DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
In all language, discrete linguistic units combine rule-
governed ways to form larger units.
ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH WORD AND Sound units combine to form morphemes;
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Morphemes combine to form from words
Word combine to form phrases
Objectives
phrases combine to form semntence
1. Recognize different types of morphemes and their
functions WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
2. State the form, meaning and rule of combination MORPHEMES AND WORDS?
for the morphemes Humans can understand words that have never
3. Analyze the internal structure of the English words been heard before
in order to know their formations and meanings Human can also create new words
4. Specify each unit within words correctly For example:
A writable CD
MORPHOLOGY A rewritable CD
Morph (form) + ology (science of) An unrewritable CD
The science of word forms
The study of the internal structure of words HOW MANY TYPES OF MORPHEMES ARE
The rules by which words are formed THERE?
Bound morphemes
MORPHEMES
Free morphemes
- Look at the following words
Likely unlikely developed undeveloped Root morphemes
Un- is a prefix which means “no” Stem morphemes
-ly in ‘likely’ is an adverbial suffix Derivational morphemes
-ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix morpheme Inflectional morphemes
Affixes: Prefixes and Suffixes
WHAT IS MORPHEME
Morpheme (môr’fēm’) n. A meaningful linguistic
unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word
element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided
into smaller meaningful parts.
Morphemic mor phem’ic adj.
Morphemically mor phem’I call y adv.
A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning
Example: un+system+atic+al+ly
Note: morphemes are not equal to words
BOUND MORPHEMES
Bound morphemes (affixes) must be attached to
the word
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
They are prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and Bound morphemes: -s, -ed
circumfixes Sails, sailed
Such as (clude) as in (include, exclude,
preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as
(PLU)=plural as boys, girls, and cats)
FREE MORPHEMES
Free morphemes are those that can stand alone
as words
Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone,
happy
ROOT MORPHEME
A root is a morpheme that cannot be analyzed
into smaller parts
Example: cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty,
system
Free root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone
Bound Root: receive, remit, uncount,
nonchalant
STEM MORPHEME
A stem is formed when a root morpheme is
combined with an affix
Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a
more complex stem.
o Root: Believe (verb)
o Stem: believe + able (verb+suffix)
o Word: un+believe+able
(prefix+verb+suffix)
DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME
Root + Derivational Morpheme
A new word with a new meaning (usually
change grammatical class)
N +Derivational Morpheme = adj
Ex: Boy+ish
Verb + Derivationial Morpheme = N
Ex: Acquitt+al; clear-ance
Adj + Derivational Morpheme = Adv.
Ex: Exact+ly; quiet+ly
AFFIXES, PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
Affix: a morpheme that comes at the beginning
(prefix) or the ending (suffix) of a base morpheme.
INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME Note: An affix usually is a morpheme that cannot
stand alone
Inflectional morphemes have grammatical Examples:
meaning or function in the sentence -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness
They never change part of speech A few exceptions are able, like, and less
For example:
Bound morpheme: “to” in connection with a Prefix: an affix that comes before a base morpheme.
verb (an infinitive with ‘to’) The in in the word inspect is a prefix.
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
Suffix: an affix that comes after a base morpheme. Content words denote concepts such as subject,
The s in cats is a suffix. actions, and ideas (noun, verb, adjectives,
adverb)
Content words are open class words (new words
can be added)
Example of new words:
Steganography (the art of hiding information in
electronic text)
FUNCTION WORDS
Function words express Grammatical Functions
(e.g. preposition, article, conjuctions, prnouns)
Function words connect the content words to the
larger grammatical context.
Function words are also called “closed class”
words (no new words as to this class)
GRAMMATICAL MORPHEMES
HOW ARE ENGLISH WORDS FORMED?
What is the difference in meaning between
Different words from different formations
apple and apples?
Derived words
What is the difference in form?
Lexical gaps
What does this tell you about these two words?
Compounds: also how to differentiate
---------------------------------------------------------------- compounds from noun phrases
- Acronyms
Back formations
Words can have an internal structure much like Abbreviations/Truncation/Clipping
the syntax of phrases Eponyms
Morphemes such as the, -s and re- near the Blends
grammatical end of the continuum are called
grammatical morphemes Derived Words are new words with new meaning
Note that grammatical morphemes include formed from root + derivational morpheme
forms that we can consider to b e words like the, Example: ir+regular = irregular
a, and and of and other that make up parts of
words like -s and -ed. Lexical gaps
Well-formed but non-existing words
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES Reason: a permissible sequence has no meaning
BETWEEN EACH TYPE OF attached to it like “blick” or “slarm” or
MORPHEMES? “krobe”
Possible combinations of morpheme never come
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF EACH into use
TYPE OF MORPHEMES? Example: disobvious, linguisticism
Word like bnick is not a lexical gaps in English
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG because English does not allow the sequence of
EACH TYPE OF MORPHEMES? “bn”
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUNDS
CONTENT/LEXICAL WORDS AND Word + Word = compound word (meaning may
FUNCTIONS/GRAMMATICAL WORDS? or may not change)
---------------------------------------------- When the two word are in the same grammatical
category, compound will be in this category
CONTENT WORDS
Example:
Home (n) + Work (n) = homework (n)
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
Pick (v) + pocket (n) = pickpocket (n) Abbreviations of longer words or phrases can
Compounds can be more than two words: become lexicalized
Two-word compounds are the most common in Fax (facsimile); telly (television of British term)
English.
Three-word compound: three-time loser EPONYMS
Four-word compounds: four-dimensional space- Eponyms are word from proper names
time Examples: sandwich, robot, jumbo
BLENDS
Similar to compounds but parts of the words that
are combined are deleted
Examples: smog (smoke and fog)
The hierarchical structure of words represented
Rack top hat Hat rack top by the tree diagram
A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes
It has an internal structure as shown in the
MEANING OF COMPOUNDS following tree diagram:
Same meaning as the parts: a boathouse = (a
house for boats)
New meaning but relate to the meaning of the
individual parts
A blackboard (can be in other colors, not just
black)
A Redcoat (slang for British soldier during
American Revolutionary War)
Black bird vs blackbird (animal)
ACRONYMS
Acronyms are word derived from the initials of OTHER TERMS ACCORDING TO WORD
several word FORMATION
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
Agency) Rule Productivity
UNESCO (united Nations Educational, Universality of compounding
Scientific, and Cultural Organization) Suppletive exception
BACK FORMATIONS Expletive
Allomorphs
A new word may entry the language because of Default/elsewhere
an incorrect morphological analysis. Homophonous morphemes
Example:
Peddle was derived from peddler on the RULE PRODUCTIVITY
mistaken assumption that the -er was suffix
Morphological rules are productive because:
stoke-stoker; edit-editor
They can be used freely to form new words from
ABBREVIATIONS the list of free and bound morpheme.
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
Some morphemes are more productive than
others.
Productive morphemes: Ex. -able or -er
Not productive moprhemes ex: -let
Distribution of Morphemes
The meaning of Morphemes & sequences of
Morphemes
The Hierarchical Structure of words
Learning Objectives:
a. Define 'Morpheme'
b. Discuss the Distribution of Morphemes
c. Explain the Hierarchical Structure of words
DISTRIBUTION OF MORPHEMES
FREE MORPHEME vs. BOUND
MORPHEME
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
FREE MORPHEME- can function independently as nuclear element is form-and the peripheral element -
words. al. In the word formalize the nuclear structure
is formal- and the peripheral element is -ize.
‘Nuclear’ and ‘peripheral’ are simply names for the
immediate constituents.
CLOSING VS. NONCLOSING
BOUND MORPHEME- appear only as parts of
words, always in conjunction with a root and MORPHEMES
sometimes with other bound morphemes.
Certain morphemes ‘close’ the construction to further
ROOTS vs. NONROOTS formation. For example, in English the use of a
genitive suffix closes the noun to further suffixation.
Roots constitute the nuclei (or cores) of all words. No suffix follows the genitive.
There may be one root in a single word. Example
(blackbird and catfish), and some roots may have Morpheme
unique occurrences. For example, the unique element
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a
cran- in cranberry does not constitute the nucleus of
language.
any other words, but it occurs in the position
occupied by roots. Sequence of Morpheme
ROOTS vs. STEM
Refers to the series of studies that have investigated
the acquisition order of grammatical morphemes by
All bound roots are stem, but not all stems are roots.
first language (L1) and second language (L2)
A stem is composed of the nucleus, consisting of one
learners.
or more roots or the nucleus plus any other nonroot
morphemes, except the last “structurally added” THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF
morpheme that results in a word. WORDS
Example: man in manly is at the same time a root and
a stem; the form breakwater is the stem of 1. Morphemes within words
breakwaters, but it is not a single root. morphemes in words have a strict and
NUCLEI vs. NONNUCLCI systematic linear order
consider the morphological structure of fiendishness
The nucleus of a morphological construction consists under this definition:
of 1) a root or 2) a combination of roots (including
possible nonroots attributive to respective roots). fiend + -ish + -ness
The nonnucleus is made up of nonroots. In the within words, morphemes are also organized in
construction boyishness the element boy is the highly patterned ways
nucleus and -ishness constitutes the nonnucleus.
In breakwaters the nucleus breakwater consists of words have an obvious linear order, but they also
two roots. have a layered structure
NUCLEAR vs. PERIPHERAL fiend + -ish fiendish + -ness
STRUCTURES fiendishness
( ( (fiend) + -ish) + -ness)
A nuclear structure consists of or contains the
nucleus, or constitutes the head of a subordinate
endocentric construction. A peripheral morpheme
usually consists of a nonroot and is always ‘outside’
of the nuclear constituent. In the word formal the
2. Representing the hierarchical structure of
words
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
in order to provide a more complete
representation of the structure of a word, we need to CONSIDERATIONS FOR TEACHING AND
take into account the following: EFL/ESL WRITING COURSE
the fact that every simple word contains one root
the meanings of the derivational affixes in the
word
the fact that each lexical item represents a
particular part of speech
we can convey this additional, necessary
information by labeling the parentheses around each
and every constituent
(( (( fiend)Root + ( -ish )DA)Adjective + ( -ness )DA) Noun
this additional structure is a consequence, as we
saw above, of the recursive application of
derivational rules with the result that lexical items
may be embedded in other lexical items.
the internal structure of words is not a one-
dimensional string of morphemes but a two
dimensional hierarchy of related constituents
nested parentheses are one way of representing
hierarchical structures of this sort, but they have the
disadvantage of looking linear
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
DWAIN OCAMPO DOCTANA, LPT PRMSU Graduate School – Ib
Master of Arts in Education – English Dr. Nesthe Quijan
Morphology, syntax, and composition | 12:00 NN – 3:00 PM
