Page 311 Is modelling an essential part of all b) y increases to maxima when x approaches 2

research in biology? and 7; y decreases to a minimum as x

1. Helps in the design of the experiment; the control approaches 5; y decreases to zeros as x
and experimental variables can be defined based decreases below 2 and increases above 8.
on the hypothesis; the experimental method is c) y = 0 when x is less than 2; y increases as x
determined by the hypothesis; observations are increases above 2; smaller and smaller
made through the lens of the hypothesis. increases/y reaching a plateau/maximum
2. Hypotheses have to be based on something, they when x is above 8.
can be based on a theory or they can be based on 2. a) Sketch graph should show a straight line
a prior period of observation that results in the decrease in y as x increases.
beginnings of a testable generalization. b) Sketch graph should show a decrease in y
3. Most famous example of serendipitous discovery that becomes less and less steep as x
is that of penicillin; the pacemaker was originally increases.
intended to record heart sounds. c) Sketch graph should show a decrease in y
that becomes steeper and steeper as x
increases.
Page 314 Printing a human kidney
3. a) Metabolic rate in a homeothermic/warm-
1. Challenges include: blooded animal as environmental
• Design of biomaterials that can be placed
temperature decreases to a level where
inside the body;
thermogenic respiration has to begin and
• Getting cells to grow outside the body;
then has to occur at an increasing rate with
• Encouraging blood vessels to develop in new
further temperature decreases.
tissues/organs.
b) Size of male salmon swimming up a river to
2. Achievements so far include: breed (jacks and hooknoses).
• Production of a variety of suitable
biomaterials; c) Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on
rate of photosynthesis in plants.
• Successful use of biomaterials to act as a
scaffold for a new tissue/organ;
• Getting many cell types to grow outside the Page 316 Data-based question: Yoda’s law
body; 1. a) Both species have a mean mass of
• Using stem cells to produce functioning tissues approximately 10,000 grams at a density of
such as cardiac muscle; one tree per m2.
• Production of bladders for transplant using a b) Both species have a mean mass of
patient’s own stem cells; approximately 200 grams at a density of ten
• Development of printing technology in which trees per m2.
cells are applied in layers, in precise arrays as 2. a) Prunus pensylvanica grew at the highest
in natural organs; density.
• Development of techniques for wound healing b) Abies balsamea grew to the largest mass.
by applying cells with printing technology to a 3. The points on the diagram suggest that the
wound on a patient. relationship can be modelled by a straight line;
Challenges still to be surmounted include: since the graphs use logarithmic scales, they
• Producing solid organs such as kidneys; suggest a linear relationship between log W and
• Getting liver, nerve and pancreas cells to grow log ρ (rho).
outside the body. 4. The equation of the regression line for logW on
log ρ can be found by entering the values of log W
Page 316 How do biologists use graphs to model and log ρ into a calculator in 2-variable statistics
relationships? mode; the calculator will give the equation of the
1. a) From x = 0 to x = 6, level of y decreases as the line in the form y = A + Bx, so logW = A + Blog ρ.
If B = -3/2 (within the expected variability) then
level of x increases/negative correlation;
the equation is of the form W = C ρ-3/2 showing
above x = 6 the level of y does not change as
that Yoda's law fits the data; the value of C can be
the level of x increases.
estimated from the graphs as log W = log C ρ-3/2,
so log C = A and therefore C = 10A.

1 © Oxford University Press 2017

5. a) There are two advantages of using Page 320 How can agent-based modelling be
logarithms: used to simulate interactions in ecosystems?
• It is possible to find the nature of the 1. a) Autonomous agent: intelligent/programmed;
relationship, including establishing that independent; responsive to its environment;
the power of ρ is -3/2; has its own goals; and is able to pursue them.
• Without using logarithms, it would not be b) Mitigate adverse effects: reduce the severity;
possible to show such a wide range of of the harm caused by something.
values of W on one diagram. 2. a) Excessive logging of rainforests so few trees
b) The graph is a curve, with lower values of W of a particular species remain; collection of
for higher values of ρ, and with the gradient all or most wild orchids of one species;
getting smaller as ρ increases. extraction of so much water from a river for
irrigation that the river downstream runs
Page 317 How are statistical samples used to dry; poaching of more elephants for ivory
model populations? than are added to the population each year
1. Not representative; not every individual in the by reproduction.
population has an equal chance of being b) Examples of chemical pollution; light
encountered walking along the street; affected by pollution; fragmentation; disturbance due to
where the person lives/works/whether they can noise; drainage of wetlands; climate
walk/how they spend their time. change/global warming; introduction of
2. Not representative; not every individual has a alien species; raising of sea levels;
landline telephone; more than one person share acidification of oceans.
some landlines; some landlines are used by 3. Yes; not clear if the outcome is reliable unless the
businesses rather than private individuals. simulation is re-run.
3. Year groups; boys and girls.
Page 321 How can the ecological footprint model
Page 318 Data-based question: Does aspirin lower help our understanding of resource consumption?
body temperature in children? 1. Sources of land: cropland; forest; built-up land;
shoreline.
1. a) 38.4 – 39.5 °C
Resources from land: energy, settlement space,
b) 37.6 – 38.8 °C plant products for food, building, paper, clothes.
c) Data overlaps; higher maximum before 2. Answers will vary - for example international
treatment; lower minimum after treatment. school students will find that air travel makes for
2. a) 38.90 °C the largest ecological and carbon footprint.
b) 38.05 °C 3. It is the calculated calendar date on which
3. Difference in mean temperature before and after humanity’s resource consumption for the year
treatment; which is evidence for aspirin lowering exceeds the earth’s capacity to regenerate those
body temperature; but the sample size was resources that year.
small/only 12; boys were not included; only 4- 4. An interactive map can be viewed on the website
year olds were included; only flu patients were of footprintnetwork.org. It indicates that
included; may not be representative of the Northern hemisphere high income per capita
broader population of children. countries have the highest ecological footprint.

Page 319 How can games be used to model the

interaction between organisms?
1. Rock paper scissors.
2. Wave form/sinusoidal/oscillating.
3. When encountering this strategy
Payoff to orange- yellow- blue-
this throated throated throated
strategy challenger challenger challenger
orange- (0) sneaks in does not
throated’s and mates challenge
territory with (1)
multiple
females
(-1)
yellow- mates with (0) does not
throated’s females challenge
territory (1) (-1)
blue- mates with fails to mate (0)
throated’s the one with the one
territory female female (1)
(-1)

© Oxford University Press 2017

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Summative assessment: Forest conservation
1. a) i) Indonesia: 13,000 km2; Brazil: 42,000 km2
ii) Indonesia: 19,000 km2; Brazil 20,000 km2
b) Both countries have more than 5,000 km2 of forest loss every year; forest
loss fluctuates in both countries; Brazil has more forest loss throughout
the study period; overall Brazil forest loss is decreasing whereas
Indonesia forest loss is increasing.
c) Rising in Indonesia and falling in Brazil; correlation coefficient is 0.83 in
Indonesia and -0.71 in Brazil; on average 1,021 more km2 of loss each
year in Indonesia and 1,318 km2 less in Brazil per year; p-value for the
correlation is higher for Brazil/0.009 versus 0.001/correlation more
statistically significant for Indonesia.
d) p-value indicates the statistical significance of the correlation; the lower
the p-value the less chance that there is of no genuine correlation/the less
chance that the null hypothesis is true; low p-value for both Indonesia
and Brazil so the null hypothesis can be rejected; lower p-value for
Indonesia so greater confidence.

2. Clearance for: agriculture; mining; urbanization; hydroelectric schemes;

logging.

3. a) Equatorial West Africa; Madagascar; Amazonia; Siberia.

b) (Countries with areas coloured pink): Sweden; New Guinea; USA; forest
clearance/deforestation in some parts of the country; afforestation in
other parts.

4. a) Choose typical natural area of forest; as many circular areas as possible in

which there is carbon dioxide enrichment because costs are very high and
this is enough for statistically significant results (the actual number used
in FACE experiments is three); independent variable is carbon dioxide
concentration; 400 ppmv/ambient and raised carbon dioxide should be
tested (the actual target level is 550 ppmv); multiple dependent
variables; including growth rate/photosynthesis rate of the trees/of the
forest (growth is monitored using LIDAR); controlled variables kept
constant by siting all circular areas in one uniform area of forest; same
species of tree/size of tree/soil type/temperature/water availability/
mineral elements in soil/N/P availability; carbon dioxide from circles
with enrichment must not pass to circles where there is intended to be no
enrichment.
b) Simulates carbon dioxide concentration effectively; but not global
warming; or rainfall; or incidence of storms/hurricanes/floods.

5. a) Canada.
b) Canada ranked 3rd for tree cover loss in the period 2001 – 2016; 36.01
hectares lost; only Russia and Brazil lost a greater area of forest; 49.51
hectares and 46.37 hectares.
c) 42%
d) 2005.
e) 59% primary; 36% regenerated.
f) At the time of writing there were forest fires in Alberta.
g) For Canada the federal government produces additional publications on
the status of Canadian forests.
h) An infographic is one possible method of displaying the data.

3 © Oxford University Press 2017

 6. Both have areas of bare rock; both have rock slopes/rocky eminences/vantage
points; only the natural habitat has trees; rock in natural habitat is sloping
whereas in the zoo it is stepped; zoo has water flowing down a waterfall/
artificial stream whereas the natural habitat does not; natural habitat has flat
areas/areas with soil between the rock outcrops whereas the zoo only has
rock slopes/zoo habitat is less varied.

7. Answers will depend on the quality of habitat provided by the local zoo.

8. a) Answers will depend on the quality of habitat provided by the local zoo.
b) Answers will depend on the quality of habitat provided by the local zoo.

© Oxford University Press 2017

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