SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BY

LAPLACE TRANFORM
 Laplace transform method is the best method to solve ordinary differential equations
and initial value problems, without finding the general solution and arbitrary constants.

 The Laplace transformation on differential equations are,

𝐝𝐟
𝐋{ } = 𝐋{𝐟 ′ (𝐭)} = 𝐬𝐅(𝐬) − 𝐟(𝟎)
𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝟐 𝐟
𝐋{ } = 𝐋{𝐟 " (𝐭)} = 𝐬 𝟐 𝐅(𝐬) − 𝐬𝐟(𝟎) − 𝐟 ′ (𝟎)
𝐝𝐭 𝟐

𝐝𝐲
𝐋 { 𝐝𝐭 } = 𝐋{𝐲 ′ (𝐭)} = 𝐬𝐘(𝐬) − 𝐲(𝟎)
𝐝𝟐 𝐲
since 𝐋{𝐲(𝐭)} = 𝐘(𝐬)
𝐋{ } = 𝐋{𝐲 " (𝐭)} = 𝐬 𝟐 𝐘(𝐬) − 𝐬𝐲(𝟎) − 𝐲 ′ (𝟎)
𝐝𝐭 𝟐

QUESTION 1

Using Laplace transformation to solve the following differential equation?

𝐲 ′′ − 𝟒𝐲 ′ + 𝟒𝐲 = 𝟔𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝐭)
With, 𝐲 ′ (𝟎) = 𝟏⁡⁡⁡𝐚𝐧𝐝⁡⁡⁡𝐲(𝟎) = 𝟎
Finding the solution of above differential equation 𝐲(𝐭)

Solution:
 The differential equation is,
y ′′ − 4y ′ + 4y = 64sin⁡(2t)

 Taking Laplace transform on both sides,

L{(y ′′ − 4y ′ + 4y)} = L{64sin⁡(2t)}

L{y ′′ } − 4L{y ′ } + 4L{y} = 64L{sin⁡(2t)} ….. eq(1)

 By using the Laplace transformation of differential equation

dy
L { dt } = L{y ′ (t)} = sY(s) − y(0)
d2 y
since 𝐋{𝐲(𝐭)} = 𝐘(𝐬)
L { dt2 } = L{y " (t)} = s 2 Y(s) − sy(0) − y ′ (0)

 Putting these values in eq (1)

2
[s2 Y(s) − sy(0) − y ′ (0)] − 4[sY(s) − y(0)] + 4Y(s) = 64 ( )
s2 +4
128
(s2 − 4s + 4)Y(s) + (4 − s)y(0) − y ′ (0) = …………....eq(2)
s2 +4

 The given initial values are,

𝑦 ′ (0) = 1⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡⁡⁡𝑦(0) = 0
 Putting these values in equation (2);
128
(s2 − 4s + 4)Y(s) − 1 =
s2 +4
128
(s2 − 4s + 4)Y(s) = 1 +
(s2 +4)

128
(s − 2)2 Y(s) = 1 +
(s2 +4)

1 128
Y(s) = (s−2)2 + (s−2)2 (s2 +4) since 𝑌(𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑦(𝑡)}

1 128
⁡L{y(t)} = (s−2)2 + (s−2)2 (s2 +4)

 Finally, to find 𝑦(𝑡) taking Inverse Laplace on both sides,

1 128
L−1 L{y(t)} = L−1 { 2
+ }
(s − 2) (s − 2)2 (s 2 + 4)

1 1
y(t) = L−1 {(s−2)2 } + (128)L−1 {(s−2)2 (s2 +4)} …………..…eq(3)

 Part 1
𝟏
𝐋−𝟏 { }
(𝐬 − 𝟐)𝟐
1 1
L−1 {(s−2)2 } = e2t L−1 {s2 } since ⁡⁡⁡⁡L−1 {F(s + a)} = e−at f(t)
 1 1 tn
L−1 {s2 } = t since L−1 {sn+1 } = n!

1
L−1 {(s−2)2 } = te2t

 Part 2

1
L−1 { }
(s − 2)2 (s 2
+ 4)
 Here we use partial fraction
1 A B (Cs+D)
(s−2)2 (s2 +4)
= (s−2) + (s−2)2 + ……………………………….eq(4)
(s2 +4)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡𝐴, 𝐵, C are the constants.

 Multiplying both sides of above equation with⁡(𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 2 + 4).

1 = A(s − 2)(s 2 + 4) + B(s2 + 4) + (Cs + D)⁡(s − 2)2 ………eq(5)

1 = A(s3 + 4s − 2s 2 − 8) + B(s 2 + 4) + (Cs + D)(s 2 − 4s + 4)

0𝑠 3 + 0𝑠 2 + 0𝑠 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑠 3 + 4𝑠 − 2𝑠 2 − 8) + 𝐵(𝑠 2 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑠 3 − 4𝑠 2 + 4𝑠) +
𝐷(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 4)⁡⁡⁡…………..eq(6)
 To evaluate the constants,
Put,⁡⁡⁡s − 2 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡s = 2 in eq(5)
1 = A(0) + B(4 + 4) + (Cs + D)(0)
1 = B(8)
𝟏
𝐁=𝟖

 To find the other constant values, we have to compare the coefficients in eq(6)
By comparing coefficients of 𝒔𝟑
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ……………..eq(7)
𝟐
By comparing coefficients of 𝒔
0 = −2𝐴 + 𝐵 − 4𝐶 + 𝐷 ……………eq(8)
By comparing coefficients of 𝒔
0 = 4𝐴 + 4𝐶 − 4𝐷⁡⁡ …………..eq(9)
By comparing coefficients of constant
 1 = −8𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐷 ………….eq(10)

 We would simultaneously use above four equations to evaluate remaining constants.

 Multiplying eq(7) with 4 and subtracting it from eq(9),

0 = 4A + 4C
⁡0 = ±4A ± 4C ∓ 4D
-----------------------------
⁡⁡0 = 4D
𝐃=𝟎
 Now, putting values of B and D in eq(10) to evaluate A.
1
1 = −8A + 4 ( ) + 4(0)
8

1
1 = −8A +
2
1
−8A = 1 −
2
1
−8A =
2

𝟏
𝐀=−
𝟏𝟔
 Now put value of A in eq(7) to evaluate C.
1
0=− +C
16
𝟏
𝐂=
𝟏𝟔
 Put, all these values of constant in eq(4)

1 1 1
1 (− ) ( ) ( )s+0
16 8 16
(s−2)2 (s2 +4)
= + (s−2)2 +
(s−2) (s2 +4)
1 1 1
1 (− ) ( ) ( s)
(128)L−1 {(s−2)2 (s2 +4)} = (128)L−1 {(s−2)
16 8
+ (s−2) 16
2 + (s2 +4)}

1 128 −1 1 128 −1 1 128 −1 s

(128)L−1 {(s−2)2 }=− L { } + L {(s−2)2} + L { 2 }
(s2 +4) 16 (s−2) 8 16 (s +4)
 1 1 1 s
(128)L−1 {(s−2)2
(s2 +4)
} = −8L−1 {
(s−2)
} + 16L−1 {(s−2)2} + 8L−1 { }
(s2 +4)
since L−1 {F(s + a)} = e−at f(t)

1 1 1 1 tn
(128)L−1 {(s−2)2 (s2 +4)} = −8e2t L−1 { s } + 16e2t L−1 {s2 } + 8cos⁡(2t) since L−1 {sn+1 } = n!

𝟏
(𝟏𝟐𝟖)𝐋−𝟏 { } = −𝟖𝐞𝟐𝐭 + 𝟏𝟔𝐭𝐞𝟐𝐭 + 𝟖𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟐𝐭)⁡⁡⁡
(𝐬 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝐬𝟐 + 𝟒)

 Putting the values of part 1 and part 2 in eq (3).

1 1
y(t) = L−1 { 2
} + (128)L−1 { }
(s − 2) (s − 2) (s 2 + 4)
2

y(t) = te2t + [−8e2t + 16te2t + 8cos⁡(2t)]

𝐲(𝐭) = −𝟖𝐞𝟐𝐭 + 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝐭) + 𝟏𝟕𝐭𝐞𝟐𝐭

Question No 2:
Solve this differential equation, 𝐲 ′′ + 𝟒𝐲 ′ + 𝟒𝐲 = 𝟔𝐞−𝐭 by Laplace transform,
when 𝐲 ′ (𝟎) = 𝟖⁡⁡⁡𝐚𝐧𝐝⁡⁡⁡𝐲(𝟎) = −𝟐

Solution:
 Taking Laplace transform on both sides,
L{y ′′ + 4y ′ + 4y)} = L{6e−t }

L{y ′′ } + 4L{y ′ } + 4L{y} = 6L{𝑒 −𝑡 } ….. eq(1)

 We know this transformation,

dy
L { dt } = L{y ′ (t)} = sY(s) − y(0)
d2 y
since 𝐋{𝐲(𝐭)} = 𝐘(𝐬)
L { dt2 } = L{y " (t)} = s 2 Y(s) − sy(0) − y ′ (0)
 Putting these values in eq (1)
 6
[s 2 Y(s) − sy(0) − y ′ (0)] + 4[sY(s) − y(0)] + 4Y(s) =
𝑠+1

6
(s2 + 4s + 4)Y(s) − (4 + s)y(0) − y ′ (0) = ………………….eq(2)
𝑠+1

 The given initial values are,

y ′ (0) = 8⁡⁡⁡and⁡⁡⁡y(0) = −2
 Putting these values in equation (2);
6
(s2 + 4s + 4)Y(s) − (4 + 𝑠)(−2) − 8 =
𝑠+1
6
(s2 + 4s + 4)Y(s) + 8 + 2s − 8 =
𝑠+1
6
(s2 + 4s + 4)Y(s) + 2s =
𝑠+1
6
(s + 2)2 Y(s) + 2s =
𝑠+1
6 2𝑠
𝑌(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)(s+2)2 − (s+2)2 since 𝑌(𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑦(𝑡)}
6 2𝑠
⁡L{y(t)} = (𝑠+1)(s+2)2 − (s+2)2

 Finally, to find 𝑦(𝑡) taking Inverse Laplace on both sides,

6 2𝑠
L−1 L{y(t)} = L−1 { 2
− }
(𝑠 + 1)(s + 2) (s + 2)2

1 𝑠
y(t) = 6L−1 {(𝑠+1)(s+2)2 } − 2𝐿−1 {(s+2)2 } ………………eq(3)

 Part 1
1
L−1 { }
(𝑠 + 1)(s + 2)2
 Here we use partial fraction
1 A B C
(𝑠+1)(s+2)2
= (s+1) + (s+2) + (s+2)2 …………………………..eq(4)

where⁡A, B, C are the constants.

 Multiplying both sides of above equation with⁡(𝑠 + 1)(s + 2)2.

1 = A(s + 2)2 + B(𝑠 + 1)(s + 2) + C⁡(𝑠 + 1) ………eq(5)

 To evaluate the constants,

Put,⁡⁡⁡s + 1 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡s = −1 in eq(5)
1 = A(−1 + 2)2 + B(−1 + 1)(−1 + 2) + C⁡(−1 + 1)
1 = A(1)
𝐀=𝟏
Put,⁡⁡⁡s + 2 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡s = −2 in eq(5)
1 = A(−2 + 2)2 + B(−2 + 1)(−2 + 2) + C⁡(−2 + 1)
1 = C(−1)
𝐂 = −𝟏
 To evaluate the value of B,
1 = A(s 2 + 4s + 4) + B(s2 + 3s + 2) + C(s + 1)
0𝑠 2 + 0𝑠 + 1𝑠 0 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑠 2 + (4𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑠 + (4𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑠 0

By comparing coefficients of 𝒔𝟐
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 …………………………………eq(6)
By comparing coefficients of 𝒔
0 = 4𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶⁡⁡ …………………..eq(7)
By comparing coefficients of constant
1 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 ……………..….eq(8)

 Using eq(6) evaluate the B,

0= 1+B
𝐁 = −𝟏
Put all these values in eq(4)
1 1 (−1) (−1)
(𝑠+1)(s+2)2
= (s+1) + (s+2) + (s+2)2 .
1 1 1 1
(𝑠+1)(s+2)2
= (s+1) − (s+2) − (s+2)2 …………………………eq(9)

 Part 2
 𝑠
𝐋−𝟏 { }
(s + 2)2
s+2−2
L−1 {(s+2)2 }
s+2 2
L−1 { 2
} −L−1 { }
(s + 2) (s + 2)2

1 1
L−1 {(s+2)} −2L−1 {(s+2)2 }……………………………eq(10)

 Put eq(9) and eq(10) in eq(3)

1 s
y(t) = 6L−1 {(s+1)(s+2)2 } − 2𝐿−1 {(s+2)2 }

1 1 1 1 1
y(t) = 6L−1 {(s+1) − (s+2) − (s+2)2 } − 2𝐿−1 {(s+2)} + 4L−1 {(s+2)2 }

1 1 1 1 1
y(t) = 6L−1 {(s+1)} − 6L−1 {(s+2)} − 6𝐿−1 {(s+2)2 } − 2𝐿−1 {(s+2)} + 4L−1 {(s+2)2 }

1 1 1
y(t) = 6L−1 {(s+1)} − 8L−1 {(s+2)} − 2𝐿−1 {(s+2)2 } since⁡⁡⁡⁡L−1 {F(s + a)} = e−at f(t)

1 1 1 1 tn
y(t) = 6e−t L−1 { s } − 8e−2t L−1 { s } − 2e−2t L−1 {s2 } since L−1 {sn+1 } = n!

y(t) = 6e−t (1) − 8e−2t (1) − 2e−2t (t)

𝐲(𝐭) = 𝟔𝐞−𝐭 − 𝟖𝐞−𝟐𝐭 − 𝟐𝐭𝐞−𝟐𝐭

Task:
Solve the following differential equation by Laplace Transform,

𝐲 ′′ − 𝟑𝐲 ′ + 𝟐𝐲 = 𝟒𝐞𝟐𝐭
Given 𝐲 ′ (𝟎) = 𝟓⁡⁡𝐚𝐧𝐝⁡⁡⁡𝐲(𝟎) = −𝟑

Note: Dear students in case of any typing mistake in above given formulae, please consult HK
Dass, Chapter 47.