| Nombec theory > Cangreunk \ 6216 |Z] 1 (mod 6 a oe oe veniainder 6.2 1b have the. same. vemainder. Operations in moduloes: Bt addition..g 3 iz _| Inaltiphicaton AB ae (eb meal Chat bs (orsb). Mod. m Oxi 2b 4g 315.2643) mod 5 = 57 (nod | 22 ex: (99? mod 32) mod 15 £99 mod.32 2 3 x2 2. « FY med JS = 429..med 152.9Primes 9 Greatest commen didiser Algecsthms 4, fine) the Ged of hulo Nan beds (© Me Teal division f bith of .2-and.b..cHe divisors.of n then.) has. positive divisors not exceediny ii @ Pume facheized lon ee Lucildean. A\gocthnbetween yh and -G82..ting He acd Aigecitim (Os ghe Fuclidena hides bh.) + 298 ihe 7B 1-4 188 243 2 1681 + 88 5 ie 2 $2 GID. Toye d(med 43)..28. chines h we SS. asi oan between [sad 3. comb: 4a 2122 Eee IFin Ort alB lib 95 = BN hes com inverse. 5128.13 fc Beal ail im. module 43 Ve Deb Be dD Cie LD) 22 Fad < 229.4 226 (093- 2:17) bY \. 22432 5)17 I the inverse of, V4 in module 43 Volks FP (med 4620)...Cheek if la hes invese 254) ¥ Cheek i tte = lal 95495. 23.2 .3.442 ON. 25 26 Be DNAs lol 46.296 23, Da Nad 4... on invest 26.2123 0 3 e&&, Ve MWBeb2 ; Be (72-23 - Orem eu3n. a 83-23 2 8.(26- 23) -23 = 8126-922 =3,26.-9(75-2.26 J 226. 26-996 226 (lol- 75) -V 76, 2 26 lel — 36.75, + 26:.lol-35(th2e-lol.46) =fléell lel - 35-4420 The inverse wes of Nel..ie. modulo Lble a Hapress. Seo) (240.192 a5, olineae. Cmninction of Woaad192 \ ten 10s \ 2 Se 223-61 Wis ABD NG 3-14-31) F383 M45 4.8 | 2. B:2-14 Wye Bele I 2(48.-14.6).2. 14 Bi bh? | =42-Mih Bue D240 | 2.43.-.M.(192-¥3.2\ 2.23-4FB= M22 2.23(270-192) -N\.\92 223-Lo. ABGI192. Jedi 62F 5197) 235. egeerm———— | |Saluing Congruences aly) = h (red m) Lig find all integers x. thal Sadish the. congruence ane meted uses.on ibteger® such that Ba = Yrod m) ex: 3X2.) (ned A). SoS is cin inverse of..3.meduley ex: Sid the Soltions. of He..Lineee. Conayetence. 32¢= 4 (ned 3 if the rveesers. 2. =2..32¢2.=24.(mod.7) AbKo FAB Cmed FZ) ~6..2...\ (med A\= Sloe 7 9.2. Bred 4) BKe18(modF ).=.4 (mod)an (Chinese. ‘Kemainder “Theorem ‘What owe Me Solutions of the System of Congruences x2 2 (ne!) 2 3.(me A 2 1 (red 1) Gee let me. 345242 WS 2M): Myz W051 3235.4 Mgs 105/52 21, M, =\6 30: Find rae(ses.oF. M, M2,Ma by cet Algor, jayese. oF Ma = ten. | My ; M32) A ha AMY, AoMoay, 4 0g M343 D6 B52 a BD Ve DIB = 23%. = 23 (nad oS) is He Smallest positive. integer. het is. a Simubeneous..Salution . But What if Aumbers. ave hard. to Fad ifs inverses easly. We Will Selve in anclher wayfee Eons we@n define x? 5 Kw AKe \ a Use definition of in anotherCongyuence Che Previous one} KWL eR (mod 6). => 2kz (med 5) = Lda, KER (mousy lt KeHSiv+2 em. Ve Bik ) F351423 38: vefeod the 24 Step Disae 2.(mod 3) 20K 23 2(mod 3) Zi o(med 3] bef 1,1% rc VW2e(mod 3 KB (sho aD exo 4.2 Rb 4p - fs" number Should equal ty theis |” multiplication of miudobs 357-\ He. Solution to. consider auc Solut ian is CaliSow! Lillle Theorem { is. pame and_a {San yinbeger “id. dsible by Py thea. oP! = 4 (med pj +P is pane number Aon base. of exponent a and. Pale luhvely. Prime. numbers os Kind rid ” md Il Acoordin3. te theorem ; as : | (med 1). SCH?) jsf = ail 3 ' 4 So eared Gyn oa Ee aA: 49s : Eloi) So F725 (nod il) Sind 3. med 13 ae get Wey) 8 e164 = 10 (mod 3) er: Usethe Chinese remainder Theorem. 42 find all Soledions fe the System of Congiaences Kz.1 (med 2) 2.3.5.= 320 X2.2(med.>) X23. Uned 5) X24 (med M\ xs K44 Wk+4 = 3 lmod5) "4h 5 3038) IK: 2fnod $) Ks don taps = Glma5) * ee ee= Ka bieh > X= (5102) 44, fran 44) 661448 2.2.(med 3): 56 Lz Llmod 8). ts Log ile tlmad S\ io ea b a) Ke 5(3t42)44.5 5b 41h Kak fiscal irh i. 15£4\59 \65t4153. =1¢ Mod 2) I65L2\.(mod2) ¢; ult, LEA (mad. 2) A201 x 2 165 (dea) 4158 = ='330]C \hisaclually een] $323] ZBGNeMRo So our answer if ‘S. Conech Answer | } | | |1 hanber af. a! 26). Alphabet [etlec o << Ls Shifting of ter : amber ; > Places his called Caesar Cj what is the encryption ‘ SAC Ciphel of L love You" Asin}, Caeser cipher ? il, Lo Wie YOu : 4126 22 5 25 15. 21 kon ss Fp) = (p43). med 26 xi Kw Oo Vo) be 8..2.18.24 215. 18.25 (P43).—> encryption (p13) -3 —> decryption => Fp) 2 (p+d-3) mod 26 ral Love You 9. N2ZN§.22.9,.26165.21Coyptesvaphy the RSA.G yplosystem y each indwiduall hos. on encryption key ye) Where. N= ps4 ¥ PQq ae tWe prime integers * exponent. is gelalively. plime to. (p-!) (4. Steps: \) Choose 2. Prime numbers pg 2) Ne pg >) Euler Totient.. B= (P= q-1) 4) Choose €.5d..where (ed) mod T= 1 5) Public Key in: (en) 8) Prete Key is, (dy) CXsPs2 Get | ne Wel, Ts bleh Nts module Esa) gid 62) €: Should be —L pe Umma $9) 0 ot MN Blmd B27 5 EC F5'lmed 33): 4 oS il B20" (mel 65)2 527 = G T 2h (mod. 65) = G2 435(-mod. 66). = (med 65) W 2198 (mod 65) Fs 69 mod.665) ( ( My in iwDecrypt MESSAE "BTCAWF." Using the RSA System with pubhe Key Cil,65) and (d).is elemen} of .Z > d<8e 2N Nuke p.G obals of qa (ality 48 @ Shen ld be < 48. and Co-Prime with 66.8. ei 4 ds Con be anything. when..(@-A\ (moda) =| (Nd) Cmed Me) Cind the invese of Min Wed Cmod Ble) 4b2 Mba 1a 4-3ibs 9-2-9) Wc 42 4D ae echt Ge >la@® 2 lh 43 (43-4 | ie te = AIM 4359 The inverse is. -13..but 4 80. => 13-55-35] daa5] 3569, 550432, — @ Pavate Key (dyn/).=.(35,,65) fer| Couatingy ol possible catcomes of these experiments free. besic. Counting, principles_\sPaduct San Cubghac! E and. division Cules. 0 Product Rule Geawence of D lacks, woys bar T task ond th ways for. 2™ task “The there ave 0nd Ways. 4o do the Procedure ‘exanpless Piss many ou fis. canbe determined from. 4 Ashi and 3 Shoes Es SI plc ca Th i << ne $3 Tha 9512 How many different bi Strings of length 4 areteie? (hg. 0,1) ea Bal is 128xHow mary different License plates can be made if each plote consist of. Sequence of Suppercase Enlcs), Letlers followed by 3. diaits 1 (Wo Constiaints) Englich Vebbers = 2b Digitszdo nat Aimsalied yHow ah different. mobile. phone numbers can be whiten in Tekiye (3.cpetters Steels with 5, the Second number@n be 123453) Gan noo oon Lo4 ste los les le. No les Ve vig 4168 @ Sun Rule Task canbe dene.ia. Mm. weys.or Ne Ways and none of m Ways equel to 02 Weys then; N+ Noonples wy mary diferent Choices fr the repeshlative. of eclaes on 34 members and 23 mathmaticians and aaah is ah menbes ond mellnstcons? 34.48% 5 ie Asladent_crn. Choose. A. computer Pajech fom Lol 3 \sts, Te We lids cotsin. 2,16 nd I possible prejcts, Wh project ison mote than one list, How many possible. project Fe te chose Yiom? 13 +5519 €= 64 Project's 6. Subshiaction Rule h Fask canbe done ether in one of ni Ways a ny ways | then Mt, = (Commen ways between ny. and.n3) GOs) \AuB\. \Al+1B1-(Aa| S ®.J How mony bASbings of length either Stad with 1 bib or endwith abils COCO 1 7) Steed with 1 2). -G. Oo Stack w cae eG Ba x Go: ' © £nd wih ovo GS ese Ae, @) Stet Q find MOG -B.B5 4 7 3) ni gees 2 64.4 1b- 8.2 42 @ The (Division Rule There ave 4 ways hel oTask.can be done in nays where there ave. 3 Cottes Pending cutcanes Pecgroup examples: O How con people Seat cround ciccular ble Whee two seatinas are Considered. the same where dh cack Peeson has dhe Same lef} and right neighbor? cae 4 a ne 6h. deb 4+ (n-))?wy-many Ways Can B People Seat aroune) fe whee two Friends will be leieart euler - : 2 peopl 4 ay G-edt Bidieee a — 6. people lef} st fiends, Con Totecl..-4 people Eire diagfams eramples: ie “pllleldhe options of a TShict with SM L XL md XXL “Ceppese thal have Red, Green, hte ond Black “Colors exept XL hich has only "ied. Gremand. leek E Xxliwibich comes only is Grceaead look Nios Joon KL UL “A KAKA WRG DB WRGEG WeGB RGB GB GaGa, Goa 3422 i5 breach O Jun A? Ffecent wery * How mony di i Fide babes BS cancishal 6 10-8. Bia Cres lng x Rassweeds Loch Character.is an uppercase. le fer or digit x t Coch Password Shesldicomtnin adleash ene doy; wy possible Passwords? Hew ma 6— 2b alos 36 en 268 Jy Dba len 36) dite Loge te eee be, (36536"4 36°) -(26'426% 26%) The pigeonable Pinciple if K is positive integee aod Kalor more in K boxes. , thea pere is.af leoct cave objects are ploced ang box. containing tuo ot wove of the objects.ipesssbidhdeys of 364 People in one Year (366 dey} = +27 English words. must aletter be the some inthe be3§Mning, of .2Words af least yw many Students. musthe ja class to ouarantee Fd af least 2 Students rective the Some Scan onthe fad exo is graded on Scale From 0 fe lew points Nol Gudente - ( EG Nv objects ave pliced into K boxes , there is. of least ~* one bex Conterining WWIK| objeds \ mong, loo People shee ave atleast{ 2e"\ « 9 whe. were born in the. Scame mont... | 4 AStanderd deck of 62 cards wth 4 seats..Cheads., diamonds Spades oind clubs Guacenbee thal} least. 3 ods of the same suit eve chosen’ {wl 73. the. smallest. integer Nis Qhal=9 iis possible to have.2..caids..of cach Suid So. more than eight cards ave needed, @ at least % headls.ove. selecta) 7 134.13 413 43.242. coids. needed 4 l | Ls. mus}. be heads dianobss...Clubs... Spadesee Padicipated dl | x Race is craanired 2S people (Clopinized each day.on Decenbers January , Mexeh re months) ; od least 2 Sequence Will he the Same ? {5}. (4l. 3\- Vai. ne 5) 212. 2124 How mony Races 7 S1_x 1 days cl Ly meoaths Sequences... boxes: = 12. Races are. Pigeons = '25 57 ny). 2 to | p L-y.determined to the. closest intege, ¥ MCQ. questions (tod. (4). woys to.answer each a a) How many Possible ways F Student answers al Qethions) (2). fas. a 4 ty \o | \ | b) ~~ —~-. if Gudent can leave. questions blank? 2i wat Shings of 3 decina| i [al Vy ry or't Contain the Same. dias\ Dimes pe ie=2%0 Nal. Bay + [helen iy Bes with an odd digit ? \oTme feeb BL ty ) haie exactly 2 digits tat ave be) \etlo4 loli Ny: fy: Te f \ lols Bo et 9) (\g nh Osta itBRecmutedions and Combinations Finding jhe mobec of ways. te arrange a Specified number of distinct elements of ir Sel of apachicubr S'Ze Where the Ordec of these elements meters Finding the number of Ways to Selét a particu, cular Nombece— > Where He Crde does not matter. but te number of Choices. is matter. Pecmutations used when Crdec is. math } citer. @ramples : Hou many. woys. of Selediag 3 Students fram aSeup ie 4 to Stand ia aXine foro pichuce? [5]. fa). (3). fal. Ss) = 120 Petmulaticn is aset of objects in an. ordeced acangements of these objects exampke = $1,2,36 cine is. Pelnuletio oS - Wa Ne ef GC peamutations-| PC mir) =p? me A : F >(ait) 1: DIS apositive inleger o ' Mey. $ID ain = floc) 0-2). acral | Melbod: Osres.in (Poowry= mE i bie Wien pamples eo peop D.pézes... th. 0019.99. =. P(loo,2) - lool = Fe, 200 2a 12 Tabieidief,9,h% generated Sets. with od most. >, elements? . P( 8.0) wt P(3,)) + P(8,2) 4 P(8,3) mv a 3 g + gt m 3 = \4:3+ 5643 36-41 plo Students, 2 ave best friends They alto Shad egethr How many. different lines canbe done? 9) +24 K--2, Jae Feagh) No Sehing baelher? Vol -91-91x What is. the number of different Wels Jo ewrange the elles ia." MUSST S gy pny 5 \\ Netters jwith fepelhions 95 4 > 2p EWA aoe Lim Gl 4Gl+214)! This is alse called . Recucence “Recmat 3 Sion * How many different 6 digit Num bers Can be written sing te digits in... F460221502 \o. digits, with Fepetitions % of 2 Le eats gos et eg ee Bl 42) 42) 42141, or r..& \ of 1a domeed Passwords \iKe "A2bQ*LTo" iy pecuaeli9 dif Pvent Character Se4s : CRYPIOGRA PHY RSA Key a eneration.s SA alSovithe. ayenemtes Keys by Porimutations Be large Prime auth bers. Comb inections fprmatotiens in Password Complexity > ASet of unardeced Selection of r elements a Oren GCnit)a 3 nt Wy(n-r)) 1. Order is not matter 9 Repetetion. is. not allowed examples How many poker hands of 5.cavds. canbe dealt fam a Standard. deck of 52 covd5? also, houl. many wolYs ave then to Select 4 fed 62,5\ 0 Oth = 2,698,96 maine a (41) : c (547) Se Ub A aioe tf (6) e)Nore exercies in. Week neal ote) Ghdegin Descrete Probability Finite Plobabi lity eae ah ae re Sis Subse colle The Pobability of a event &) bicothe t og is plé). JEL 1$| oS JEIS NS \ ~ Gndiltenal Probability let £ and F be eaents with p(F) > 0.The conditien/ . Probobilty of ESiven Fy clencted by pCEIF) is. dined oS. PCEIF) = bot F)null Trials. avns Becneull Distabution 3S ak op: Robes lity..of Success. ie conto Wee. neecet The pets of K succesfes inn indepedent mend toals..o. with Probability oF Succes an Probability of Catluce.. A= JP is — a a Coit ne ayes Theorem. Frescons Bind PELE). bh a Kaa a pF), PELF) ; =