by his 2 consejals ■ Cuadrillero: commander of the
● G. Candido Tirona armed band
● G. Santiago Dano ○ At 3 PM: the 3rd guardia civil
○ He was talking about his trip when he arrived–makisig at malaki
was cut off by his consejals, as they ○ The plan is to seize the guns of the 2
were eager to do an uprising smaller guardia civil–big guy shall be
■ Uprising = Attack the 3 dealt later on
roaming filipino guardia civil in ○ President of Balangay Pilar and Captain
their territory. Municipal of Imus, Mr. Jose Tagle went
○ Aguinaldo did not agree with the idea, to Cavite el Veijo to ask Aguinaldo for
but later on pitched in the idea of help, in attacking the enemies in Imus
disarming the guards–more peaceful ■ Along with Tagle were: 100 of
○ However, the councilor Tirona said not his men holding bolos and
to waste any more time, because they spears
received news of the attack: ○ Emilo was eager to help
■ Morning: tribunal and civil ■ Gathered: 600 men (Katipunan
guard quarters – San Francisco or not)
de Malabon ■ They have 9 long and old guns
■ Noon: Comandancia Provincial ● 3 of “Remington” from
of the civil guards (headed by guardia civil
capt. Antonio Redoblado) – ● Another “Skopeta de
Noveleta Piston” – for bird
○ After hearing the news, Aguinaldo hunting, borrowed
moved immediately from Capitan Municipal
■ But was firm in not of San Francisco de
attacking–disarm only Malabon
○ Aguinaldo led the march and the friar from the
■ Tinyente Abanderado: haciend’s window
lieutenant standard-bearer ● Killed many soldiers
■ Played the: Batalla de Jolo
— continued the attack. Meanwhile…
during the March
○ Divisions led by: ● Town of Noveleta to San Francisco de
■ Gen. Baldomero Aguinaldo: Malabon: Grand clebration (music and flags) –
North Leadership of Magdiwang
■ Soldiers of G. Tagle: South ● Andres Bonifacio was proclaimed: Haring Bayan
○ Fight will commence at: Infront of the
Note:
entrance of the covent and church
Magdiwang Magdalo
■ Signal is: Unahang makasapit at
“Makahari” “Republikano”
makasalakay sa kumbento.
○ G. Baldomero acted first and headed
the North
■ Tagle followed - South
■ Aguinaldo - West
● Signal “advanced”
along with the cry
“SISID”
○ Arrived at the convent door but only
found: Filipino priest
■ Father Buenaventura - kneeled
and asked for Aguinaldo’s
forgiveness
○ Instructed the 2 groups to walk to their
respective stands
○ Aguinaldo’s group discreetly clung to
the Hacienda’s fence
■ Nearing their destination
Aguinaldo shouted: SISID,
SISID
● Gun fire by the guardia
civil from the tower