Unit-1 Complex NumbeA

(Modulu)
Real
Pant
smaginay
Pont Now

Powen of i ’

it: 1 on
(artisean De moire's Thheorm ’
iy
Z - xtiy (cartesian)
R-P (PolaY)
z =r (oS 8+ isin6)
Polan fom - (Exponential)
Z = Y (cos t isine)
I z= y(os9 +isino)"

1
-n isin6)n
Corpring these two
form,
=z-n ( coson - /sinth)0)
(x4 iy)
Y sin0r ne)
n(wsng - isin n0)
Squaring 4 adding
Ne Analyical funchiorng
(O = (DSn
0sn+ isin nn98 A Complen no valued funcion
2
-n
: (oSn -isinn0 w f(z) is Saud to be
malytic furction:
-n
2 c0sn9
d2
-n

Exist md unigue at Zo.

nSubtracion ’
n-2 = ia sinn8 (2,3)
f(2) = w
-n
sinn8 z'-2" z -(x4(y) =u(<,Y ) +iv
(3.)

Z = 243

Z= 0s9 +(Sin Cauchy - Riemann Equation

NNN
Z"22 = cos(6+) + isin(6+ ¢)
if these ondition is fui
ZË os (6- ) + isin (9- ) then it's aanalytical fun.
& f2) = 22
opration n Complex No. solve - f(2) = z
jtiy)2
(a +ib) +(C+id) - (a+c) + i(b+d)
(a+ib) - (+id) (a -c) + ((b-d)
(a+ib) x (ctid) qe - bd +i(ad+bc) V: 2x
| du 2 , 0U- 2
(a4ib) (a+ ib),(c-id)
(C+id) (C+id) ((-id)
2y
Hencep>o0ve
 3

f(z) =e(cosy +ising) " Havmonic function How to

find Harrnonic Congugate -
is
Araly tie F(z)= u+iv
Solve V=e'siny
-e cosy, - e cosy
du
-e siny 2 = -e siny 2

OV o t's not
b
Analyfical func Then,
add both q f b
2

F(2) =Sin(2) Goowe that

Bolve - f(2)= sin(atiy) Another Conditi on% for
f(2) = sin xosiy + cosx sin(y
Aralyticat func iong .(laplace
eq:)
f(2) =SinI oshy ttosx sinhy
coSty = cos hy
siniy =(sinhy
12 12
U= sin coshy V oSx
sinhy
-24 =-2
CoSx coshy cos coshy
y

Sinx
-+sinx sinhy , dv - (o9 - | Then
dy sin hy
D(cos ha) = sinhx
(sinha):oshx $o il's a Analytical tunct

-V
ala ala
for findng the value ol v » du (3x'-3y')dx -
dv dy Hfom
d
fortial 6y dy
Denvctve
Substitute fsom C-R Sg. >du= 3 dx - 3\y'da+2ydy)
dy
dy
+

2 dy Conttruction of Anaytic tunt ’

By milne- Thomson model
) dv = 2(ydx + xdy)
du - ,(2,o), 00- d,(2.0)
=\du 2(d(zy) v- 2<ytc
The, v= 2xy I f(2) (Q(2,0) - ,(2.o) )d2 +c

3
v*)= 3xy - y
I x t 3xiy + 3xl iy)+y
(u°4- 3x4') +il3y-y)
=> (23
uc,y):x-3y

20
a omaytical u =*'-3xy' veal
function e Analyhical functor fa).
then fnd f(2).
for finding u'
dx t Zdlve: u -3x-34
0,(2,o) :32-o
from C-R Equatiorn. -
-6 ay
du = ay
Oy dz +()ay d,(z,0) 0
fz):(2iolt:
 Analyticad
ing
function I =(,(2,0) - i 0,z,o))dz 4c
Parrt of flz)
f(c) then find =((3z?- (32 )dz +c
Solve
DU =d,(2.0) =d,lz.o) (+)62 = 3(1-i) z dz
|Az)f(ozo)+4,(z)4:+ fz 3(1-)2 +
(1+)
3x2 2
-34 |-(2 (1+i)
2 3

d, (2,0) = 32' ,(2,o) : O (I4)

se):((s-o)dz
2Sin2x
e24 e-20s2x
Criven (uv) (i-9)44xy+y}. find Analyticat fune f(z) ut
find Aralytial tunchion f(2) = I Solve - Coshy. ey +e -2y
Utiv.
2

2
Solye F(2) = utiv
? Sin 2
(fl2) = iu -v
- 2 0 S2
(+)f(z)= (u-v) +i(uv)
F(z) = U+ (v Sin21
Coshy - S2X
F(2) = Uu+iv (
ui))F(2)
if(2) = iu-v (u4v)i +(4-v)
=) u = (x+ 4yts?) + (r-)(20+41)!
Fl2)= u+v
(zo) = z'+(2-o)(2Zto) = 3z2
Sin 2x
-(x*4xy*9)+ (a-y) (4x +2y) coshy
, (2,o) -(2²) + (Z-o)(424 2lo) sin2a 2sinhy
=) 3z 2 oy (coshuy.oszn)2
 Sin 2x
OV = 2osx(oshy.Cos 2x) -(o+ Q find BLT that maps
2sin) z= 1,i,-1 into wi,0,-i
( oshy - oSx) find image of
Hence find

c.l2,0) (1- os22) 2 c0522 - Sin22 I w,i

(2 Sinz2)
1
(uesyosz)?
,(2, o) Solve :
(2-2) (2,-23)
(|-cos22)2
(3,-z4) (2;- 2)
(w-w,) ( w, - W,)
( w,- w, ) (ww)
|- 0S 22 ) (2-1)(i41) (w-)(o+i)
(1-0 (-1-z) (i-o) (-i- w)
(i4)(i4) lw-i)
=) (2-)
(241) (l-) (i+)
Bi|linear Tramsform ation ? w-i
wt
A Trmsformatiorn at type
uohere a,b, C,
nse Teal or Cormplex
() wti
ConsBomt -S.t ad -be to is called => (zi-i)lw+1) -( w-i)(2+)
Bilinean tronsformation or
>2 iw-1-twi)]=i(wr)+
(w-1)
Mobiow Tronsfomation.

4
y 2
3
|
 Q find BLT of z= l,l onto !
W=0, 1,0
)

Solve s
(2-2;)(2-2;)(w-w)(w,g)
(2,-22)(3-2) (w,w,)(-o)|

) (2-1)(it)
(1-i) (--z) (o-)(w,-w)
%olvei
,(n) wwa)i) along Yx dy dx
(|-0. (+) Wz(l-whw)
1
(dx +idy)
Ri(2-1) (0,0)
Ql2+1) (x+ix)(dx idr)
-ilz-) -ill-2)
,2+|
(rtiX) dx

Complex integration >

Consider Cz) is a Complex funf. 3 2

on a ontinous
defined for Some z

Curue 'c' then.

dz :x+idy
(i+i) (,+ 4)
) (1+n) |2+3

Q find the vale of ((riy)dz

6

imit t =(0.1), Y: (0,)

() Along Y=x ) dy 2xdc I |f(a) - flz) dz
(,)

Dilf. fa" w.xt 'a'

(O,0) fortialy on both Side.

(x+ ix') (di +zixdz) =) Qnif(a) - f(2)

2
d2
|

|>2rif(a) - ( f(2) dz
((t) |(x'aix) (d) J(z-a)

2ix1 (2-a)3
(1+)
4
£2) d
n (2-q)n41

Note: For ACircle

-|+ S
C(o,o), Rodius (r)

inteqral Theorcrn - l2-a|= c(a,o) ,

Cauchy's l2-bil =rc(o, b) .
a
a Complex function ftz) is lz-(atbi)| =r,cCa, b)
malytic on a Slmple closed
Gumve (e) then z) dz =o
(c-G) thearÝnn
Cauchy's intgral formula
fl2) is m onalytic funchion
in a closed a e Cond
IS my pairnt uithin c Then
 9

32-i S 22-| Z-3

3Z- -0
it, f(z): z3-6
Z =/3 f(2) d2 t dz
2-3
f2) dz
Z-/3
f(2) dz +
J z-Y2 dz
2-V2 z-3
-) 2ni f(a) = J. f(2)dz
z-a -0
Compare (r uith stmdord orme
3 A= V BE3 utide the
Circle

3 ()) (A(2) de =0
-6 -i -6
9
3

(2l=1
J(22-1) (23)

het

A B d2
(2z-)(2 -3) (22-1) (2-3) C(o,o)
R= 4
Z=, A=o
)L 22+8 dz (2l= 4
80,
A= z- Yos
-3
z2+8 dz Aed f(2) 7*+8
13 = !
R(3) -! S
)(fedz
P-3
fonif(a))2
 ((0)

find 4he oroler of each

=> 2(2rif(3) ) t
-) 4ai(9+8) Pole ¢ xsidue at

Cauchy's Residue Theorom ’ z(2-) (2-2)

if f(e) is emalytic function 8olve 3

unside md on a Simple | z(2) (2-2) = 0 =) 270,,2
Crre Senple pole
Closed Continue 'c' except at
-22
tirite rurnber of Poles (Singula! R, - in (2o)z(2-1)(2-2)
(ingad
Point ) 2Z1,Z-Zn unside
C, then.
R, - um (2 l22
(f(z) dz 271(Ri *Ry-..tRn) 2(2(2 -2)

Ra - un (2 -22
2 ’2 2(2-) (
Note =) -
0 Residue at Simple Pole ad z=c 2
} find Residue f(2) - 2-22
Res fca) =in (2-q) f (2) (241) (241)
Bolve
Residue ct a ole o orda'n'
(2+1)=o 2=-,-!
Ru(at a) -L n (a-afe) )= z:-4
(h-)|d,! (244) = o

Residie at oo.

R in zf(2) Z= -, -!,2, -2
2’o
ne Pole
order 2 pole
 Contou indegration -
-1
2’-1 | dz (ZA)2'44)
Q shou)
Show 4hat : abo
-> in (2+ 4)l22-z) -(222) (22)} 27
d
Z’-1 (z44) a+boS 9

=) (1+ 4) (-2-2) - (it2)(-2)

(4+) 2
- 14 -ie coS - Lsin9

Rz = in ( ) 2?-22 Z +
(2+)'(242i)
(2)
Sinilorty
(z+1)|
2’2 (z41)' (2+2i)
-4 At.
(2i+1)'(4i) dz telae =
=) de
d9

-} de:dz
"R3 (2+1) (2i)
i2

(z-2) 2
d
z<-22 atbs

(2+1)° (2-2i)
|2| 1
atb (24) Cocle
(-2i41)(ai)
dz
+b
 bl 2-4 2q2+| z4 2q2
b b

dz t 4a' - 4

bi- (2-«)(2-B)

Resedue Theorn ’
-)

dz b

bi -d atb2
+

(2-)(2-B) = o b Chcle

B- -q - a-b? outtide
" R Jrm (2-a)I Circle
2’d (2-4)l2-B)
, coffiient

bi

(2-P)L
(2-o) (2-f)

c(2)d2 Hence fooved

bi
Va'bt
 3

# evaduate of the inteqral Q a>o

(r' d)(*'b) bo
of the type s (Toxden- lemma)
Bolue:
f(x) da
dz

if fl2) is a funchion 'ohich

dz
isls Analytic in the uppex half (2+a') (2?+ b°)
at the z- plrne.Except at o -R

tinte umber ß of pole in it

no Polez on the geal dx
hauing lin
dm and t turthur f(z) tends iR0 (x4á) (x4b)
to Zeo ag 2|’ 0 then by
d z =0
d2
Corntous inteqvafon R (22+a) (2+ b)
f() dx = QniE R CR

=> (z'o') (2+b)=0 outside

Where E R" Reptsernt the. Sum => z:ai, {a) bi,(bi

of Residue at Pole in ha Plame·
R (21a)(26i)(i+b°)
- R CR

R, = um
(7) (2a')(2+bi)(2 )
CR
 dz
Je+a)(z'+b)
Ldz
(241)
+ -
-20t(a² b) Qbi(a-b') R dz
(2+40(2-i)
(atb') ( b
i

2 = t,-,tl,t
(g6)(a+b) ab

ab(a+b)
.z-| ! dz

di

|(z2+ a°) (22tb') 2’i(2+)3

-) R=2
(Ri)3
ab(atb)
4e
da
(a1)2 =)
4
Bolve
(x24)2

(x)
d2 dx

J(24)
 (s)

Tylor's sevies : Q- find the first four tem

of the tylor series Expamsion
if a function f(2) is amayicof Connplex variable
funchion about
inside Circle c'c ith Cente z-2 find region at
a
at z=a then t Con be Epornd ed Convegene -

f(2) 2+|
An Seie
(2-3)(2-4)
f(2) = f(a) + 2-d ç'Ca) +(2-arG
2

(2-a)'r -.. z-)"a ;

3 Bolve :
if Cente l- ircde is at Z=2
241
then dustomce o singulai pole
laylor's Seiez IZ=3,4 tr0m the me, 2
Zolue |z -cl R
Melhod (1) (2+1)

f(z) -I
(2 4)2
f(2) =
(2-3)(2-4),.
(z1)3
f(): t +3 Z- t+2
f"(2) =-6 f"(n3/% (t-1)(4-2) tt3 -A B
(2+1) t-)4:2) 4+) (-2)
1

3
F)=-4 + SS ) A = 4. -4
-|
{(2}: L -(2-) (2-)*
+ -3(2-1) (t-) t-2)
4 48

1-(2:), (2-)-(z-)?| 'F):4(ttt*4*1)- s ( 1 ) 4 8

4
Pat the value of t in egO
 Laurent's Seies Q rpond Seriez :
s we ae Tequuid to Expond f(z) =
z'-32+2
ffz) about a Pant abDVe,oheC
f(z) is nut anaytic then i Con
Cam o< lz1cI
be expend ed by laurerd's Serie
md mut by tyloY Serie, (2 2
staternent f2) is cmaythit 4 o< (zt|<
m G¢C2 mnula
egion R bounded by Cocentric Zolve
A
A_8
f(2) -. -(2-1) (2-z)
(Y, (r,) nd uuth Centre at a (2-1)(2-2)
then, A -

f(2) ,ta,(2-a) +4,(2-a)_-. .

+ b +b +
(2-a) (2-9 )2 (2-1): (2z-2)

fto) dw
(w-q)nti f(z) -
(2-2)
bn f(uw)_dw
(w-gntj f(2) =
(i-2)
L
(2-/)
f() - (i-2)-(i-)
 ()
(ü (z|<2 (iv) D<|2t|2

(2|< 2 Z-t-I
(2|
t-2 t-3

f(2) =-I +
2(1-t) 3(1-t5) o<|+|<?
(2-) (2-2)

2
+

(1-4)
z (c) ()
f(+)=L(itt +4t
4 |+t +
3 ----)
(in) |2| >2
((2) L +(2+1)4 (2+1)2
2<l
f(2) = L t(e) (2+1)2
(z)',(z1)
3
(2-) (2-2)
f(2) -I
*(-k)(r)
z !

f() (-) (1-4)"

2
2

F(2): ( 1 22
t ,---)+

(--): 2
 Singuloity Singutau Point i
Zeroes of the tunction ’ at Poinl z-d is called
el f(2) be a function defined Sinqulu point . if tzs
is not a
n donin D iya o a paint malythial function
. ftal
fa) =0 4hen it SaidI
to be 2o functhiòn.
f(o) = not defint
f(2) = z

Sngyliy
oTder of he unction ’ isolated Non- isolated
f[z) Z=0 Removable

f(o) =o Pole

ssential
f(2) 22
,() isol ated ’ A Sinq ulad poind
That mems Z =0 is saud to

P"o) o be om isolated singularity of

is f(2) is analyltic in Some
$o il's orcler (2)
deleke nighoubouk of a.
Regulu Poant -
At paunt z=g is caled a Pa) i notalAnadyt
gula poaint for fz) if
fr2) amalytial " f(2) 2 270
Sigula ponf Flo!
f(2) ez
C(o) | not definhe
 qtmoval 220s this for )
ZSinz -cosZ + 2OS
Sinz
coSz Z t Si2n
um
zSinz
Sin2 f(z) =)
Sinz
singulority
this for
Sinz
Sinz f(2)=
emovable called is f(2)
Singularity oladed is An
of Zo
Sinqularity Removabte (ia)
Singulity
isolaBe anot is2:a point A
A
-;
Pole (b1)Singularity (Solatd Non- (2)
-
9)
(1c) Essential Sinqulantty
Res f(z) = - Reside(RtR,-.)

z2
(2)(2-)
Bolve?- Z = l2

R, im (z-)z2
(2-1)\22)
=) -1
R in (2-2) z
2’ 2
(2-1)(2-2)
4

Ro (R,+R)
) Roo --3

Fomello
- R

find f(2) =e2 at z0

ReS 2) : -Res
2=0 z2
ulohauetuo
= - Res e(ze

Rey

Am'