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Non-Wood Fibers: Relationships of Fiber Properties with Pulp

Properties
Taslima Ferdous, Yonghao Ni, Mohammad Abdul Quaiyyum, Mohammad Nashir Uddin,
and Md Sarwar Jahan*

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ABSTRACT: In this investigation, the relationship between fiber

properties and papermaking properties of 22 non-wood materials at
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the unrefined and refined states was assessed. The fiber length had
positive and the cell wall thickness had negative correlation on the
strength properties for the refined pulp. The relationship between
papermaking properties with pulp quality, such as fines, curl index,
kink index, external fibrillation, and coarseness, was also determined.
The correlations of multiple regression equations of fiber quality
parameters were 70.4% for the tensile index and 84.9% for the tear
index for the refined pulp. The correlations of multiple regression
equations of chemical characteristics of the samples were 81.9% for
the pulp yield and 42.7% for the kappa number. Holocellulose and α-
cellulose had a positive and lignin had a negative effect on the pulp
yield.

1. INTRODUCTION with cellulose contents.4 Wallis et al. showed that wood

Depletion of forest resources calls for alternative resources for samples with a high cellulose content gave a higher pulp yield
the traditional uses. An important part of this challenge is to from eucalypt woods.2 Cohen and Mackney established
develop technologies for the efficient conversion of biomass significant correlations between wood chemical properties
into fuels, chemicals, and paper products. A successful and the properties of pulps derived from the woods under fixed
biomass-based fuel can be a replacement of fossil resources, conditions.5 Holocellulose gives a weak positive correlation
burning of which play a major role in global warming. In this with the pulp yield.6 Stewart et al. showed that the kraft pulp
regard, the chemical composition of biomass and its yields of Eucalyptus regnans samples were dependent on their
fractionation technique can play a major role in predicting lignin and pentosan contents.7 Batchelor et al. observed that
the feasibility of the bioproducts.1 kraft pulp yields of mixed eucalypt wood were well correlated
A major portion of the forest reserve of the world is used in with a combination of lignin, pentosan, and extractives.8
The paper sheet formation and its physical properties
conversion to pulp for use as paper and other products. Thus,
depend on original fiber characteristics and also on the fiber
selecting the appropriate alternate source of biomass is a big
response to processing variables. The network and bond
concern. In selecting a pulping raw material, the pulp yield is
formed by the pulp fibers contribute to the basic strength of
one of the most important factors. The pulp yield has also been
the paper. Morphology studies show that fibers are long
related to the lignin and polysaccharide contents.2 The rate of
narrow cells with tapering ends. They contain central canals,
enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars is inversely
which are known as lumen.9 The fibers differ significantly
proportional to the amount of lignin present in biomass, and
depending upon geographical location and native species. The
a difference of a few percentage points in the lignin content has
physical properties of paper differ from one species to another
a large effect on the efficiency of cellulose digestion.3 The
predicted sugar yield of a raw material with a lignin content of
22% was only half that of a raw material with 17% content, Received: June 4, 2021
while a raw material with 26% lignin content would yield Accepted: August 4, 2021
almost no sugar. Published: August 13, 2021
Many studies have been carried out to correlate the cellulose
content of wood with pulp yields. Dillner et al. found that kraft
pulp yields of Eucalyptus globulus wood were well correlated
© 2021 The Authors. Published by
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Table 1. Chemical Characteristics and Pulp Yield and Kappa Values of Soda-AQ Pulping Process for 22 Non-Woods
raw materials klason lignin (%) acid soluble lignin (%) holocellulose (%) α-cellulose (%) pulp yield (%) kappa number
bagasse 20.4 2.28 62.2 39.3 42.3 19.8
bamboo 26.9 2.88 65.5 46.9 46.29 26.8
banana pseudo stem 24.1 2.74 66.2 40.2 30.55 19.1
banana leaf 20.7 2.36 64.9 41.4 43.7 17.7
banana peduncle 20.4 2.56 73.7 45.2 56.44 18.3
cassava stalks 20.6 3.64 50.2 36.4 18.46 36.6
chia stalks 23.2 2.73 60.5 30.5 28.9 39
corn stalks 19.7 2.09 59.5 35.1 33.32 10
cotton stalks 23.3 3.64 66 35.7 41.74 17.5
dhaincha stalks 24.1 3.98 71.2 39.7 48.86 17.5
eggplant stalks 28.4 2.04 63.2 35 42.11 22.9
jute fiber 14.6 2.89 77.9 54.3 63.97 11.8
jute stick 27.1 2.46 69.2 37.7 34.43 30.1
kash stalks 19.8 3.17 66.2 43.3 41.98 18.2
kaun straw 19.3 3.03 56.6 35.9 26.67 15.1
mulberry stalks 26.3 2.58 70.2 38.8 32.01 40
mustard stalks 18.1 2.17 62.9 33.7 27.59 18.5
okra stalks 18.7 3.62 56.8 29.6 37.55 47.4
pineapple leaves 17.9 5.03 51.6 27.6 30.49 12.7
red Lentil stalks 23.8 3.52 59.2 36.5 31.12 35.5
rice straw 22.9 4.08 61.7 38.7 36.8 18.5
wheat straw 25.1 2.59 65.6 37 41.7 13.2

due to a great variety of wood types. The effect of Therefore, the present study focuses on preserving the
morphological characteristics of wood pulp fibers of hardwood natural reserve of forests and use of the alternate source to
species on pulp sheet strength was studied by Horn.10 produce pulp, which is one of the major uses of plant matter.
Oluwadare and Ashimiyu also showed that the fiber length, The present paper seeks to understand the correlation of
diameter, cell wall thickness, lumen size, and their derived chemical composition and morphological properties of 22 non-
morphological factors such as runkel ratio, flexibility wood samples with pulp yields and papermaking properties.
coefficient, slenderness ratio, and so forth are important The correlation of papermaking properties with fiber quality of
criteria to predict the paper properties.11 Oluwadare and chemical pulps was also established.
Ashimiyu found that for physical properties of raw pulp The successful prediction of the pulp yield and papermaking
without beating, the cell−wall thickness and fiber length had properties provides an opportunity for selecting the raw
the maximum impact.11 Dinwoodie summarized that the material. Also, the requirement to undertake time-consuming
principal fiber factors, such as fiber density, fiber length, and and expensive pulping and biomass conversion trials of many
fiber strength, controlled the strength properties of paper.12 samples may be significantly reduced.
Wangaard and Woodson observed a positive influence on both
breaking length and burst at a given level of sheet density fiber 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
strength and fiber length.13 Twenty-two non-wood samples, mostly from agriculture waste,
In addition to the morphological properties of the raw were collected from different parts of the country. The samples
material, produced pulp quality parameters such as fines, fiber were (1) bagasse (Saccharum), (2) bamboo (Bambusoideae),
coarseness, and curl and kink indexes also affect papermaking (3) banana (Musa Cavendish) pseudo stem, (4) banana (Musa
properties. Horn observed a negative relation of stretch with Cavendish) leaf, (5) Banana (Musa Cavendish) peduncle, (6)
fiber coarseness. The author also observed a detrimental effect Cassava (M. esculenta) stalks, (7) Chia (Salvia hispanica) stalks,
to bursting and tensile strength with fines (parenchyma (8) Corn (Zea mays) stalks, (9) Cotton (Gossypium) stalks,
cells).10 Other scientists showed that the kraft pulp fines (10). Dhaincha (Sesbaniaaculeata) stalks, (11). Eggplant
were effective in papermaking properties.14 It was observed (Solanummelongena) stalks (12). Jute (Corchorus) fiber, (13)
that different non-wood pulps had a higher drainage resistance jute (Corchorus) stick, (14) kash (Saccharums pontaneum)
at the unrefined state, consequently showing better paper- stalks, (15) kaun (Seetaria-ltalika) straw, (16) mulberry
making properties in the beaten state.15−18 The fiber (Morus) stalks, (17) mustard (Brassica juncea) stalks, (18)
deformations (kinks and curl) had a significant effect on the okra (A. esculentus) stalks, (19) pineapple (A. comosus) leaves,
strength properties of kraft pulp.19 The fiber deformations (20) red lentil (L. culinaris) stalks, (21) rice (Oryza sativa)
decreased fiber segment activation in the fiber network, straw, and (22) wheat (T. aestivum) straw.
consequently decreasing tensile and tensile stiffness indices 2.1. Chemical Analysis. The Klason lignin (T222 om83),
and increasing tear and fracture toughness indices of pulp acid-soluble lignin (TAPPI UM 250 1991) of these 22 non-
sheets.19 woods, were determined in accordance with TAPPI Standard
Almost of all these studies were carried out either on Test Methods. Holocellulose was determined by treating the
hardwood or on softwood species, while similar correlations on extractive free wood meal with NaClO2 solution.20 The pH of
non-wood fibers are scarce. the solution was maintained at 4 by adding CH3COOH−
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Table 2. Correlation between the Pulp Yield and Kappa Number with Chemical Characteristics
KL (%) ASL (%) holocellulose (%) α-cellulose (%) KN PY
klason Lignin (%) 1 −0.206 0.153 0.038 0.167 −0.106
acid soluble lignin (%) −0.206 1 −0.376 −0.420 0.178 −0.133
holocellulose (%) 0.153 −0.376 1 0.505a −0.378 0.775b
α-cellulose (%) 0.038 −0.420 0.505a 1 −0.267 0.359
KN 0.167 0.178 −0.378 −0.267 1 −0.404
PY −0.106 −0.133 0.775b 0.359 −0.404 1
a
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). bCorrelation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) PYpulp yield, KNkappa number,
ASLacid soluble lignin.

CH3COONa buffer, and α-cellulose was determined by 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

treating holocellulose with 17.5% NaOH. The chemical properties of 22 non-wood samples, pulp yield,
2.2. Morphological Properties. For the determination of and kappa number under the optimum conditions are shown
fiber morphological properties, first, these samples were in Table 1.
macerated in a solution containing 1:1 HNO3 and KClO3. A The relationship of the pulp yield and kappa number with
drop of the macerated sample was taken on a slide, and the chemical properties
fiber length and diameter were measured using an image
analyzer Euromex-Oxion using Image Focus Alpha software. PY = −39.462 − 0.614*KL (%) + 1.985*ASL (%)
For measuring the fiber length, 200 fibers were measured from + 1.340*holocellulose (%) − 0.008*α ‐cellulose (%)
the slides and the average reading was taken.
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the cross (R2 = 0.819, adjusted R2 = 0.671) (1)
section was recorded using a scanning electron microscope
(model EV018, Carl Zeiss AG, Germany). Fiber width, wall KN = 44.129 + 054*KL (%) + 1.895*ASL (%) − 0.591
thickness, and lumen diameter were measured from the SEM *holocellulose(%) − 0.032*α ‐cellulose (%)
image.
2.3. Pulping. Pulping was carried out using the soda- (R2 = 0.427, adjusted R2 = 0.183) (2)
anthraquinone (AQ) process. The conditions were described PY−pulp yield, KN−Kappa number, ASL−acid soluble lignin.
in detail elsewhere.16−18 The pulp yield and kappa number of The kraft pulp yield can be determined from the cellulose
these 22 non-woods samples are presented in Table 1. content in wood and can therefore be used as an indirect
2.4. Papermaking Properties. The papermaking proper- measure of it.2,21 The chemical characteristics of 22 non-woods
ties of paper sheets mainly include tensile, tear, and burst index were determined, and these data were used to determine the
as parameters. Pulps from each sample were beaten in a valley correlation with the pulp yield and kappa number by multiple
beater to different freeness (oSR), and hand sheets of about 60 regression analysis. The detailed correlations are shown in
g/m2 were made in a Rapid Kothen Sheet Making Machine. Table 2. Equation 1 shows the relationship between the
The sheets were tested for tensile (T 494 om-96), burst (T unbleached pulp yield and chemical characteristics. Holocellu-
403 om-97), and tear strength (T 414 om-98) according to lose had a positive correlation with the pulp yield, but Klason
TAPPI Standard Test Methods. The papermaking properties lignin was negatively correlated with the pulp yield (eq 1).
in the unrefined state and refined state at the maximum Similarly, Wallis et al. showed that the total carbohydrates of E.
tensile−tear were taken for the regression analysis. globulus wood samples were positively correlated with the pulp
Fiber quality of the pulp samples was determined by the yield and lignin was negatively correlated.2 Figures 1 and 2
Fiber Quality Analyzer360, OpTest, Canada. show individual correlation of the pulp yield with holocellulose
2.5. Modeling. Pearson Correlation coefficients among and α-cellulose, respectively. The R2 value was 74.5% for
Klason lignin (%), acid-soluble lignin (%), holocellulose (%), holocellulose and 56.7% only for α-cellulose, which slightly
improved to 76.4% and 60.5% in polynomial relation,
and α-cellulose (%), the kappa number and pulp yield were
computed first to assess the association between these
parameters. The significance of correction coefficients was
tested with 2-tailed t-test at 1 and 5% levels of significance.
Next, linear regression models have been developed taking
pulp yield, kappa number, and papermaking properties as
dependent variables and Klason lignin (%), acid soluble lignin
(%), holocellulose (%), α-cellulose (%) morphological proper-
ties, and fiber quality parameter as independent variables.
Coefficients of multiple determination (R2) have been
calculated for each model, which articulate how much the
independent variables can express the total variation in the
dependent variable in the model. R2 varied from 0 to 100%.
For calculating the correlation coefficient and developing
linear regression models, statistical software, SPSS of its
version 22.0, has been used. Figure 1. Relationship between holocellulose and pulp yield.

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Figure 2. Relationship between α-cellulose and pulp yield (not needed).

respectively. Kien et al. studied the effectiveness of cellulose Tensile and bursting strengths of pulps are the two
content as a selection trait in breeding programs for the kraft properties that are highly dependent on fiber-to-fiber
pulp yield in Eucalyptus urophylla.22 The regression of the pulp bonding.23 In this study, the tensile index of the unrefined
yield of disk samples on cellulose content was strong. A lower pulp had no correlation with the fiber length, while the tensile
correlation can be explained by heterogeneous non-woods with index of the refined pulp showed a positive correlation (Figure
a lot of variation in anatomical properties.15−17 4). The fiber length was the dominant factor for burst and
Equation 2 shows that multiple regression of the kappa tensile strength in the unbeaten state.10 Wangaard and
number was 42.7%. Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin had a Woodson obtained a positive influence on both breaking
positive influence on the kappa number. Linear regression of length and burst pulp from slash pine at a given level of sheet
the kappa number involving Klason lignin was accounted for density with fiber strength and fiber length.13 Regressions for
31% only (Figure 3). breaking length and burst factor of that study accounted for 88
and 90%, respectively. Wangaard et al. also showed that the
slash pine had a positive correlation between latewood fiber
length and zero-span breaking length within this species.24
As shown in eqs 3 and 4, the multiple regression analysis of
the tensile index involving these variables accounted for 57 and
66% for unrefined and refined pulps, respectively. The slender
ratio, runkel ratio, and flexibility coefficient had a positive
influence on the tensile index of both refined and unrefined
pulps.
The tear index of both refined and unrefined pulps was
directly related to the fiber length. The correlation was 76.5%
(Figure 5) and 66% (Figure 6) for unrefined and refined pulps,
respectively. Horn showed correlation between the tearing
strength of unbeaten (r =0.817) or beaten (r =0.832)
hardwood pulp with the fiber length.14 Wimmer et al. showed
that the fiber length had a strong effect on the tear index of E.
Figure 3. Relationship between Klason lignin and kappa number. globulus.25 Labosky and Ifju also found for Loblolly Pine wood
that the tear strength was highly correlated with the fiber
length.26 The lower correlation in the present experiment can
3.1. Correlation of Papermaking Properties with be explained by different non-wood species with heteroge-
Fiber Morphology. The original pulp fiber characteristics neous anatomical properties. Therefore, multiple factors affect
and its processing determine the papermaking properties of strength properties.
final products. The slenderness of the fiber is obtained by the Some researchers reported that long-fibered wood species
length to width ratio. The solid mass of the fiber depends on provided desirable paper strength properties.27−29 Also, some
the fiber cell wall. The central cavity in the fiber is known as research results showed that the fiber length had little effect on
fiber lumen, which is void. Pulp refining depends on the fiber the production of paper of acceptable strength.30−32
wall thickness and lumen. Fibers with the thin cell wall collapse Generally, tensile and burst strengths of handsheets made
readily. Therefore, importance of the fiber wall on properties of from hardwoods and softwoods respond to have the same fiber
paper had been acknowledged. The pulps from thin-walled and morphological effects. However, the non-wood pulp behaves
wide lumen fibers give dense and well-bonded sheets and those differently. For example, straws, banana waste fibers, corn
from the thick wall give bulky sheets with high tearing stalks, and so forth contain high amounts of fines;
resistance.9 The morphological and papermaking properties of consequently, it increased the bonding potential in the
22 non-woods pulps are shown in Table 3. unrefined state and exhibited higher tensile and burst
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Table 3. Morphological Properties of Raw Materials and Papermaking Properties of the Corresponding Pulp
tensile index burst index tear index
(N·m/g) (kPa·m2/g) (mN·m2/g)
wall
fiber length fiber width thickness slender runkel flexibility
raw materials (mm) (μm) (μm) ratio ratio coefficient unrefined refined unrefined refined unrefined refined
bagasse 1.36 16.2 1.9 79.2 0.317 73.45 58.96 85.41 3.41 4.9 6.6 5.98
bamboo 2.0 18.4 2.6 108.7 0.4 70.65 25.8 60.8 1.2 5.5 12.1 14.5
banana pseudo 1.22 14.81 1.51 82.37 0.27 78.3 44.64 76 3.59 5.16 10.1 6.85
stem
banana leaf 1.92 13.75 2.52 139.63 0.57 63.3 48.74 83.7 3.69 5.93 10.58 7.6
banana 1.5 25.18 1.27 59.57 0.16 86.2 48.5 70.4 3.11 4.54 7.47 7
peduncle
cassava stalks 0.65 25.5 2.09 25.49 0.204 78.9 38.1 52.9 1.2 2.43 4.6 5
chia stalks 0.67 15.55 1.91 43.1 0.34 71.43 43.3 72.3 1.7 3.8 5.9 4.4
corn stalks 0.9 15.7 1.78 57.3 0.33 66.9 52.39 78 2.82 4.15 6.85 5.36
cotton stalks 0.9 17.2 2.21 52.3 0.36 71.1 25.2 66 1 3.3 5.6 5
dhaincha stalks 0.73 19.5 2.12 37.4 0.28 78.7 55.6 93.7 2.2 5.6 8.1 8.1
eggplant stalks 0.58 13.2 2.49 43.84 0.678 55.61 34.1 58.2 1.9 3.5 6.65 6.85
jute fiber 2.02 10.8 3.5 187.03 1.71 37.96 28.9 85.7 2.2 6.8 18.7 20.8
jute stick 0.67 20.7 3.5 32.37 0.54 62.3 34.8 70.3 3.1 5.3 6.8 6.3
kash stalks 0.86 13.6 2 63.2 0.408 72.1 64.71 87 3.31 5.26 6.85 6.6
kaun straw 0.814 13.9 3.3 58.56 1.015 46.76 42.8 67.3 2.3 3.7 6.23 4.98
mulberry 0.65 16.3 2.21 39.88 0.391 69.38 33.59 67.56 2.24 3.79 7.47 6.9
mustard stalks 0.87 13.7 2.53 63.5 0.61 60.1 43 73.5 1.7 3.2 5.9 5.4
okra stalks 1.14 21 1.75 54.29 0.339 77.23 40.1 78.2 2.14 4.04 7.47 7.06
pineapple 1.06 7.35 1.9 144.2 1.08 47.6 40.3 73.2 2.4 3.5 7.21 7.1
leaves
red lentil stalks 0.74 14.3 2.32 51.7 0.49 66 36.1 58.6 1 3.3 2 3
rice straw 0.78 11.6 1.83 83.87 0.56 60.21 60.5 80.4 2.9 5.1 5.7 6.4
wheat straw 0.97 9.3 1.99 83.62 0.65 61.63 36.1 53.5 2.14 3.11 5.6 4.98

Figure 4. Relationship between the fiber length and tensile index of

Figure 5. Relationship between the fiber length and tear index of the
the refined pulp.
unrefined pulp.

UTenI = −16.344 − 20.721*FL + 0.020*FW − 11.593

index.16−18 Therefore, multiple factors affecting the fiber bond *WT + 0.389*SR + 42.524*RR + 0.918*FC
depended on paper properties in different non-wood pulps. (R2 = 0.570, adjusted R2 = 0.325) (3)
As shown in Table 4, the papermaking properties were
negatively correlated with the cell wall thickness. The
TenI = −26.920 − 0.862*FL − 1.772*FW + 0.773*WT
correlation coefficient of the tensile index of the refined pulp
+ 0.144*SR + 33.193*RR + 1.53*FC
with the fiber wall thickness was 62.2% (Figure 7). The
(R2 = 0.659, adjusted R2 = 0.435) (4)
correlation coefficients for the tear index and burst index were
very low (data are not shown). In an earlier study, parenchyma
UBI = − 0.512 + 0.7162*FL − 0.056*FW − 1.117*WT
cells were removed from the white oak pulp, which increased
strength properties slightly due to the thick cell wall of the oak + 0.010*SR + 3.271*RR + 0 .049*FC
fiber.10 (R2 = 0.811, adjusted R2 = 0.658) (5)

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Figure 8. Relationship between the slender ratio and tensile index of

Figure 6. Relationship between the fiber length and tear index of the the refined pulp.
refined pulp.
Fibers having the runkel ratio less than 1.0 are considered to
be thin-walled fibers, which facilitate fibers that collapse easily
and form a paper sheet with a large bonded area. If the runkel
ratio is more than 1.0, the fibers are stiff and difficult to
collapse and form bulkier paper with a less bonded area.34 As
shown in Table 4, the runkel ratio was negatively correlated
with papermaking properties. The correlation of the tensile
index of the refined pulp with a runkel ratio was 62.2%.
The flexibility coefficient describes the extent of fiber
bonding in the paper sheet.35,36 The flexibility coefficient
showed a positive correlation with papermaking properties
(eqs 3−8).
3.2. Correlation of Papermaking Properties with Pulp
Fiber Quality. Pulp fines, curl and kink indexes, external
Figure 7. Relationship between the fiber wall thickness and tensile fibrillation, and coarseness were measured in the unrefined
index of the refined pulp. pulp, and a multiple regression of these properties of pulp with
papermaking properties was developed. The fiber quality
BI = − 7.603 − 0.895*FL − 0.102*FW − 0.310*WT parameter and papermaking properties are given in Table 5. As
+ 0.032*SR + 4.862*RR + 0.159*FC shown in eq 9, multiple regressions of the tensile index of the
unrefined pulp with fines, curl and kink indexes, external
(R2 = 0.822, adjusted R2 = 0.675) (6) fibrillation, and coarseness accounted for 41.9%, while the
same for the refined pulp was 70.4% (eq 10). Similarly,
UTI = −7.499 + 1.659*FL − 0.104*FW + 0.030*WT multiple regression correlations for the burst index were 55.8%
(eq 11) and 69.5% (eq 12), and those for the tear index were
+ 0.019*SR + 4.725*RR + 0.160*FC
44.7% (eq 13) and 84.9% (eq 14) for unrefined and refined
(R2 = 0.655, adjusted R2 = 0.428) (7) pulps, respectively.
Pulp fines increase wet web strength, leading to a denser and
TI = −8.242 − 1.248*FL + 0.050*FW − 0.594*WT better bonded sheet.34 These 22 non-wood pulps contain a
wide variation of fines, for example, 16.1% in dhaincha to
+ 0.034*SR + 6.603*RR + 0.159*FC 66.8% in banana leaf pulp. Fines consist mainly of cellulosics
(R2 = 0.526, adjusted R2 = 0.277) (8) such as ray cells, vessel fragments, and broken cell wall
material, which are 0.2 mm less in length. Fines can play a
UTenIunrefined tensile index, TenIrefined tensile determining role in many surface-related interactions before
index, UBIunrefined burst index, BIburst index, UTI sheet consolidation, and they also affect final sheet properties.
unrefined tear index, TIrefined tear index, WTwall Equation 9 showed a positive influence on the tensile index of
thickness, FLfiber length, FWfiber width, SRslender the unrefined pulp with pulp fines, while the refined pulp
ratio, RRrunkel ratio, and FCflexibility coefficient. showed a negative influence (Table 3). The literature study
The derived values from the morphological properties such reveals that primary fines have little effect in sheet
as runkel ratio, flexibility coefficient, slenderness ratio, and so bonding.37−39 Fines from kraft and recycled paper are quite
forth are considered significant parameters to evaluate the effective, while those from TMP are ineffective in increasing
papermaking properties.11 The fiber of the pulping raw handsheet density, breaking length, and burst index. Different
material with a slenderness ratio less than 70 is not good for non-wood fines behaved quite differently, some of them
papermaking properties.33 The slender ratio and flexibility facilitated fiber bonding and some of them did not.
coefficient had a positive correlation, and the runkel ratio had a Another important property that has an impact on strength
negative correlation with papermaking properties (Table 4). and optical properties of paper sheets is coarseness. The
The correlation of the tensile index of the refined pulp with a coarseness is the mass of the fiber per unit length. Coarseness
slender ratio was 42% (Figure 8). and cell wall thickness are different properties but are often
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Table 4. Correlation between Papermaking Properties and Morphological Properties

FL FW WT SR RR FC UTenI TenI UBI BI UTI TI
FL 1 0.116 −0.247 0.806a −0.160 0.254 0.267 0.407 0.668a 0.574b 0.612a 0.399
FW 0.116 1 −0.430 −0.429 −0.650a 0.739a −0.171 −0.205 −0.192 −0.243 −0.022 0.124
WT −0.247 −0.430 1 0.024 0.856a −0.814a −0.294 −0.251 −0.330 −0.284 −0.198 −0.254
SR 0.806a −0.429 0.024 1 0.217 −0.196 0.375 0.461 0.694a 0.660a 0.548b 0.310
RR −0.160 −0.650a 0.856a 0.217 1 −0.954a −0.101 −0.152 −0.072 −0.112 −0.115 −0.174
FC 0.254 0.739a −0.814a −0.196 −0.954a 1 0.113 0.191 0.120 0.177 0.191 0.266
UTenI 0.267 −0.171 −0.294 0.375 −0.101 0.113 1 0.776a 0.712a 0.728a 0.265 0.356
TenI 0.407 −0.205 −0.251 0.461 −0.152 0.191 0.776a 1 0.666a 0.860a 0.563b 0.577b
UBI 0.668a −0.192 −0.330 0.694a −0.072 0.120 0.712a 0.666a 1 0.836a 0.740a 0.618a
BI 0.574b −0.243 −0.284 0.660a −0.112 0.177 0.728a 0.860a 0.836a 1 0.699a 0.680a
UTI 0.612a −0.022 −0.198 0.548b −0.115 0.191 0.265 0.563b 0.740a 0.699a 1 0.822a
TI 0.399 0.124 −0.254 0.310 −0.174 0.266 0.356 0.577b 0.618a 0.680a 0.822a 1
a
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). bCorrelation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). UTenIunrefined tensile index,
TenIrefined tensile index, UBIunrefined burst index, BIburst index, UTIunrefined tear index, TIrefined tear index, WTwall
thickness, FLfiber length, FWfiber width, SRslender ratio, RRrunkel ratio, and FCflexibility coefficient.

Table 5. Pulp Fiber Quality and Its Papermaking Properties

tensile index burst index tear index
(N·m/g) (kPa·m2/g) (mN·m2/g)
raw materials fines curl index kink index fibrillation coarseness unrefined refined unrefined refined unrefined refined
bagasse 30 0.112 1.695 1.36 0.131 58.96 85.41 3.41 4.9 6.6 5.98
banana pseudo stem 54.35 0.191 2.74 2.02 0.081 44.64 76 3.59 5.16 10.1 6.85
banana leaf 66.8 0.194 2.485 0.62 0.091 48.74 83.7 3.69 5.93 10.58 7.6
banana peduncle 33.05 0.103 1.59 1.995 0.097 48.5 70.4 3.11 4.54 7.47 7
cassava stalks 53.2 0.04 0.938 1 0.034 38.1 52.9 1.2 2.43 4.6 5
chia stalks 31.25 0.093 1.72 1.17 0.149 43.3 72.3 1.7 3.8 5.9 4.4
corn stalks 58.6 0.127 1.92 1.49 0.092 52.39 78 2.82 4.15 6.85 5.36
cotton stalks 28.9 0.138 2.11 1.43 0.089 25.2 66 1 3.3 5.6 5
dhaincha stalks 16.13 0.059 1.145 1.13 0.083 55.6 93.7 2.2 5.6 8.1 8.1
eggplant stalks 18.2 0.067 1.4 1.7 0.058 34.1 58.2 1.9 3.5 6.65 6.85
jute fiber 17.9 0.1365 1.21 0.985 0.08 28.9 85.7 2.2 6.8 18.7 20.8
jute stick 73.4 0.077 1.39 2.57 0.051 72.9 4.7 4.9
kash stalks 43.43 0.152 1.703 1.41 0.119 64.71 87 3.31 5.26 6.85 6.6
kaun straw 51.55 0.132 2.38 0.78 0.106 42.8 67.3 2.3 3.7 6.23 4.98
mulberry 36.7 0.064 1.35 1.4 0.04 33.59 67.6 2.24 3.79 7.47 6.9
mustard stalks 48.17 0.105 1.827 2.07 0.167 43 73.5 1.7 3.2 5.9 5.4
okra stalks 31.6 0.101 1.75 1.4 0.143 40.1 78.2 2.14 4.04 7.47 7.06
red lentil stalks 37.7 0.138 2.15 2.62 0.128 36.1 58.6 1 3.3 2 3
rice straw 47.2 0.181 2.77 1.83 0.0863 60.5 80.4 2.9 5.1 5.7 6.4
wheat straw 42.9 0.15 2.45 1.53 0.095 36.1 53.5 2.14 3.11 5.6 4.98

Table 6. Correlation between Papermaking Properties with Pulp Fiber Quality

fines curl index kink index fibrillation coarseness UTenI TenI UBI BI UTI TI
fines 1 0.486a 0.559a −0.069 −0.005 0.248 −0.134 0.384 −0.009 0.336 −0.380
curl index 0.486a 1 0.858b 0.114 0.222 0.234 0.258 0.492a 0.465a 0.188 0.068
kink index 0.559a 0.858b 1 0.236 0.252 0.146 −0.049 0.365 0.168 0.255 −0.330
fibrillation −0.069 0.114 0.236 1 0.251 −0.034 −0.285 -0.121 −0.234 −0.233 −0.340
coarseness −0.005 0.222 0.252 0.251 1 0.255 0.252 0.018 0.026 −0.091 −0.244
UTenI 0.248 0.234 0.146 −0.034 0.255 1 0.616b 0.715b 0.626b 0.368 −0.077
TenI −0.134 0.258 −0.049 −0.285 0.252 0.616b 1 0.539a 0.873b 0.322 0.551a
UBI 0.384 0.492a 0.365 −0.121 0.018 0.715b 0.539a 1 0.749b 0.721b 0.136
BI −0.009 0.465a 0.168 −0.234 0.026 0.626b 0.873b 0.749b 1 0.496a 0.520a
UTI 0.336 0.188 0.255 −0.233 −0.091 0.368 0.322 0.721b 0.496a 1 −0.077
TI −0.380 0.068 −0.330 −0.340 −0.244 −0.077 0.551a 0.136 0.520a −0.077 1
a
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). bCorrelation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). UTenIunrefined tensile index,
TenIrefined tensile index, UBIunrefined burst index, BIburst index, UTIunrefined tear index, and TIRefined tear index.

found to be correlated. Equations 11−14 show that fiber negative impact on burst and tear indexes. Seth described that
coarseness had a positive impact on the tensile index and a coarser fibers have thicker walls and have a smaller specific
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surface area because of smaller per unit pulp mass.40 TI = 13.814 − 0.077*fines + 80.615*curl index − 5.743
Retulainen observed a strong dependence of the light
scattering coefficient of paper on fiber coarseness.41 *kink index − 1.138*fibrillation − 15.95*coarseness
As shown in Table 6, external fibrillation had a slight (R2 = 0.849, adjusted R2 = 0.702) (14)
negative effect on papermaking properties.
A large number of external fibrils produced after beating UTenIunrefined tensile index, TenIrefined tensile
increased the retention of the filler and contributed to fiber index, UBIunrefined burst index, BIburst index, UTI
bonding, resulting in improved tensile strength and internal unrefined tear index, and TIrefined tear index.
bond strength.42 However, this investigation showed a negative From the abovementioned discussion, it can be deduced that
correlation with papermaking properties (Table 6). bagasse, corn stalks, cotton stalks, dhaincha stalks, kash stalks,
A curl index of about 10% is considered straight fibers, an and wheat straw had a higher pulp yield with a good tensile
index of about 20% curly fibers.43 The curl index is the ratio of index and high fines content. The tear index of these non-wood
the true contour length of the fiber divided by the projected pulps was inferior due to shorter fiber length and are suitable
length. As shown in Table 6, the curl index varied from 6% in fine paper. Samples containing a longer fiber such as jute,
the Mulberry plant pulp to 19% in the banana leaf pulp. Most banana peduncle, and bamboo pulps had a superior tear index
of these pulps were straight fibers. Beating of pulp provided and lower fines, and such a property allows these samples to be
externally fibrillated fibers, which facilitated restoring, swelling, used in the manufacture of kraft liner and specialty papers.
and straightening of fibers. However, in this study, the curl Also, the long fiber pulp could be mixed with the above-
index had a positive correlation with papermaking properties mentioned short fiber non-wood pulps and could be used as
(Table 6). According to Page, the curled fibers have a low raw materials for tissue paper. Thus, when using different non-
tensile index but can have high tear strength.43 The woods from Bangladesh, the abovementioned modeling can
discrepancy in the present study can be explained by different help predict the pulp yield with the papermaking properties
anatomical properties of different non-woods, for example, and their potential use in different types of papers.
primary fines, initial external fibrillation, and so forth in some
non-wood contribute to bonding potential, which affect 4. CONCLUSIONS
papermaking properties. In case of other raw materials, fiber The relationships between pulp and papermaking properties
length, slender ratio, and so forth affect papermaking with 22 non-wood fiber characteristics were established. The
properties. Therefore, it is hard to predict papermaking pulp yield was positively correlated with holocellulose and α-
properties from the model of different non-woods. cellulose. Lignin had a negative effect on the pulp yield and a
Kink is the abrupt change in the fiber curvature. As shown in positive effect on the kappa number. The fiber length showed a
eqs 9−12 and 14, the kink index had a negative effect with positive effect in tensile and burst indexes of the refined pulp,
papermaking properties. Mohlin and Alfredsson also exhibited while the tear index of both refined and unrefined pulps was
a negative effect of fiber deformation (curl and kink) on paper found to be related directly to the fiber length. Pulp fines had a
making properties.44 positive influence on the tensile index of the unrefined pulp,
while the refined pulp showed a negative influence. It is
UTenI = 32.170 + 0.215*fines + 93.994*curl index difficult to predict papermaking properties from the pulp fiber
quality parameter from multiple regression analysis of different
− 8.199*kink index − 0.690*fibrillation + 85.978
non-wood pulps. Therefore, multiple factors affecting the bond
*coarseness (R2 = 0.419, adjusted R2 = 0.175) depended on paper properties in different non-wood pulps.

TenI = 80.868 − 0.156*fines + 283.637*curl index

(9)
■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
Md Sarwar Jahan − Pulp and Paper Research Division,
− 18.985*kink index − 7.237*fibrillation + 105.937 Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
*coarseness (R2 = 0.704, adjusted R2 = 0.495) Laboratories, Dhaka, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
(10) orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-2562; Email: sarwar2065@
hotmail.com
UBI = 1.478 − 0.013*fines + 12.249*curl index − 0.431 Authors
*kink index − 0.186*fibrillation − 0.632*coarseness Taslima Ferdous − Department of Applied Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000,
(R2 = 0.558, adjusted R2 = 0.311) (11) Bangladesh
Yonghao Ni − Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of
New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B 5A3, Canada;
BI = 4.620 − 0.016*fines + 25.591*curl index − 1.157 orcid.org/0000-0001-6107-6672
*kink index − 0.457*fibrillation − 0.38 Mohammad Abdul Quaiyyum − Department of Applied
*coarseness(R2 = 0.695, adjusted R2 = 0.483) Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka,
(12)
Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Mohammad Nashir Uddin − Pulp and Paper Research
UTI = 5.732 + 0.027*fines − 9.984*curl index + 1.620 Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research Laboratories, Dhaka, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
*kink index − 1.167*fibrillation − 4.710*coarseness
Complete contact information is available at:
(R2 = 0.447, adjusted R2 = 0.20) (13) https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02933
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Notes (21) Kube, P. D.; Raymond, C. A. Prediction of whole-tree basic

The authors declare no competing financial interest. density and pulp yield using wood core samples in Eucalyptus nitens.

■
Appita 2002, 55, 43−48.
(22) Kien, N. D.; Quang, T. H.; Jansson, G.; Harwood, C.; Clapham,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS D.; Von Arnold, S. Cellulose content as a selection trait in breeding
Authors wish to thank Bangladesh Council of Scientific and for kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus urophylla. Ann. For. Sci. 2009, 66,
Industrial Research for providing fund to carry out the 1−8.
(23) Casey, J. P. Pulp, paper chemistry and chemical technology
research.

■
(Volume I). Pulping and Bleaching; Inter science Publisher. Inc.: New
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