MODULE 3 conceptual changes in cosmology,
religion, physics, and philosophy.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
Below are well-known personalities who
made significant contributions to science. The Earth revolves around the sun
along with the other planets, instead
of the sun revolving around the
1) NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Earth.
(February 19,1473 – May 24,1543) The moon is the only celestial object
Father of Modern Astronomy that revolves around the Earth.
A Polish Astronomer The Earth completes one full rotation
The first modern European scientist to on the axis every day, giving us
propose that the Earth and other daytime and nighttime.
planets revolve around the sun Other planets’ revolutions around the
(Heliocentric Theory) and contradicts sun take significantly longer than the
the Geocentric/Ptolemaic Theory. Earth.
The universe is actually
Heliocentric Theory – Sun is the center of overwhelmingly larger than it was
the solar system and the planets revolve originally believed to be.
around it.
Geocentric Theory – Earth is the center of
2) CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
the solar system.
An English naturalist and biologist. He
THE CHANGE FROM THE BELIEF OF
was born in Shrewsbury, England, in
GEOCENTRIC TO HELIOCENTRIC
1809 and died in the year 1882 at the
HAPPENED THROUGH THE
age of 73 years old.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF OTHER
His work has brought a great impact
IMPORTANT PERSONS SUCH AS:
on how people approach Biology
1. Brahe’s observation of the star forever. This revolution provided a
Cassiopeia. different theory than the theory of
2. Kepler stated that the planets move in creation. The Darwinian revolution
elliptical orbits and the sun at the center. started when Charles Darwin
3. Galileo Galilei developed a telescope published his book, “The Origin of
and observed Venus. Species” that emphasizes that humans
4. Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation. The are a result of evolution.
Copernican revolution influences
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION orangutans plus all their immediate
DARWINISM OR DARWINIAN ancestors).
THEORY
Homo Habilis – also known as the “handy
Darwinism is an evolution developed man”. This species had developed the
by the English naturalist Charles ability to modify stone into tools.
Darwin, stating that all species of
Homo Erectus – is the oldest known species
organisms arise and develop through
to have a human-like body, with relatively
natural selection.
elongated legs and shorter arms in
comparison to its torso. This species is also
NATURAL SELECTION
the first one to use fire.
Natural selection is the process
Homo Sapiens or modern humans – are the
through which populations of living
most common and widespread species of
organisms adapt and change.
primate, and the last surviving species of the
Individuals in a population are
genus Homo. (Wiseman)
naturally variable, meaning that they
are all different in some ways.
3) SIGMUND FREUD (1856 – 1939)
THE FOUR PROPOSITIONS
UNDERLYING DARWIN’S THEORY
A famous figure in psychology. He
OF EVOLUTION THROUGH
also made a significant contribution to
NATURAL SELECTION ARE:
the scientific world through the
1. More individuals are produced than can development of an important
survive; observational method to gather reliable
2. There is therefore a struggle for data to study of human’s inner life.
existence; This method is popularly known as
3. Those individuals with heritable traits psychoanalysis.
better suited to the environment will
survive.
4. When reproductive isolation happens, THEORY OF PYSCHOSEXUAL
new species form. DEVELOPMENT
STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
Hominidae > Homo Habilis > Homo Erectus
1. Oral Stage (0–1-year-old)
> Homo Sapiens > Human
Children derive pleasure from oral
activities, including sucking and
tasting. They like to put things in their
Hominidae – the group consisting of all
mouths.
modern and extinct Great Apes (that is,
modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and
2. Anal Stage (2-3 years old)
Children begin potty training. 3. SUPEREGO (Moral Principle)
Conscience [what is right from
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years old) wrong]
Boys are more attached to their mother Ego Ideal [what and how we want to
while girls are more attached to their be]
father.
THREE LEVELS OF MIND
4. Latent Stage (6 years old to puberty)
Children spend more time and interact 1. Conscious Mind
mostly with same sex peers. Awareness of the self in space and
time.
5. Genital Stage (Beyond puberty)
Individuals are attached to opposite 2. Preconscious Mind
sex peers. Consist of anything that could
potentially be brought into the
conscious mind.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
3. Unconscious Mind
A therapeutic approach or a treatment
A reservoir of feelings, thoughts,
based on studies of the conscious and
urges and memories that are outside
unconscious human mind.
of our conscious assswareness.
Help people to improve their lives by
gaining a better understanding about PSYCHODYNAMICS – The study of
how they think and feel. mental and emotional processes that
influence behavior.
FREUD’s STRUCTURE OF THE
HUMAN PSYCHE
4) ISAAC NEWTON (1643 – 1727)
An English physicist and
mathematician (Calculus) who was
1. ID ( Pleasure Principle )
the culminating figure of the
Basic instinct
Scientific Revolution of the 17th
Seeking pleasure
century.
Avoiding pain and suffering
Part of our mind that we are not
He was one of the world’s great
aware of.
scientists because he took his ideas
and the ideas of earlier scientists and
2. EGO (Reality Principle)
combined them into a unified picture
A realistic agent mediates between
of how the universe works.
ID and Superego.
NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION LAWS
OF MOTION
First Law (Law of Inertia) – states that
every object in a state of uniform motion
will remain in that state of motion unless
an external force acts on it.
Second Law – states that the change in
motion is proportional to the applied
force and takes place in the straight line
by which that force is applied.
Third Law – states that for every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
states that every particle attracts
every other particle in the universe
with force directly proportional to
the product of the two masses and
inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.
