APPENDICES A-15

Tables
E.1 Table of random numbers
E
E.2 The cumulative standardised normal distribution
E.3 Critical values of t
E.4 Critical values of χ2
E.5 Critical values of F
E.6 Table of binomial probabilities
E.7 Table of Poisson probabilities
E.8 Lower and upper critical values T1 of Wilcoxon rank sum test
E.9 Lower and upper critical values W of Wilcoxon signed ranks test
E.10 Critical values of the Studentised range Q
E.11 Critical values dL and dU of the Durbin–Watson statistic D
E.12 Selected critical values of F for Cook’s Di statistic
E.13 Control chart factors
E.14 The standardised normal distribution

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
A-16 APPENDICES

Column

E Row
01
00000
12345
49280
00001
67890
88924
11111
12345
35779
11112
67890
00283
22222
12345
81163
22223
67890
07275
33333
12345
89863
33334
67890
02348
02 61870 41657 07468 08612 98083 97349 20775 45091
Table E.1
Table of random numbers 03 43898 65923 25078 86129 78496 97653 91550 08078
04 62993 93912 30454 84598 56095 20664 12872 64647
05 33850 58555 51438 85507 71865 79488 76783 31708
06 97340 03364 88472 04334 63919 36394 11095 92470
07 70543 29776 10087 10072 55980 64688 68239 20461
08 89382 93809 00796 95945 34101 81277 66090 88872
09 37818 72142 67140 50785 22380 16703 53362 44940
10 60430 22834 14130 96593 23298 56203 92671 15925
11 82975 66158 84731 19436 55790 69229 28661 13675
12 30987 71938 40355 54324 08401 26299 49420 59208
13 55700 24586 93247 32596 11865 63397 44251 43189
14 14756 23997 78643 75912 83832 32768 18928 57070
15 32166 53251 70654 92827 63491 04233 33825 69662
16 23236 73751 31888 81718 06546 83246 47651 04877
17 45794 26926 15130 82455 78305 55058 52551 47182
18 09893 20505 14225 68514 47427 56788 96297 78822
19 54382 74598 91499 14523 68479 27686 46162 83554
20 94750 89923 37089 20048 80336 94598 26940 36858
21 70297 34135 53140 33340 42050 82341 44104 82949
22 85157 47954 32979 26575 57600 40881 12250 73742
23 11100 02340 12860 74697 96644 89439 28707 25815
24 36871 50775 30592 57143 17381 68856 25853 35041
25 23913 48357 63308 16090 51690 54607 72407 55538
26 79348 36085 27973 65157 07456 22255 25626 57054
27 92074 54641 53673 54421 18130 60103 69593 49464
28 06873 21440 75593 41373 49502 17972 82578 16364
29 12478 37622 99659 31065 83613 69889 58869 29571
30 57175 55564 65411 42547 70457 03426 72937 83792
31 91616 11075 80103 07831 59309 13276 26710 73000
32 78025 73539 14621 39044 47450 03197 12787 47709
33 27587 67228 80145 10175 12822 86687 65530 49325
34 16690 20427 04251 64477 73709 73945 92396 68263
35 70183 58065 65489 31833 82093 16747 10386 59293
36 90730 35385 15679 99742 50866 78028 75573 67257
37 10934 93242 13431 24590 02770 48582 00906 58595
38 82462 30166 79613 47416 13389 80268 05085 96666
39 27463 10433 07606 16285 93699 60912 94532 95632
40 02979 52997 09079 92709 90110 47506 53693 49892
41 46888 69929 75233 52507 32097 37594 10067 67327
42 53638 83161 08289 12639 08141 12640 28437 09268
43 82433 61427 17239 89160 19666 08814 37841 12847
44 35766 31672 50082 22795 66948 65581 84393 15890
45 10853 42581 08792 13257 61973 24450 52351 16602
46 20341 27398 72906 63955 17276 10646 74692 48438
47 54458 90542 77563 51839 52901 53355 83281 19177
48 26337 66530 16687 35179 46560 00123 44546 79896
49 34314 23729 85264 05575 96855 23820 11091 79821
50 28603 10708 68933 34189 92166 15181 66628 58599
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
 APPENDICES A-17

Column

Row
51
00000
12345
66194
00001
67890
28926
11111
12345
99547
11112
67890
16625
22222
12345
45515
22223
67890
67953
33333
12345
12108
33334
67890
57846
E
52 78240 43195 24837 32511 70880 22070 52622 61881
Table E.1
53 00833 88000 67299 68215 11274 55624 32991 17436 Table of random numbers
54 12111 86683 61270 58036 64192 90611 15145 01748 (continued)
55 47189 99951 05755 03834 43782 90599 40282 51417
56 76396 72486 62423 27618 84184 78922 73561 52818
57 46409 17469 32483 09083 76175 19985 26309 91536
58 74626 22111 87286 46772 42243 68046 44250 42439
59 34450 81974 93723 49023 58432 67083 36876 93391
60 36327 72135 33005 28701 34710 49359 50693 89311
61 74185 77536 84825 09934 99103 09325 67389 45869
62 12296 41623 62873 37943 25584 09609 63360 47270
63 90822 60280 88925 99610 42772 60561 76873 04117
64 72121 79152 96591 90305 10189 79778 68016 13747
65 95268 41377 25684 08151 61816 58555 54305 86189
66 92603 09091 75884 93424 72586 88903 30061 14457
67 18813 90291 05275 01223 79607 95426 34900 09778
68 38840 26903 28624 67157 51986 42865 14508 49315
69 05959 33836 53758 16562 41081 38012 41230 20528
70 85141 21155 99212 32685 51403 31926 69813 58781
71 75047 59643 31074 38172 03718 32119 69506 67143
72 30752 95260 68032 62871 58781 34143 68790 69766
73 22986 82575 42187 62295 84295 30634 66562 31442
74 99439 86692 90348 66036 48399 73451 26698 39437
75 20389 93029 11881 71685 65452 89047 63669 02656
76 39249 05173 68256 36359 20250 68686 05947 09335
77 96777 33605 29481 20063 09398 01843 35139 61344
78 04860 32918 10798 50492 52655 33359 94713 28393
79 41613 42375 00403 03656 77580 87772 86877 57085
80 17930 00794 53836 53692 67135 98102 61912 11246
81 24649 31845 25736 75231 83808 98917 93829 99430
82 79899 34061 54308 59358 56462 58166 97302 86828
83 76801 49594 81002 30397 52728 15101 72070 33706
84 36239 63636 38140 65731 39788 06872 38971 53363
85 07392 64449 17886 63632 53995 17574 22247 62607
86 67133 04181 33874 98835 67453 59734 76381 63455
87 77759 31504 32832 70861 15152 29733 75371 39174
88 85992 72268 42920 20810 29361 51423 90306 73574
89 79553 75952 54116 65553 47139 60579 09165 85490
90 41101 17336 48951 53674 17880 45260 08575 49321
91 36191 17095 32123 91576 84221 78902 82010 30847
92 62329 63898 23268 74283 26091 68409 69704 82267
93 14751 13151 93115 01437 56945 89661 67680 79790
94 48462 59278 44185 29616 76537 19589 83139 28454
95 29435 88105 59651 44391 74588 55114 80834 85686
96 28340 29285 12965 14821 80425 16602 44653 70467
97 02167 58940 27149 80242 10587 79786 34959 75339
98 17864 00991 39557 54981 23588 81914 37609 13128
99 79675 80605 60059 35862 00254 36546 21545 78179
00 72335 82037 92003 34100 29879 46613 89720 13274
Source: Partially extracted from the Rand Corporation, A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates
(Glencoe, IL, The Free Press, 1955).

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A-18 APPENDICES

Table E.2

E The cumulative standardised normal distribution

Entry represents area under the cumulative standardised normal
distribution from −∞ to Z.

Z 0

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
−6.0 0.000000001
−5.5 0.000000019
−5.0 0.000000287
−4.5 0.000003398
−4.0 0.000031671
−3.9 0.00005 0.00005 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00003 0.00003
−3.8 0.00007 0.00007 0.00007 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005
−3.7 0.00011 0.00010 0.00010 0.00010 0.00009 0.00009 0.00008 0.00008 0.00008 0.00008
−3.6 0.00016 0.00015 0.00015 0.00014 0.00014 0.00013 0.00013 0.00012 0.00012 0.00011
−3.5 0.00023 0.00022 0.00022 0.00021 0.00020 0.00019 0.00019 0.00018 0.00017 0.00017
−3.4 0.00034 0.00032 0.00031 0.00030 0.00029 0.00028 0.00027 0.00026 0.00025 0.00024
−3.3 0.00048 0.00047 0.00045 0.00043 0.00042 0.00040 0.00039 0.00038 0.00036 0.00035
−3.2 0.00069 0.00066 0.00064 0.00062 0.00060 0.00058 0.00056 0.00054 0.00052 0.00050
−3.1 0.00097 0.00094 0.00090 0.00087 0.00084 0.00082 0.00079 0.00076 0.00074 0.00071
−3.0 0.00135 0.00131 0.00126 0.00122 0.00118 0.00114 0.00111 0.00107 0.00103 0.00100
−2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
−2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
−2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
−2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
−2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
−2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
−2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
−2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
−2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
−2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
−1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
−1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
−1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
−1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
−1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
−1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
−1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
−1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
−1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
−1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
−0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
−0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
−0.7 0.2420 0.2388 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
−0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2482 0.2451
−0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
−0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
−0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
−0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
−0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
−0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
continues

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 APPENDICES A-19

Table E.2
The cumulative standardised normal distribution (continued )
Entry represents area under the cumulative standardised normal
distribution from −∞ to Z. E
0 Z

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7518 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7612 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.99865 0.99869 0.99874 0.99878 0.99882 0.99886 0.99889 0.99893 0.99897 0.99900
3.1 0.99903 0.99906 0.99910 0.99913 0.99916 0.99918 0.99921 0.99924 0.99926 0.99929
3.2 0.99931 0.99934 0.99936 0.99938 0.99940 0.99942 0.99944 0.99946 0.99948 0.99950
3.3 0.99952 0.99953 0.99955 0.99957 0.99958 0.99960 0.99961 0.99962 0.99964 0.99965
3.4 0.99966 0.99968 0.99969 0.99970 0.99971 0.99972 0.99973 0.99974 0.99975 0.99976
3.5 0.99977 0.99978 0.99978 0.99979 0.99980 0.99981 0.99981 0.99982 0.99983 0.99983
3.6 0.99984 0.99985 0.99985 0.99986 0.99986 0.99987 0.99987 0.99988 0.99988 0.99989
3.7 0.99989 0.99990 0.99990 0.99990 0.99991 0.99991 0.99992 0.99992 0.99992 0.99992
3.8 0.99993 0.99993 0.99993 0.99994 0.99994 0.99994 0.99994 0.99995 0.99995 0.99995
3.9 0.99995 0.99995 0.99996 0.99996 0.99996 0.99996 0.99996 0.99996 0.99997 0.99997
4.0 0.999968329
4.5 0.999996602
5.0 0.999999713
5.5 0.999999981
6.0 0.999999999

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
A-20 APPENDICES

Table E.3

E Critical values of t
For a particular number of degrees of freedom, entry represents the
critical value of t corresponding to a specified upper-tail area (α). α

0 t (α,df )
Upper-tail areas
Degrees of
freedom 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
1 1.0000 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8207 63.6574
2 0.8165 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248
3 0.7649 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409
4 0.7407 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041
5 0.7267 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0322
6 0.7176 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074
7 0.7111 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995
8 0.7064 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554
9 0.7027 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498
10 0.6998 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693
11 0.6974 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058
12 0.6955 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545
13 0.6938 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123
14 0.6924 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768
15 0.6912 1.3406 1.7531 2.1315 2.6025 2.9467
16 0.6901 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208
17 0.6892 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982
18 0.6884 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784
19 0.6876 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609
20 0.6870 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453
21 0.6864 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5177 2.8314
22 0.6858 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188
23 0.6853 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073
24 0.6848 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969
25 0.6844 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874
26 0.6840 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787
27 0.6837 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707
28 0.6834 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633
29 0.6830 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564
30 0.6828 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500
31 0.6825 1.3095 1.6955 2.0395 2.4528 2.7740
32 0.6822 1.3086 1.6939 2.0369 2.4487 2.7385
33 0.6820 1.3077 1.6924 2.0345 2.4448 2.7333
34 0.6818 1.3070 1.6909 2.0322 2.4411 2.7284
35 0.6816 1.3062 1.6896 2.0301 2.4377 2.7238
36 0.6814 1.3055 1.6883 2.0281 2.4345 2.7195
37 0.6812 1.3049 1.6871 2.0262 2.4314 2.7154
38 0.6810 1.3042 1.6860 2.0244 2.4286 2.7116
39 0.6808 1.3036 1.6849 2.0227 2.4258 2.7079
40 0.6807 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045
41 0.6805 1.3025 1.6829 2.0195 2.4208 2.7012
42 0.6804 1.3020 1.6820 2.0181 2.4185 2.6981
43 0.6802 1.3016 1.6811 2.0167 2.4163 2.6951
44 0.6801 1.3011 1.6802 2.0154 2.4141 2.6923
45 0.6800 1.3006 1.6794 2.0141 2.4121 2.6896
46 0.6799 1.3022 1.6787 2.0129 2.4102 2.6870
47 0.6797 1.2998 1.6779 2.0117 2.4083 2.6846
48 0.6796 1.2994 1.6772 2.0106 2.4066 2.6822
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
 APPENDICES A-21

Upper-tail areas
Degrees of
freedom
49
0.25
0.6795
0.10
1.2991
0.05
1.6766
0.025
2.0096
0.01
2.4049
0.005
2.6800
E
50 0.6794 1.2987 1.6759 2.0086 2.4033 2.6778
51 0.6793 1.2984 1.6753 2.0076 2.4017 2.6757 Table E.3
52 0.6792 1.2980 1.6747 2.0066 2.4002 2.6737 Critical values of t
53 0.6791 1.2977 1.6741 2.0057 2.3988 2.6718 (continued )
54 0.6791 1.2974 1.6736 2.0049 2.3974 2.6700
55 0.6790 1.2971 1.6730 2.0040 2.3961 2.6682
56 0.6789 1.2969 1.6725 2.0032 2.3948 2.6665
57 0.6788 1.2966 1.6720 2.0025 2.3936 2.6649
58 0.6787 1.2963 1.6716 2.0017 2.3924 2.6633
59 0.6787 1.2961 1.6711 2.0010 2.3912 2.6618
60 0.6786 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603
61 0.6785 1.2956 1.6702 1.9996 2.3890 2.6589
62 0.6785 1.2954 1.6698 1.9990 2.3880 2.6575
63 0.6784 1.2951 1.6694 1.9983 2.3870 2.6561
64 0.6783 1.2949 1.6690 1.9977 2.3860 2.6549
65 0.6783 1.2947 1.6686 1.9971 2.3851 2.6536
66 0.6782 1.2945 1.6683 1.9966 2.3842 2.6524
67 0.6782 1.2943 1.6679 1.9960 2.3833 2.6512
68 0.6781 1.2941 1.6676 1.9955 2.3824 2.6501
69 0.6781 1.2939 1.6672 1.9949 2.3816 2.6490
70 0.6780 1.2938 1.6669 1.9944 2.3808 2.6479
71 0.6780 1.2936 1.6666 1.9939 2.3800 2.6469
72 0.6779 1.2934 1.6663 1.9935 2.3793 2.6459
73 0.6779 1.2933 1.6660 1.9930 2.3785 2.6449
74 0.6778 1.2931 1.6657 1.9925 2.3778 2.6439
75 0.6778 1.2929 1.6654 1.9921 2.3771 2.6430
76 0.6777 1.2928 1.6652 1.9917 2.3764 2.6421
77 0.6777 1.2926 1.6649 1.9913 2.3758 2.6412
78 0.6776 1.2925 1.6646 1.9908 2.3751 2.6403
79 0.6776 1.2924 1.6644 1.9905 2.3745 2.6395
80 0.6776 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387
81 0.6775 1.2921 1.6639 1.9897 2.3733 2.6379
82 0.6775 1.2920 1.6636 1.9893 2.3727 2.6371
83 0.6775 1.2918 1.6634 1.9890 2.3721 2.6364
84 0.6774 1.2917 1.6632 1.9886 2.3716 2.6356
85 0.6774 1.2916 1.6630 1.9883 2.3710 2.6349
86 0.6774 1.2915 1.6628 1.9879 2.3705 2.6342
87 0.6773 1.2914 1.6626 1.9876 2.3700 2.6335
88 0.6773 1.2912 1.6624 1.9873 2.3695 2.6329
89 0.6773 1.2911 1.6622 1.9870 2.3690 2.6322
90 0.6772 1.2910 1.6620 1.9867 2.3685 2.6316
91 0.6772 1.2909 1.6618 1.9864 2.3680 2.6309
92 0.6772 1.2908 1.6616 1.9861 2.3676 2.6303
93 0.6771 1.2907 1.6614 1.9858 2.3671 2.6297
94 0.6771 1.2906 1.6612 1.9855 2.3667 2.6291
95 0.6771 1.2905 1.6611 1.9853 2.3662 2.6286
96 0.6771 1.2904 1.6609 1.9850 2.3658 2.6280
97 0.6770 1.2903 1.6607 1.9847 2.3654 2.6275
98 0.6770 1.2902 1.6606 1.9845 2.3650 2.6269
99 0.6770 1.2902 1.6604 1.9842 2.3646 2.6264
100 0.6770 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259
110 0.6767 1.2893 1.6588 1.9818 2.3607 2.6213
120 0.6765 1.2886 1.6577 1.9799 2.3578 2.6174
∞ 0.6745 1.2816 1.6449 1.9600 2.3263 2.5758

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
A-22 APPENDICES

Table E.4

E Critical values of χ2
For a particular number of degrees of freedom, entry represents the critical value of χ2
corresponding to a specified upper-tail area (α).
1–α
α

0 χ2
U (α,df )

Upper-tail areas (훂)

Degrees of
freedom 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.75 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
1 0.001 0.004 0.016 0.102 1.323 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 0.575 2.773 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 1.213 4.108 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 1.923 5.385 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 2.675 6.626 9.236 11.071 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 3.455 7.841 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.458
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 4.255 9.037 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 5.071 10.219 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 5.899 11.389 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 6.737 12.549 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 7.584 13.701 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 8.438 14.845 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.299
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 9.299 15.984 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 10.165 17.117 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 11.037 18.245 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 11.912 19.369 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 12.792 20.489 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 13.675 21.605 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 14.562 22.718 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 15.452 23.828 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 16.344 24.935 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.042 17.240 26.039 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 18.137 27.141 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 19.037 28.241 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 19.939 29.339 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 20.843 30.435 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 21.749 31.528 36.741 40.113 43.194 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 22.657 32.620 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.257 16.047 17.708 19.768 23.567 33.711 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.954 16.791 18.493 20.599 24.478 34.800 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672

For larger values of freedom (df ) the expression Z = 2χ2 − 2(df ) − 1 may be used and the resulting upper-tail area can be found from the
cumulative standardised normal distribution (Table E.2).

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
 Table E.5
Critical values of F
For a particular combination of numerator and denominator degrees of freedom, entry represents the critical values of F α = 0.05
corresponding to a specified upper-tail area (α).
0 FU (α,df ,df )
1 2

Numerator, df1
Denominator
df2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 161.40 199.50 215.70 224.60 230.20 234.00 236.80 238.90 240.50 241.90 243.90 245.90 248.00 249.10 250.10 251.10 252.20 253.30 254.30
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.91 1.89 1.84 1.78
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.39
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25
∞ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
APPENDICES A-23

E
 Table E.5
Critical values of F (continued ) E
A-24 APPENDICES

α = 0.025

0 FU (α,df ,df )
1 2

Numerator, df1
Denominator
df2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 647.80 799.50 864.20 899.60 921.80 937.10 948.20 956.70 963.30 968.60 976.70 984.90 993.10 997.20 1,001.00 1,006.00 1,010.00 1,014.00 1,018.00
2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.39 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49 39.50
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 13.99 13.95 13.90
4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.51 8.46 8.41 8.36 8.31 8.26
5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23 6.18 6.12 6.07 6.02
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07 5.01 4.96 4.90 4.85
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36 4.31 4.25 4.20 4.14
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.73 3.67
9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.39 3.33
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.20 3.14 3.08
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.06 3.00 2.94 2.88
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96 2.91 2.85 2.79 2.72
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.60
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.49
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.40
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.25
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.19
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.20 2.13
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.09
21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.04
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.00
23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.11 2.04 1.97
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.01 1.94
25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.05 1.98 1.91
26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16 2.09 2.03 1.95 1.88
27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.07 2.00 1.93 1.85
28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.83
29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09 2.03 1.96 1.89 1.81
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.79
40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.29 2.18 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.64
60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.58 1.48

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69 1.61 1.53 1.43 1.31
∞ 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.94 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.57 1.48 1.39 1.27 1.00
continues
 Table E.5
Critical values of F (continued )
α = 0.01

0 FU (α,df ,df )
1 2

Numerator, df1
Denominator
df2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 4,052.00 4,999.50 5,403.00 5,625.00 5,764.00 5,859.00 5,928.00 5,982.00 6,022.00 6,056.00 6,106.00 6,157.00 6,209.00 6,235.00 6,261.00 6,287.00 6,313.00 6,339.00 6,366.00
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 44.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.81 2.75
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38
∞ 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
APPENDICES A-25

E
 E
Table E.5
Critical values of F (continued )
α = 0.005
A-26 APPENDICES

0 FU (α,df ,df )
1 2

Numerator, df1
Denominator
df2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 16,211.00 20,000.00 21,615.00 22,500.00 23,056.00 23,437.00 23,715.00 23,925.00 24,091.00 24,224.00 24,426.00 24,630.00 24,836.00 24,910.00 25,044.00 25,148.00 25,253.00 25,359.00 25,465.00
2 198.50 199.00 199.20 199.20 199.30 199.30 199.40 199.40 199.40 199.40 199.40 199.40 199.40 199.50 199.50 199.50 199.50 199.50 199.50
3 55.55 49.80 47.47 46.19 45.39 44.84 44.43 44.13 43.88 43.69 43.39 43.08 42.78 42.62 42.47 42.31 42.15 41.99 41.83
4 31.33 26.28 24.26 23.15 22.46 21.97 21.62 21.35 21.14 20.97 20.70 20.44 20.17 20.03 19.89 19.75 19.61 19.47 19.32
5 22.78 18.31 16.53 15.56 14.94 14.51 14.20 13.96 13.77 13.62 13.38 13.15 12.90 12.78 12.66 12.53 12.40 12.27 12.11
6 18.63 14.54 12.92 12.03 11.46 11.07 10.79 10.57 10.39 10.25 10.03 9.81 9.59 9.47 9.36 9.24 9.12 9.00 8.88
7 16.24 12.40 10.88 10.05 9.52 9.16 8.89 8.68 8.51 8.38 8.18 7.97 7.75 7.65 7.53 7.42 7.31 7.19 7.08
8 14.69 11.04 9.60 8.81 8.30 7.95 7.69 7.50 7.34 7.21 7.01 6.81 6.61 6.50 6.40 6.29 6.18 6.06 5.95
9 13.61 10.11 8.72 7.96 7.47 7.13 6.88 6.69 6.54 6.42 6.23 6.03 5.83 5.73 5.62 5.52 5.41 5.30 5.19
10 12.83 9.43 8.08 7.34 6.87 6.54 6.30 6.12 5.97 5.85 5.66 5.47 5.27 5.17 5.07 4.97 4.86 4.75 1.61
11 12.23 8.91 7.60 6.88 6.42 6.10 5.86 5.68 5.54 5.42 5.24 5.05 4.86 4.75 4.65 4.55 4.44 4.34 4.23
12 11.75 8.51 7.23 6.52 6.07 5.76 5.52 5.35 5.20 5.09 4.91 4.72 4.53 4.43 4.33 4.23 4.12 4.01 3.90
13 11.37 8.19 6.93 6.23 5.79 5.48 5.25 5.08 4.94 4.82 4.64 4.46 4.27 4.17 4.07 3.97 3.87 3.76 3.65
14 11.06 7.92 6.68 6.00 5.56 5.26 5.03 4.86 4.72 4.60 4.43 4.25 4.06 3.96 3.86 3.76 3.66 3.55 3.41
15 10.80 7.70 6.48 5.80 5.37 5.07 4.85 4.67 4.54 4.42 4.25 4.07 3.88 3.79 3.69 3.58 3.48 3.37 3.26
16 10.58 7.51 6.30 5.64 5.21 4.91 4.69 4.52 4.38 4.27 4.10 3.92 3.73 3.64 3.54 3.44 3.33 3.22 3.11
17 10.38 7.35 6.16 5.50 5.07 4.78 4.56 4.39 4.25 4.14 3.97 3.79 3.61 3.51 3.41 3.31 3.21 3.10 2.98
18 10.22 7.21 6.03 5.37 4.96 4.66 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.86 3.68 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.10 2.89 2.87
19 10.07 7.09 5.92 5.27 4.85 4.56 4.34 4.18 4.04 3.93 3.76 3.59 3.40 3.31 3.21 3.11 3.00 2.89 2.78
20 9.94 6.99 5.82 5.17 4.76 4.47 4.26 4.09 3.96 3.85 3.68 3.50 3.32 3.22 3.12 3.02 2.92 2.81 2.69
21 9.83 6.89 5.73 5.09 4.68 4.39 4.18 4.02 3.88 3.77 3.60 3.43 3.24 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.73 2.61
22 9.73 6.81 5.65 5.02 4.61 4.32 4.11 3.94 3.81 3.70 3.54 3.36 3.18 3.08 2.98 2.88 2.77 2.66 2.55
23 9.63 6.73 5.58 4.95 4.54 4.26 4.05 3.88 3.75 3.64 3.47 3.30 3.12 3.02 2.92 2.82 2.71 2.60 2.48
24 9.55 6.66 5.52 4.89 4.49 4.20 3.99 3.83 3.69 3.59 3.42 3.25 3.06 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.66 2.55 2.43
25 9.48 6.60 5.46 4.84 4.43 4.15 3.94 3.78 3.64 3.54 3.37 3.20 3.01 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.61 2.50 2.38
26 9.41 6.54 5.41 4.79 4.38 4.10 3.89 3.73 3.60 3.49 3.33 3.15 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.45 2.33
27 9.34 6.49 5.36 4.74 4.34 4.06 3.85 3.69 3.56 3.45 3.28 3.11 2.93 2.83 2.73 2.63 2.52 2.41 2.29
28 9.28 6.44 5.32 4.70 4.30 4.02 3.81 3.65 3.52 3.41 3.25 3.07 2.89 2.79 2.69 2.59 2.48 2.37 2.25
29 9.23 6.40 5.28 4.66 4.26 3.98 3.77 3.61 3.48 3.38 3.21 3.04 2.86 2.76 2.66 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.21
30 9.18 6.35 5.24 4.62 4.23 3.95 3.74 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.18 3.01 2.82 2.73 2.63 2.52 2.42 2.30 2.18
40 8.83 6.07 4.98 4.37 3.99 3.71 3.51 3.35 3.22 3.12 2.95 2.78 2.60 2.50 2.40 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.93
60 8.49 5.79 4.73 4.14 3.76 3.49 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.90 2.74 2.57 2.39 2.29 2.19 2.08 1.96 1.83 1.69
120 8.18 5.54 4.50 3.92 3.55 3.28 3.09 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.54 2.37 2.19 2.09 1.98 1.87 1.75 1.61 1.43

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
∞ 7.88 5.30 4.28 3.72 3.35 3.09 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.52 2.36 2.19 2.00 1.90 1.79 1.67 1.53 1.36 1.00
Source: E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Volume 1, 3rd edn, 2015, copyright Cambridge University Press, reproduced with permission.
 Table E.6
Table of binomial probabilities
For a given combination of n and p, entry indicates the probability of obtaining a specified value of X. To locate entry: when p - 0.50, read p across the top heading and both n and X down the left margin;
when p . 0.50, read p across the bottom heading and both n and X up the right margin.

p
n X 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 X n
1 0 0.9900 0.9800 0.9700 0.9600 0.9500 0.9400 0.9300 0.9200 0.9100 0.9000 0.8500 0.8000 0.7500 0.7000 0.6500 0.6000 0.5500 0.5000 1
1 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 0.0500 0.0600 0.0700 0.0800 0.0900 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000 0.3500 0.4000 0.4500 0.5000 0 1
2 0 0.9801 0.9604 0.9409 0.9216 0.9025 0.8836 0.8649 0.8464 0.8281 0.8100 0.7225 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0.4225 0.3600 0.3025 0.2500 2
1 0.0198 0.0392 0.0582 0.0768 0.0950 0.1128 0.1302 0.1472 0.1638 0.1800 0.2550 0.3200 0.3750 0.4200 0.4550 0.4800 0.4950 0.5000 1
2 0.0001 0.0004 0.0009 0.0016 0.0025 0.0036 0.0049 0.0064 0.0081 0.0100 0.0225 0.0400 0.0625 0.0900 0.1225 0.1600 0.2025 0.2500 0 2
3 0 0.9703 0.9412 0.9127 0.8847 0.8574 0.8306 0.8044 0.7787 0.7536 0.7290 0.6141 0.5120 0.4219 0.3430 0.2746 0.2160 0.1664 0.1250 3
1 0.0294 0.0576 0.0847 0.1106 0.1354 0.1590 0.1816 0.2031 0.2236 0.2430 0.3251 0.3840 0.4219 0.4410 0.4436 0.4320 0.4084 0.3750 2
2 0.0003 0.0012 0.0026 0.0046 0.0071 0.0102 0.0137 0.0177 0.0221 0.0270 0.0574 0.0960 0.1406 0.1890 0.2389 0.2880 0.3341 0.3750 1
3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0010 0.0034 0.0080 0.0156 0.0270 0.0429 0.0640 0.0911 0.1250 0 3
4 0 0.9606 0.9224 0.8853 0.8493 0.8145 0.7807 0.7481 0.7164 0.6857 0.6561 0.5220 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1785 0.1296 0.0915 0.0625 4
1 0.0388 0.0753 0.1095 0.1416 0.1715 0.1993 0.2252 0.2492 0.2713 0.2916 0.3685 0.4096 0.4219 0.4116 0.3845 0.3456 0.2995 0.2500 3
2 0.0006 0.0023 0.0051 0.0088 0.0135 0.0191 0.0254 0.0325 0.0402 0.0486 0.0975 0.1536 0.2109 0.2646 0.3105 0.3456 0.3675 0.3750 2
3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.0008 0.0013 0.0019 0.0027 0.0036 0.0115 0.0256 0.0469 0.0756 0.1115 0.1536 0.2005 0.2500 1
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016 0.0039 0.0081 0.0150 0.0256 0.0410 0.0625 0 4
5 0 0.9510 0.9039 0.8587 0.8154 0.7738 0.7339 0.6957 0.6591 0.6240 0.5905 0.4437 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.1160 0.0778 0.0503 0.0313 5
1 0.0480 0.0922 0.1328 0.1699 0.2036 0.2342 0.2618 0.2866 0.3086 0.3281 0.3915 0.4096 0.3955 0.3602 0.3124 0.2592 0.2059 0.1563 4
2 0.0010 0.0038 0.0082 0.0142 0.0214 0.0299 0.0394 0.0498 0.0610 0.0729 0.1382 0.2048 0.2637 0.3087 0.3364 0.3456 0.3369 0.3125 3
3 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0006 0.0011 0.0019 0.0030 0.0043 0.0060 0.0081 0.0244 0.0512 0.0879 0.1323 0.1811 0.2304 0.2757 0.3125 2
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0022 0.0064 0.0146 0.0284 0.0488 0.0768 0.1128 0.1563 1
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0.0024 0.0053 0.0102 0.0185 0.0313 0 5
6 0 0.9415 0.8858 0.8330 0.7828 0.7351 0.6899 0.6470 0.6064 0.5679 0.5314 0.3771 0.2621 0.1780 0.1176 0.0754 0.0467 0.0277 0.0156 6
1 0.0571 0.1085 0.1546 0.1957 0.2321 0.2642 0.2922 0.3164 0.3370 0.3543 0.3993 0.3932 0.3560 0.3025 0.2437 0.1866 0.1359 0.0938 5
2 0.0014 0.0055 0.0120 0.0204 0.0305 0.0422 0.0550 0.0688 0.0833 0.0984 0.1762 0.2458 0.2966 0.3241 0.3280 0.3110 0.2780 0.2344 4
3 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0011 0.0021 0.0036 0.0055 0.0080 0.0110 0.0146 0.0415 0.0819 0.1318 0.1852 0.2355 0.2765 0.3032 0.3125 3
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012 0.0055 0.0154 0.0330 0.0595 0.0951 0.1382 0.1861 0.2344 2
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0015 0.0044 0.0102 0.0205 0.0369 0.0609 0.0938 1
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0007 0.0018 0.0041 0.0083 0.0156 0 6
7 0 0.9321 0.8681 0.8080 0.7514 0.6983 0.6485 0.6017 0.5578 0.5168 0.4783 0.3206 0.2097 0.1335 0.0824 0.0490 0.0280 0.0152 0.0078 7
1 0.0659 0.1240 0.1749 0.2192 0.2573 0.2897 0.3170 0.3396 0.3578 0.3720 0.3960 0.3670 0.3115 0.2471 0.1848 0.1306 0.0872 0.0547 6
2 0.0020 0.0076 0.0162 0.0274 0.0406 0.0555 0.0716 0.0886 0.1061 0.1240 0.2097 0.2753 0.3115 0.3177 0.2985 0.2613 0.2140 0.1641 5
3 0.0000 0.0003 0.0008 0.0019 0.0036 0.0059 0.0090 0.0128 0.0175 0.0230 0.0617 0.1147 0.1730 0.2269 0.2679 0.2903 0.2918 0.2734 4
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 0.0017 0.0026 0.0109 0.0287 0.0577 0.0972 0.1442 0.1935 0.2388 0.2734 3
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0012 0.0043 0.0115 0.0250 0.0466 0.0774 0.1172 0.1641 2
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0013 0.0036 0.0084 0.0172 0.0320 0.0547 1
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0016 0.0037 0.0078 0 7
n X 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 X n
p
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
APPENDICES A-27

E
 E
Table E.6
Table of binomial probabilities (continued )

p
A-28 APPENDICES

n X 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 X n
8 0 0.9227 0.8508 0.7837 0.7214 0.6634 0.6096 0.5596 0.5132 0.4703 0.4305 0.2725 0.1678 0.1001 0.0576 0.0319 0.0168 0.0084 0.0039 8
1 0.0746 0.1389 0.1939 0.2405 0.2793 0.3113 0.3370 0.3570 0.3721 0.3826 0.3847 0.3355 0.2670 0.1977 0.1373 0.0896 0.0548 0.0313 7
2 0.0026 0.0099 0.0210 0.0351 0.0515 0.0695 0.0888 0.1087 0.1288 0.1488 0.2376 0.2936 0.3115 0.2965 0.2587 0.2090 0.1569 0.1094 6
3 0.0001 0.0004 0.0013 0.0029 0.0054 0.0089 0.0134 0.0189 0.0255 0.0331 0.0839 0.1468 0.2076 0.2541 0.2786 0.2787 0.2568 0.2188 5
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0007 0.0013 0.0021 0.0031 0.0046 0.0185 0.0459 0.0865 0.1361 0.1875 0.2322 0.2627 0.2734 4
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0026 0.0092 0.0231 0.0467 0.0808 0.1239 0.1719 0.2188 3
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0011 0.0038 0.0100 0.0217 0.0413 0.0703 0.1094 2
7 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0012 0.0033 0.0079 0.0164 0.0313 1
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0007 0.0017 0.0039 0 8
9 0 0.9135 0.8337 0.7602 0.6925 0.6302 0.5730 0.5204 0.4722 0.4279 0.3874 0.2316 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0207 0.0101 0.0046 0.0020 9
1 0.0830 0.1531 0.2116 0.2597 0.2985 0.3292 0.3525 0.3695 0.3809 0.3874 0.3679 0.3020 0.2253 0.1556 0.1004 0.0605 0.0339 0.0176 8
2 0.0034 0.0125 0.0262 0.0433 0.0629 0.0840 0.1061 0.1285 0.1507 0.1722 0.2597 0.3020 0.3003 0.2668 0.2162 0.1612 0.1110 0.0703 7
3 0.0001 0.0006 0.0019 0.0042 0.0077 0.0125 0.0186 0.0261 0.0348 0.0446 0.1069 0.1762 0.2336 0.2668 0.2716 0.2508 0.2119 0.1641 6
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0006 0.0012 0.0021 0.0034 0.0052 0.0074 0.0283 0.0661 0.1168 0.1715 0.2194 0.2508 0.2600 0.2461 5
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0008 0.0050 0.0165 0.0389 0.0735 0.1181 0.1672 0.2128 0.2461 4
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0028 0.0087 0.0210 0.0424 0.0743 0.1160 0.1641 3
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0012 0.0039 0.0098 0.0212 0.0407 0.0703 2
8 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0013 0.0035 0.0083 0.0176 1
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0020 0 9
10 0 0.9044 0.8171 0.7374 0.6648 0.5987 0.5386 0.4840 0.4344 0.3894 0.3487 0.1969 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0135 0.0060 0.0025 0.0010 10
1 0.0914 0.1667 0.2281 0.2770 0.3151 0.3438 0.3643 0.3777 0.3851 0.3874 0.3474 0.2684 0.1877 0.1211 0.0725 0.0403 0.0207 0.0098 9
2 0.0042 0.0153 0.0317 0.0519 0.0746 0.0988 0.1234 0.1478 0.1714 0.1937 0.2759 0.3020 0.2816 0.2335 0.1757 0.1209 0.0763 0.0439 8
3 0.0001 0.0008 0.0026 0.0058 0.0105 0.0168 0.0248 0.0343 0.0452 0.0574 0.1298 0.2013 0.2503 0.2668 0.2522 0.2150 0.1665 0.1172 7
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0010 0.0019 0.0033 0.0052 0.0078 0.0112 0.0401 0.0881 0.1460 0.2001 0.2377 0.2508 0.2384 0.2051 6
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0009 0.0015 0.0085 0.0264 0.0584 0.1029 0.1536 0.2007 0.2340 0.2461 5
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0012 0.0055 0.0162 0.0368 0.0689 0.1115 0.1596 0.2051 4
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0008 0.0031 0.0090 0.0212 0.0425 0.0746 0.1172 3
8 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0014 0.0043 0.0106 0.0229 0.0439 2
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016 0.0042 0.0098 1
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0 10
11 0 0.8953 0.8007 0.7153 0.6382 0.5688 0.5063 0.4501 0.3996 0.3544 0.3138 0.1673 0.0859 0.0422 0.0198 0.0088 0.0036 0.0014 0.0005 11
1 0.0995 0.1798 0.2433 0.2925 0.3293 0.3555 0.3727 0.3823 0.3855 0.3835 0.3248 0.2362 0.1549 0.0932 0.0518 0.0266 0.0125 0.0054 10
2 0.0050 0.0183 0.0376 0.0609 0.0867 0.1135 0.1403 0.1662 0.1906 0.2131 0.2866 0.2953 0.2581 0.1998 0.1395 0.0887 0.0513 0.0269 9
3 0.0002 0.0011 0.0035 0.0076 0.0137 0.0217 0.0317 0.0434 0.0566 0.0710 0.1517 0.2215 0.2581 0.2568 0.2254 0.1774 0.1259 0.0806 8
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0006 0.0014 0.0028 0.0048 0.0075 0.0112 0.0158 0.0536 0.1107 0.1721 0.2201 0.2428 0.2365 0.2060 0.1611 7
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.0009 0.0015 0.0025 0.0132 0.0388 0.0803 0.1321 0.1830 0.2207 0.2360 0.2256 6
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0023 0.0097 0.0268 0.0566 0.0985 0.1471 0.1931 0.2256 5
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0017 0.0064 0.0173 0.0379 0.0701 0.1128 0.1611 4
8 0.0000 0.0002 0.0011 0.0037 0.0102 0.0234 0.0462 0.0806 3
9 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0018 0.0052 0.0126 0.0269 2
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0007 0.0021 0.0054 1
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0 11

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
n X 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 X n
p
continues
 Table E.6
Table of binomial probabilities (continued )

p
n X 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 X n
12 0 0.8864 0.7847 0.6938 0.6127 0.5404 0.4759 0.4186 0.3677 0.3225 0.2824 0.1422 0.0687 0.0317 0.0138 0.0057 0.0022 0.0008 0.0002 12
1 0.1074 0.1922 0.2575 0.3064 0.3413 0.3645 0.3781 0.3837 0.3827 0.3766 0.3012 0.2062 0.1267 0.0712 0.0368 0.0174 0.0075 0.0029 11
2 0.0060 0.0216 0.0438 0.0702 0.0988 0.1280 0.1565 0.1835 0.2082 0.2301 0.2924 0.2835 0.2323 0.1678 0.1088 0.0639 0.0339 0.0161 10
3 0.0002 0.0015 0.0045 0.0098 0.0173 0.0272 0.0393 0.0532 0.0686 0.0852 0.1720 0.2362 0.2581 0.2397 0.1954 0.1419 0.0923 0.0537 9
4 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0009 0.0021 0.0039 0.0067 0.0104 0.0153 0.0213 0.0683 0.1329 0.1936 0.2311 0.2367 0.2128 0.1700 0.1208 8
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0008 0.0014 0.0024 0.0038 0.0193 0.0532 0.1032 0.1585 0.2039 0.2270 0.2225 0.1934 7
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0040 0.0155 0.0401 0.0792 0.1281 0.1766 0.2124 0.2256 6
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0033 0.0115 0.0291 0.0591 0.1009 0.1489 0.1934 5
8 0.0001 0.0005 0.0024 0.0078 0.0199 0.0420 0.0762 0.1208 4
9 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0015 0.0048 0.0125 0.0277 0.0537 3
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0008 0.0025 0.0068 0.0161 2
11 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0.0029 1
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0 12
13 0 0.8775 0.7690 0.6730 0.5882 0.5133 0.4474 0.3893 0.3383 0.2935 0.2542 0.1209 0.0550 0.0238 0.0097 0.0037 0.0013 0.0004 0.0001 13
1 0.1152 0.2040 0.2706 0.3186 0.3512 0.3712 0.3809 0.3824 0.3773 0.3672 0.2774 0.1787 0.1029 0.0540 0.0259 0.0113 0.0045 0.0016 12
2 0.0070 0.0250 0.0502 0.0797 0.1109 0.1422 0.1720 0.1995 0.2239 0.2448 0.2937 0.2680 0.2059 0.1388 0.0836 0.0453 0.0220 0.0095 11
3 0.0003 0.0019 0.0057 0.0122 0.0214 0.0333 0.0475 0.0636 0.0812 0.0997 0.1900 0.2457 0.2517 0.2181 0.1651 0.1107 0.0660 0.0349 10
4 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0013 0.0028 0.0053 0.0089 0.0138 0.0201 0.0277 0.0838 0.1535 0.2097 0.2337 0.2222 0.1845 0.1350 0.0873 9
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0006 0.0012 0.0022 0.0036 0.0055 0.0266 0.0691 0.1258 0.1803 0.2154 0.2214 0.1989 0.1571 8
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0008 0.0063 0.0230 0.0559 0.1030 0.1546 0.1968 0.2169 0.2095 7
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0058 0.0186 0.0442 0.0833 0.1312 0.1775 0.2095 6
8 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0047 0.0142 0.0336 0.0656 0.1089 0.1571 5
9 0.0000 0.0001 0.0009 0.0034 0.0101 0.0243 0.0495 0.0873 4
10 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0022 0.0065 0.0162 0.0349 3
11 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0012 0.0036 0.0095 2
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016 1
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0 13
14 0 0.8687 0.7536 0.6528 0.5647 0.4877 0.4205 0.3620 0.3112 0.2670 0.2288 0.1028 0.0440 0.0178 0.0068 0.0024 0.0008 0.0002 0.0001 14
1 0.1229 0.2153 0.2827 0.3294 0.3593 0.3758 0.3815 0.3788 0.3698 0.3559 0.2539 0.1539 0.0832 0.0407 0.0181 0.0073 0.0027 0.0009 13
2 0.0081 0.0286 0.0568 0.0892 0.1229 0.1559 0.1867 0.2141 0.2377 0.2570 0.2912 0.2501 0.1802 0.1134 0.0634 0.0317 0.0141 0.0056 12
3 0.0003 0.0023 0.0070 0.0149 0.0259 0.0398 0.0562 0.0745 0.0940 0.1142 0.2056 0.2501 0.2402 0.1943 0.1366 0.0845 0.0462 0.0222 11
4 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0017 0.0037 0.0070 0.0116 0.0178 0.0256 0.0349 0.0998 0.1720 0.2202 0.2290 0.2022 0.1549 0.1040 0.0611 10
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0009 0.0018 0.0031 0.0051 0.0078 0.0352 0.0860 0.1468 0.1963 0.2178 0.2066 0.1701 0.1222 9
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0008 0.0013 0.0093 0.0322 0.0734 0.1262 0.1759 0.2066 0.2088 0.1833 8
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0019 0.0092 0.0280 0.0618 0.1082 0.1574 0.1952 0.2095 7
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0020 0.0082 0.0232 0.0510 0.0918 0.1398 0.1833 6
9 0.0000 0.0003 0.0018 0.0066 0.0183 0.0408 0.0762 0.1222 5
10 0.0000 0.0003 0.0014 0.0049 0.0136 0.0312 0.0611 4
11 0.0000 0.0002 0.0010 0.0033 0.0093 0.0222 3
12 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0019 0.0056 2
13 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0009 1
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0 14
n X 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 X n

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
p
continues
APPENDICES A-29

E
 E
A-30 APPENDICES

Table E.6
Table of binomial probabilities (continued )
p
n X 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 X n
15 0 0.8601 0.7386 0.6333 0.5421 0.4633 0.3953 0.3367 0.2863 0.2430 0.2059 0.0874 0.0352 0.0134 0.0047 0.0016 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 15
1 0.1303 0.2261 0.2938 0.3388 0.3658 0.3785 0.3801 0.3734 0.3605 0.3432 0.2312 0.1319 0.0668 0.0305 0.0126 0.0047 0.0016 0.0005 14
2 0.0092 0.0323 0.0636 0.0988 0.1348 0.1691 0.2003 0.2273 0.2496 0.2669 0.2856 0.2309 0.1559 0.0916 0.0476 0.0219 0.0090 0.0032 13
3 0.0004 0.0029 0.0085 0.0178 0.0307 0.0468 0.0653 0.0857 0.1070 0.1285 0.2184 0.2501 0.2252 0.1700 0.1110 0.0634 0.0318 0.0139 12
4 0.0000 0.0002 0.0008 0.0022 0.0049 0.0090 0.0148 0.0223 0.0317 0.0428 0.1156 0.1876 0.2252 0.2186 0.1792 0.1268 0.0780 0.0417 11
5 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0013 0.0024 0.0043 0.0069 0.0105 0.0449 0.1032 0.1651 0.2061 0.2123 0.1859 0.1404 0.0916 10
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0006 0.0011 0.0019 0.0132 0.0430 0.0917 0.1472 0.1906 0.2066 0.1914 0.1527 9
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0030 0.0138 0.0393 0.0811 0.1319 0.1771 0.2013 0.1964 8
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0035 0.0131 0.0348 0.0710 0.1181 0.1647 0.1964 7
9 0.0001 0.0007 0.0034 0.0116 0.0298 0.0612 0.1048 0.1527 6
10 0.0000 0.0001 0.0007 0.0030 0.0096 0.0245 0.0515 0.0916 5
11 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0024 0.0074 0.0191 0.0417 4
12 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0016 0.0052 0.0139 3
13 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0.0032 2
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 1
15 0.0000 0.0000 0 15
20 0 0.8179 0.6676 0.5438 0.4420 0.3585 0.2901 0.2342 0.1887 0.1516 0.1216 0.0388 0.0115 0.0032 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 20
1 0.1652 0.2725 0.3364 0.3683 0.3774 0.3703 0.3526 0.3282 0.3000 0.2702 0.1368 0.0576 0.0211 0.0068 0.0020 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 19
2 0.0159 0.0528 0.0988 0.1458 0.1887 0.2246 0.2521 0.2711 0.2818 0.2852 0.2293 0.1369 0.0669 0.0278 0.0100 0.0031 0.0008 0.0002 18
3 0.0010 0.0065 0.0183 0.0364 0.0596 0.0860 0.1139 0.1414 0.1672 0.1901 0.2428 0.2054 0.1339 0.0716 0.0323 0.0123 0.0040 0.0011 17
4 0.0000 0.0006 0.0024 0.0065 0.0133 0.0233 0.0364 0.0523 0.0703 0.0898 0.1821 0.2182 0.1897 0.1304 0.0738 0.0350 0.0139 0.0046 16
5 0.0000 0.0002 0.0009 0.0022 0.0048 0.0088 0.0145 0.0222 0.0319 0.1028 0.1746 0.2023 0.1789 0.1272 0.0746 0.0365 0.0148 15
6 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0017 0.0032 0.0055 0.0089 0.0454 0.1091 0.1686 0.1916 0.1712 0.1244 0.0746 0.0370 14
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.0011 0.0020 0.0160 0.0545 0.1124 0.1643 0.1844 0.1659 0.1221 0.0739 13
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0046 0.0222 0.0609 0.1144 0.1614 0.1797 0.1623 0.1201 12
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0074 0.0271 0.0654 0.1158 0.1597 0.1771 0.1602 11
10 0.0000 0.0002 0.0020 0.0099 0.0308 0.0686 0.1171 0.1593 0.1762 10
11 0.0000 0.0005 0.0030 0.0120 0.0336 0.0710 0.1185 0.1602 9
12 0.0001 0.0008 0.0039 0.0136 0.0355 0.0727 0.1201 8
13 0.0000 0.0002 0.0010 0.0045 0.0146 0.0366 0.0739 7
14 0.0000 0.0002 0.0012 0.0049 0.0150 0.0370 6
15 0.0000 0.0003 0.0013 0.0049 0.0148 5
16 0.0000 0.0003 0.0013 0.0046 4
17 0.0000 0.0002 0.0011 3
18 0.0000 0.0002 2
19 0.0000 1
20 0 20

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
n X 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 X n
p
 APPENDICES A-31

훌
X
0
1
0.1
0.9048
0.0905
0.2
0.8187
0.1637
0.3
0.7408
0.2222
0.4
0.6703
0.2681
0.5
0.6065
0.3033
0.6
0.5488
0.3293
0.7
0.4966
0.3476
0.8
0.4493
0.3595
0.9
0.4066
0.3659
1.0
0.3679
0.3679
E
2 0.0045 0.0164 0.0333 0.0536 0.0758 0.0988 0.1217 0.1438 0.1647 0.1839
3 0.0002 0.0011 0.0033 0.0072 0.0126 0.0198 0.0284 0.0383 0.0494 0.0613
Table E.7
Table of Poisson probabilities
4 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0007 0.0016 0.0030 0.0050 0.0077 0.0111 0.0153
For a given value of λ, entry
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0007 0.0012 0.0020 0.0031 indicates the probability of a
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 specified value of X.
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
훌
X 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
0 0.3329 0.3012 0.2725 0.2466 0.2231 0.2019 0.1827 0.1653 0.1496 0.1353
1 0.3662 0.3614 0.3543 0.3452 0.3347 0.3230 0.3106 0.2975 0.2842 0.2707
2 0.2014 0.2169 0.2303 0.2417 0.2510 0.2584 0.2640 0.2678 0.2700 0.2707
3 0.0738 0.0867 0.0998 0.1128 0.1255 0.1378 0.1496 0.1607 0.1710 0.1804
4 0.0203 0.0260 0.0324 0.0395 0.0471 0.0551 0.0636 0.0723 0.0812 0.0902
5 0.0045 0.0062 0.0084 0.0111 0.0141 0.0176 0.0216 0.0260 0.0309 0.0361
6 0.0008 0.0012 0.0018 0.0026 0.0035 0.0047 0.0061 0.0078 0.0098 0.0120
7 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0008 0.0011 0.0015 0.0020 0.0027 0.0034
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0006 0.0009
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002

훌
X 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
0 0.1225 0.1108 0.1003 0.0907 0.0821 0.0743 0.0672 0.0608 0.0550 0.0498
1 0.2572 0.2438 0.2306 0.2177 0.2052 0.1931 0.1815 0.1703 0.1596 0.1494
2 0.2700 0.2681 0.2652 0.2613 0.2565 0.2510 0.2450 0.2384 0.2314 0.2240
3 0.1890 0.1966 0.2033 0.2090 0.2138 0.2176 0.2205 0.2225 0.2237 0.2240
4 0.0992 0.1082 0.1169 0.1254 0.1336 0.1414 0.1488 0.1557 0.1622 0.1680
5 0.0417 0.0476 0.0538 0.0602 0.0668 0.0735 0.0804 0.0872 0.0940 0.1008
6 0.0146 0.0174 0.0206 0.0241 0.0278 0.0319 0.0362 0.0407 0.0455 0.0504
7 0.0044 0.0055 0.0068 0.0083 0.0099 0.0118 0.0139 0.0163 0.0188 0.0216
8 0.0011 0.0015 0.0019 0.0025 0.0031 0.0038 0.0047 0.0057 0.0068 0.0081
9 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0014 0.0018 0.0022 0.0027
10 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001

훌
X 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0
0 0.0450 0.0408 0.0369 0.0334 0.0302 0.0273 0.0247 0.0224 0.0202 0.0183
1 0.1397 0.1340 0.1217 0.1135 0.1057 0.0984 0.0915 0.0850 0.0789 0.0733
2 0.2165 0.2087 0.2008 0.1929 0.1850 0.1771 0.1692 0.1615 0.1539 0.1465
3 0.2237 0.2226 0.2209 0.2186 0.2158 0.2125 0.2087 0.2046 0.2001 0.1954
4 0.1734 0.1781 0.1823 0.1858 0.1888 0.1912 0.1931 0.1944 0.1951 0.1954
5 0.1075 0.1140 0.1203 0.1264 0.1322 0.1377 0.1429 0.1477 0.1522 0.1563
6 0.0555 0.0608 0.0662 0.0716 0.0771 0.0826 0.0881 0.0936 0.0989 0.1042
7 0.0246 0.0278 0.0312 0.0348 0.0385 0.0425 0.0466 0.0508 0.0551 0.0595
8 0.0095 0.0111 0.0129 0.0148 0.0169 0.0191 0.0215 0.0241 0.0269 0.0298
9 0.0033 0.0040 0.0047 0.0056 0.0066 0.0076 0.0089 0.0102 0.0116 0.0132
10 0.0010 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019 0.0023 0.0028 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0053
11 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019
12 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
A-32 APPENDICES

E X
0
1
4.1
0.0166
0.0679
4.2
0.0150
0.0630
4.3
0.0136
0.0583
4.4
0.0123
0.0540
4.5
0.0111
0.0500
4.6
0.0101
0.0462
4.7
0.0091
0.0427
4.8
0.0082
0.0395
4.9
0.0074
0.0365
5.0
0.0067
0.0337
2 0.1393 0.1323 0.1254 0.1188 0.1125 0.1063 0.1005 0.0948 0.0894 0.0842
Table E.7 3 0.1904 0.1852 0.1798 0.1743 0.1687 0.1631 0.1574 0.1517 0.1460 0.1404
Table of Poisson probabilities 4 0.1951 0.1944 0.1933 0.1917 0.1898 0.1875 0.1849 0.1820 0.1789 0.1755
(continued ) 5 0.1600 0.1633 0.1662 0.1687 0.1708 0.1725 0.1738 0.1747 0.1753 0.1755
6 0.1093 0.1143 0.1191 0.1237 0.1281 0.1323 0.1362 0.1398 0.1432 0.1462
7 0.0640 0.0686 0.0732 0.0778 0.0824 0.0869 0.0914 0.0959 0.1002 0.1044
8 0.0328 0.0360 0.0393 0.0428 0.0463 0.0500 0.0537 0.0575 0.0614 0.0653
9 0.0150 0.0168 0.0188 0.0209 0.0232 0.0255 0.0280 0.0307 0.0334 0.0363
10 0.0061 0.0071 0.0081 0.0092 0.0104 0.0118 0.0132 0.0147 0.0164 0.0181
11 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0037 0.0043 0.0049 0.0056 0.0064 0.0073 0.0082
12 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0014 0.0016 0.0019 0.0022 0.0026 0.0030 0.0034
13 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013
14 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002
훌
X 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0
0 0.0061 0.0055 0.0050 0.0045 0.0041 0.0037 0.0033 0.0030 0.0027 0.0025
1 0.0311 0.0287 0.0265 0.0244 0.0225 0.0207 0.0191 0.0176 0.0162 0.0149
2 0.0793 0.0746 0.0701 0.0659 0.0618 0.0580 0.0544 0.0509 0.0477 0.0446
3 0.1348 0.1293 0.1239 0.1185 0.1133 0.1082 0.1033 0.0985 0.0938 0.0892
4 0.1719 0.1681 0.1641 0.1600 0.1558 0.1515 0.1472 0.1428 0.1383 0.1339
5 0.1753 0.1748 0.1740 0.1728 0.1714 0.1697 0.1678 0.1656 0.1632 0.1606
6 0.1490 0.1515 0.1537 0.1555 0.1571 0.1584 0.1594 0.1601 0.1605 0.1606
7 0.1086 0.1125 0.1163 0.1200 0.1234 0.1267 0.1298 0.1326 0.1353 0.1377
8 0.0692 0.0731 0.0771 0.0810 0.0849 0.0887 0.0925 0.0962 0.0998 0.1033
9 0.0392 0.0423 0.0454 0.0486 0.0519 0.0552 0.0586 0.0620 0.0654 0.0688
10 0.0200 0.0220 0.0241 0.0262 0.0285 0.0309 0.0334 0.0359 0.0386 0.0413
11 0.0093 0.0104 0.0116 0.0129 0.0143 0.0157 0.0173 0.0190 0.0207 0.0225
12 0.0039 0.0045 0.0051 0.0058 0.0065 0.0073 0.0082 0.0092 0.0102 0.0113
13 0.0015 0.0018 0.0021 0.0024 0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.0041 0.0046 0.0052
14 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0022
15 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
16 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
훌
X 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0
0 0.0022 0.0020 0.0018 0.0017 0.0015 0.0014 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010 0.0009
1 0.0137 0.0126 0.0116 0.0106 0.0098 0.0090 0.0082 0.0076 0.0070 0.0064
2 0.0417 0.0390 0.0364 0.0340 0.0318 0.0296 0.0276 0.0258 0.0240 0.0223
3 0.0848 0.0806 0.0765 0.0726 0.0688 0.0652 0.0617 0.0584 0.0552 0.0521
4 0.1294 0.1249 0.1205 0.1162 0.1118 0.1076 0.1034 0.0992 0.0952 0.0912
5 0.1579 0.1549 0.1519 0.1487 0.1454 0.1420 0.1385 0.1349 0.1314 0.1277
6 0.1605 0.1601 0.1595 0.1586 0.1575 0.1562 0.1546 0.1529 0.1511 0.1490
7 0.1399 0.1418 0.1435 0.1450 0.1462 0.1472 0.1480 0.1486 0.1489 0.1490
8 0.1066 0.1099 0.1130 0.1160 0.1188 0.1215 0.1240 0.1263 0.1284 0.1304
9 0.0723 0.0757 0.0791 0.0825 0.0858 0.0891 0.0923 0.0954 0.0985 0.1014
10 0.0441 0.0469 0.0498 0.0528 0.0558 0.0588 0.0618 0.0649 0.0679 0.0710
11 0.0245 0.0265 0.0285 0.0307 0.0330 0.0353 0.0377 0.0401 0.0426 0.0452
12 0.0124 0.0137 0.0150 0.0164 0.0179 0.0194 0.0210 0.0277 0.0245 0.0264
13 0.0058 0.0065 0.0073 0.0081 0.0089 0.0098 0.0108 0.0119 0.0130 0.0142
14 0.0025 0.0029 0.0033 0.0037 0.0041 0.0046 0.0052 0.0058 0.0064 0.0071
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
 APPENDICES A-33

훌
X
15
16
6.1
0.0010
0.0004
6.2
0.0012
0.0005
6.3
0.0014
0.0005
6.4
0.0016
0.0006
6.5
0.0018
0.0007
6.6
0.0020
0.0008
6.7
0.0023
0.0010
6.8
0.0026
0.0011
6.9
0.0029
0.0013
7.0
0.0033
0.0014
E
17 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
18 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 Table E.7
19 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Table of Poisson probabilities
(continued )
훌
X 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0
0 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
1 0.0059 0.0054 0.0049 0.0045 0.0041 0.0038 0.0035 0.0032 0.0029 0.0027
2 0.0208 0.0194 0.0180 0.0167 0.0156 0.0145 0.0134 0.0125 0.0116 0.0107
3 0.0492 0.0464 0.0438 0.0413 0.0389 0.0366 0.0345 0.0324 0.0305 0.0286
4 0.0874 0.0836 0.0799 0.0764 0.0729 0.0696 0.0663 0.0632 0.0602 0.0573
5 0.1241 0.1204 0.1167 0.1130 0.1094 0.1057 0.1021 0.0986 0.0951 0.0916
6 0.1468 0.1445 0.1420 0.1394 0.1367 0.1339 0.1311 0.1282 0.1252 0.1221
7 0.1489 0.1486 0.1481 0.1474 0.1465 0.1454 0.1442 0.1428 0.1413 0.1396
8 0.1321 0.1337 0.1351 0.1363 0.1373 0.1382 0.1388 0.1392 0.1395 0.1396
9 0.1042 0.1070 0.1096 0.1121 0.1144 0.1167 0.1187 0.1207 0.1224 0.1241
10 0.0740 0.0770 0.0800 0.0829 0.0858 0.0887 0.0914 0.0941 0.0967 0.0993
11 0.0478 0.0504 0.0531 0.0558 0.0585 0.0613 0.0640 0.0667 0.0695 0.0722
12 0.0283 0.0303 0.0323 0.0344 0.0366 0.0388 0.0411 0.0434 0.0457 0.0481
13 0.0154 0.0168 0.0181 0.0196 0.0211 0.0227 0.0243 0.0260 0.0278 0.0296
14 0.0078 0.0086 0.0095 0.0104 0.0113 0.0123 0.0134 0.0145 0.0157 0.0169
15 0.0037 0.0041 0.0046 0.0051 0.0057 0.0062 0.0069 0.0075 0.0083 0.0090
16 0.0016 0.0019 0.0021 0.0024 0.0026 0.0030 0.0033 0.0037 0.0041 0.0045
17 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0021
18 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
19 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004
20 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002
21 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001
훌
X 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0
0 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001
1 0.0025 0.0023 0.0021 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0014 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011
2 0.0100 0.0092 0.0086 0.0079 0.0074 0.0068 0.0063 0.0058 0.0054 0.0050
3 0.0269 0.0252 0.0237 0.0222 0.0208 0.0195 0.0183 0.0171 0.0160 0.0150
4 0.0544 0.0517 0.0491 0.0466 0.0443 0.0420 0.0398 0.0377 0.0357 0.0337
5 0.0882 0.0849 0.0816 0.0784 0.0752 0.0722 0.0692 0.0663 0.0635 0.0607
6 0.1191 0.1160 0.1128 0.1097 0.1066 0.1034 0.1003 0.0972 0.0941 0.0911
7 0.1378 0.1358 0.1338 0.1317 0.1294 0.1271 0.1247 0.1222 0.1197 0.1171
8 0.1395 0.1392 0.1388 0.1382 0.1375 0.1366 0.1356 0.1344 0.1332 0.1318
9 0.1256 0.1269 0.1280 0.1290 0.1299 0.1306 0.1311 0.1315 0.1317 0.1318
10 0.1017 0.1040 0.1063 0.1084 0.1104 0.1123 0.1140 0.1157 0.1172 0.1186
11 0.0749 0.0776 0.0802 0.0828 0.0853 0.0878 0.0902 0.0925 0.0948 0.0970
12 0.0505 0.0530 0.0555 0.0579 0.0604 0.0629 0.0654 0.0679 0.0703 0.0728
13 0.0315 0.0334 0.0354 0.0374 0.0395 0.0416 0.0438 0.0459 0.0481 0.0504
14 0.0182 0.0196 0.0210 0.0225 0.0240 0.0256 0.0272 0.0289 0.0306 0.0324
15 0.0098 0.0107 0.0116 0.0126 0.0136 0.0147 0.0158 0.0169 0.0182 0.0194
16 0.0050 0.0055 0.0060 0.0066 0.0072 0.0079 0.0086 0.0093 0.0101 0.0109
17 0.0024 0.0026 0.0029 0.0033 0.0036 0.0040 0.0044 0.0048 0.0053 0.0058
18 0.0011 0.0012 0.0014 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0021 0.0024 0.0026 0.0029
19 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0014
20 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006
21 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003
22 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
A-34 APPENDICES

E X
0
1
9.1
0.0001
0.0010
9.2
0.0001
0.0009
9.3
0.0001
0.0009
9.4
0.0001
0.0008
9.5
0.0001
0.0007
9.6
0.0001
0.0007
9.7
0.0001
0.0006
9.8
0.0001
0.0005
9.9
0.0001
0.0005
10
0.0000
0.0005
2 0.0046 0.0043 0.0040 0.0037 0.0034 0.0031 0.0029 0.0027 0.0025 0.0023
Table E.7 3 0.0140 0.0131 0.0123 0.0115 0.0107 0.0100 0.0093 0.0087 0.0081 0.0076
Table of Poisson probabilities 4 0.0319 0.0302 0.0285 0.0269 0.0254 0.0240 0.0226 0.0213 0.0201 0.0189
(continued ) 5 0.0581 0.0555 0.0530 0.0506 0.0483 0.0460 0.0439 0.0418 0.0398 0.0378
6 0.0881 0.0851 0.0822 0.0793 0.0764 0.0736 0.0709 0.0682 0.0656 0.0631
7 0.1145 0.1118 0.1091 0.1064 0.1037 0.1010 0.0982 0.0955 0.0928 0.0901
8 0.1302 0.1286 0.1269 0.1251 0.1232 0.1212 0.1191 0.1170 0.1148 0.1126
9 0.1317 0.1315 0.1311 0.1306 0.1300 0.1293 0.1284 0.1274 0.1263 0.1251
10 0.1198 0.1210 0.1219 0.1228 0.1235 0.1241 0.1245 0.1249 0.1250 0.1251
11 0.0991 0.1012 0.1031 0.1049 0.1067 0.1083 0.1098 0.1112 0.1125 0.1137
12 0.0752 0.0776 0.0799 0.0822 0.0844 0.0866 0.0888 0.0908 0.0928 0.0948
13 0.0526 0.0549 0.0572 0.0594 0.0617 0.0640 0.0662 0.0685 0.0707 0.0729
14 0.0342 0.0361 0.0380 0.0399 0.0419 0.0439 0.0459 0.0479 0.0500 0.0521
15 0.0208 0.0221 0.0235 0.0250 0.0265 0.0281 0.0297 0.0313 0.0330 0.0347
16 0.0118 0.0127 0.0137 0.0147 0.0157 0.0168 0.0180 0.0192 0.0204 0.0217
17 0.0063 0.0069 0.0075 0.0081 0.0088 0.0095 0.0103 0.0111 0.0119 0.0128
18 0.0032 0.0035 0.0039 0.0042 0.0046 0.0051 0.0055 0.0060 0.0065 0.0071
19 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0021 0.0023 0.0026 0.0028 0.0031 0.0034 0.0037
20 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0014 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019
21 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
22 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004
23 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
24 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

X 훌 20 X 훌 20 X 훌 20 X 훌 20
0 0.0000 10 0.0058 20 0.0888 30 0.0083
1 0.0000 11 0.0106 21 0.0846 31 0.0054
2 0.0000 12 0.0176 22 0.0769 32 0.0034
3 0.0000 13 0.0271 23 0.0669 33 0.0020
4 0.0000 14 0.0387 24 0.0557 34 0.0012
5 0.0001 15 0.0516 25 0.0446 35 0.0007
6 0.0002 16 0.0646 26 0.0343 36 0.0004
7 0.0005 17 0.0760 27 0.0254 37 0.0002
8 0.0013 18 0.0844 28 0.0181 38 0.0001
9 0.0029 19 0.0888 29 0.0125 39 0.0001

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
 APPENDICES A-35

훂 n1
n2
4
One-tail
0.05
Two-tail
0.10
4
11,25
5 6 7 8 9 10
E
0.025 0.05 10,26
0.01 0.02 —,— Table E.8
0.005 0.01 —,— Lower and upper critical
values T1 of Wilcoxon rank
sum test
5 0.05 0.10 12,28 19,36
0.025 0.05 11,29 17,38
0.01 0.02 10,30 16,39
0.005 0.01 —,— 15,40

6 0.05 0.10 13,31 20,40 28,50

0.025 0.05 12,32 18,42 26,52
0.01 0.02 11,33 17,43 24,54
0.005 0.01 10,34 16,44 23,55

7 0.05 0.10 14,34 21,44 29,55 39,66

0.025 0.05 13,35 20,45 27,57 36,69
0.01 0.02 11,37 18,47 25,59 34,71
0.005 0.01 10,38 16,49 24,60 32,73

8 0.05 0.10 15,37 23,47 31,59 41,71 51,85

0.025 0.05 14,38 21,49 29,61 38,74 49,87
0.01 0.02 12,40 19,51 27,63 35,77 45,91
0.005 0.01 11,41 17,53 25,65 34,78 43,93

9 0.05 0.10 16,40 24,51 33,63 43,76 54,90 66,105

0.025 0.05 14,42 22,53 31,65 40,79 51,93 62,109
0.01 0.02 13,43 20,55 28,68 37,82 47,97 59,112
0.005 0.01 11,45 18,57 26,70 35,84 45,99 56,115

10 0.05 0.10 17,43 26,54 35,67 45,81 56,96 69,111 82,128

0.025 0.05 15,45 23,57 32,70 42,84 53,99 65,115 78,132
0.01 0.02 13,47 21,59 29,73 39,87 49,103 61,119 74,136
0.005 0.01 12,48 19,61 27,75 37,89 47,105 58,122 71,139
Source: Adapted from Table 1 of F. Wilcoxon and R. A. Wilcox, Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures
(Pearl River, NY: Lederle Laboratories, 1964), with permission of the American Cyanamid Company.

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
A-36 APPENDICES

One-tail 훂 0.05 훂 0.025 훂 0.01 훂 0.005

E Two-tail
n
훂 0.10 훂 0.05
(Lower, Upper)
훂 0.02 훂 0.01

5 0,15 —,— —,— —,—

Table E.9 6 2,19 0,21 —,— —,—
Lower and upper critical 7 3,25 2,26 0,28 —,—
values W of Wilcoxon signed 8 5,31 3,33 1,35 0,36
ranks test 9 8,37 5,40 3,42 1,44
10 10,45 8,47 5,50 3,52
11 13,53 10,56 7,59 5,61
12 17,61 13,65 10,68 7,71
13 21,70 17,74 12,79 10,81
14 25,80 21,84 16,89 13,92
15 30,90 25,95 19,101 16,104
16 35,101 29,107 23,113 19,117
17 41,112 34,119 27,126 23,130
18 47,124 40,131 32,139 27,144
19 53,137 46,144 37,153 32,158
20 60,150 52,158 43,167 37,173
Source: Adapted from Table 2 of F. Wilcoxon and R. A. Wilcox, Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures
(Pearl River, NY: Lederle Laboratories, 1964), with permission of the American Cyanamid Company.

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
 Table E.10
Critical values of the Studentised range Q

Upper 5% points (훂 0.05)

Numerator degrees of freedom
Denominator
degrees of
freedom 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 18.00 27.00 32.80 37.10 40.40 43.10 45.40 47.40 49.10 50.60 52.00 53.20 54.30 55.40 56.30 57.20 58.00 58.80 59.60
2 6.09 8.30 9.80 10.90 11.70 12.40 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.40 14.70 15.10 15.40 15.70 15.90 16.10 16.40 16.60 16.80
3 4.50 5.91 6.82 7.50 8.04 8.48 8.85 9.18 9.46 9.72 9.95 10.15 10.35 10.52 10.69 10.84 10.98 11.11 11.24
4 3.93 5.04 5.76 6.29 6.71 7.05 7.35 7.60 7.83 8.03 8.21 8.37 8.52 8.66 8.79 8.91 9.03 9.13 9.23
5 3.64 4.60 5.22 5.67 6.03 6.33 6.58 6.80 6.99 7.17 7.32 7.47 7.60 7.72 7.83 7.93 8.03 8.12 8.21
6 3.46 4.34 4.90 5.31 5.63 5.89 6.12 6.32 6.49 6.65 6.79 6.92 7.03 7.14 7.24 7.34 7.43 7.51 7.59
7 3.34 4.16 4.68 5.06 5.36 5.61 5.82 6.00 6.16 6.30 6.43 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.85 6.94 7.02 7.09 7.17
8 3.26 4.04 4.53 4.89 5.17 5.40 5.60 5.77 5.92 6.05 6.18 6.29 6.39 6.48 6.57 6.65 6.73 6.80 6.87
9 3.20 3.95 4.42 4.76 5.02 5.24 5.43 5.60 5.74 5.87 5.98 6.09 6.19 6.28 6.36 6.44 6.51 6.58 6.64
10 3.15 3.88 4.33 4.65 4.91 5.12 5.30 5.46 5.60 5.72 5.83 5.93 6.03 6.11 6.20 6.27 6.34 6.40 6.47
11 3.11 3.82 4.26 4.57 4.82 5.03 5.20 5.35 5.49 5.61 5.71 5.81 5.90 5.99 6.06 6.14 6.20 6.26 6.33
12 3.08 3.77 4.20 4.51 4.75 4.95 5.12 5.27 5.40 5.51 5.62 5.71 5.80 5.88 5.95 6.03 6.09 6.15 6.21
13 3.06 3.73 4.15 4.45 4.69 4.88 5.05 5.19 5.32 5.43 5.53 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.86 5.93 6.00 6.05 6.11
14 3.03 3.70 4.11 4.41 4.64 4.83 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.46 5.55 5.64 5.72 5.79 5.85 5.92 5.97 6.03
15 3.01 3.67 4.08 4.37 4.60 4.78 4.94 5.08 5.20 5.31 5.40 5.49 5.58 5.65 5.72 5.79 5.85 5.90 5.96
16 3.00 3.65 4.05 4.33 4.56 4.74 4.90 5.03 5.15 5.26 5.35 5.44 5.52 5.59 5.66 5.72 5.79 5.84 5.90
17 2.98 3.63 4.02 4.30 4.52 4.71 4.86 4.99 5.11 5.21 5.31 5.39 5.47 5.55 5.61 5.68 5.74 5.79 5.84
18 2.97 3.61 4.00 4.28 4.49 4.67 4.82 4.96 5.07 5.17 5.27 5.35 5.43 5.50 5.57 5.63 5.69 5.74 5.79
19 2.96 3.59 3.98 4.25 4.47 4.65 4.79 4.92 5.04 5.14 5.23 5.32 5.39 5.46 5.53 5.59 5.65 5.70 5.75
20 2.95 3.58 3.96 4.23 4.45 4.62 4.77 4.90 5.01 5.11 5.20 5.28 5.36 5.43 5.49 5.55 5.61 5.66 5.71
24 2.92 3.53 3.90 4.17 4.37 4.54 4.68 4.81 4.92 5.01 5.10 5.18 5.25 5.32 5.38 5.44 5.50 5.54 5.59
30 2.89 3.49 3.84 4.10 4.30 4.46 4.60 4.72 4.83 4.92 5.00 5.08 5.15 5.21 5.27 5.33 5.38 5.43 5.48
40 2.86 3.44 3.79 4.04 4.23 4.39 4.52 4.63 4.74 4.82 4.91 4.98 5.05 5.11 5.16 5.22 5.27 5.31 5.36
60 2.83 3.40 3.74 3.98 4.16 4.31 4.44 4.55 4.65 4.73 4.81 4.88 4.94 5.00 5.06 5.11 5.16 5.20 5.24
120 2.80 3.36 3.69 3.92 4.10 4.24 4.36 4.48 4.56 4.64 4.72 4.78 4.84 4.90 4.95 5.00 5.05 5.09 5.13
∞ 2.77 3.31 3.63 3.86 4.03 4.17 4.29 4.39 4.47 4.55 4.62 4.68 4.74 4.80 4.85 4.89 4.93 4.97 5.01
continues

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
APPENDICES A-37

E
 E
A-38 APPENDICES

Table E.10
Critical values of the Studentised range Q (continued )

Upper 1% points (훂 0.01)

Numerator degrees of freedom
Denominator
degrees of
freedom 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 90.00 135.00 164.00 186.00 202.00 216.00 227.00 237.00 246.00 253.00 260.00 266.00 272.00 277.00 282.00 286.00 290.00 294.00 298.00
2 14.00 19.00 22.30 24.70 26.60 28.20 29.50 30.70 31.70 32.60 33.40 34.10 34.80 35.40 36.00 36.50 37.00 37.50 37.90
3 8.26 10.60 12.20 13.30 14.20 15.00 15.60 16.20 16.70 17.10 17.50 17.90 18.20 18.50 18.80 19.10 19.30 19.50 19.80
4 6.51 8.12 9.17 9.96 10.60 11.10 11.50 11.90 12.30 12.60 12.80 13.10 13.30 13.50 13.70 13.90 14.10 14.20 14.40
5 5.70 6.97 7.80 8.42 8.91 9.32 9.67 9.97 10.24 10.48 10.70 10.89 11.08 11.24 11.40 11.55 11.68 11.81 11.93
6 5.24 6.33 7.03 7.56 7.97 8.32 8.61 8.87 9.10 9.30 9.49 9.65 9.81 9.95 10.08 10.21 10.32 10.43 10.54
7 4.95 5.92 6.54 7.01 7.37 7.68 7.94 8.17 8.37 8.55 8.71 8.86 9.00 9.12 9.24 9.35 9.46 9.55 9.65
8 4.74 5.63 6.20 6.63 6.96 7.24 7.47 7.68 7.87 8.03 8.18 8.31 8.44 8.55 8.66 8.76 8.85 8.94 9.03
9 4.60 5.43 5.96 6.35 6.66 6.91 7.13 7.32 7.49 7.65 7.78 7.91 8.03 8.13 8.23 8.32 8.41 8.49 8.57
10 4.48 5.27 5.77 6.14 6.43 6.67 6.87 7.05 7.21 7.36 7.48 7.60 7.71 7.81 7.91 7.99 8.07 8.15 8.22
11 4.39 5.14 5.62 5.97 6.26 6.48 6.67 6.84 6.99 7.13 7.25 7.36 7.46 7.56 7.65 7.73 7.81 7.88 7.95
12 4.32 5.04 5.50 5.84 6.10 6.32 6.51 6.67 6.81 6.94 7.06 7.17 7.26 7.36 7.44 7.52 7.59 7.66 7.73
13 4.26 4.96 5.40 5.73 5.98 6.19 6.37 6.53 6.67 6.79 6.90 7.01 7.10 7.19 7.27 7.34 7.42 7.48 7.55
14 4.21 4.89 5.32 5.63 5.88 6.08 6.26 6.41 6.54 6.66 6.77 6.87 6.96 7.05 7.12 7.20 7.27 7.33 7.39
15 4.17 4.83 5.25 5.56 5.80 5.99 6.16 6.31 6.44 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.84 6.93 7.00 7.07 7.14 7.20 7.26
16 4.13 4.78 5.19 5.49 5.72 5.92 6.08 6.22 6.35 6.46 6.56 6.66 6.74 6.82 6.90 6.97 7.03 7.09 7.15
17 4.10 4.74 5.14 5.43 5.66 5.85 6.01 6.15 6.27 6.38 6.48 6.57 6.66 6.73 6.80 6.87 6.94 7.00 7.05
18 4.07 4.70 5.09 5.38 5.60 5.79 5.94 6.08 6.20 6.31 6.41 6.50 6.58 6.65 6.72 6.79 6.85 6.91 6.96
19 4.05 4.67 5.05 5.33 5.55 5.73 5.89 6.02 6.14 6.25 6.34 6.43 6.51 6.58 6.65 6.72 6.78 6.84 6.89
20 4.02 4.64 5.02 5.29 5.51 5.69 5.84 5.97 6.09 6.19 6.29 6.37 6.45 6.52 6.59 6.65 6.71 6.76 6.82
24 3.96 4.54 4.91 5.17 5.37 5.54 5.69 5.81 5.92 6.02 6.11 6.19 6.26 6.33 6.39 6.45 6.51 5.56 6.61
30 3.89 4.45 4.80 5.05 5.24 5.40 5.54 5.65 5.76 5.85 5.93 6.01 6.08 6.14 6.20 6.26 6.31 6.36 6.41
40 3.82 4.37 4.70 4.93 5.11 5.27 5.39 5.50 5.60 5.69 5.77 5.84 5.90 5.96 6.02 6.07 6.12 6.17 6.21
60 3.76 4.28 4.60 4.82 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.45 5.53 5.60 5.67 5.73 5.79 5.84 5.89 5.93 5.98 6.02
120 3.70 4.20 4.50 4.71 4.87 5.01 5.12 5.21 5.30 5.38 5.44 5.51 5.56 5.61 5.66 5.71 5.75 5.79 5.83

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2019— 9781488617249 — Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 5e
∞ 3.64 4.12 4.40 4.60 4.76 4.88 4.99 5.08 5.16 5.23 5.29 5.35 5.40 5.45 5.49 5.54 5.57 5.61 5.65
Source: E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Volume 1, 3rd edn, 2015, copyright Cambridge University Press, reproduced with permission.
Table E.11
Critical values dL and dU of the Durbin–Watson statistic D (critical values are one-sided)a

훂 0.05 훂 0.01
k 1 K 2 k 3 k 4 k 5 k 1 k 2 k 3 k 4 k 5
n dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU
15 1.08 1.36 .95 1.54 .82 1.75 .69 1.97 .56 2.21 .81 1.07 .70 1.25 .59 1.46 .49 1.70 .39 1.96
16 1.10 1.37 .98 1.54 .86 1.73 .74 1.93 .62 2.15 .84 1.09 .74 1.25 .63 1.44 .53 1.66 .44 1.90
17 1.13 1.38 1.02 1.54 .90 1.71 .78 1.90 .67 2.10 .87 1.10 .77 1.25 .67 1.43 .57 1.63 .48 1.85
18 1.16 1.39 1.05 1.53 .93 1.69 .82 1.87 .71 2.06 .90 1.12 .80 1.26 .71 1.42 .61 1.60 .52 1.80
19 1.18 1.40 1.08 1.53 .97 1.68 .86 1.85 .75 2.02 .93 1.13 .83 1.26 .74 1.41 .65 1.58 .56 1.77
20 1.20 1.41 1.10 1.54 1.00 1.68 .90 1.83 .79 1.99 .95 1.15 .86 1.27 .77 1.41 .68 1.57 .60 1.74
21 1.22 1.42 1.13 1.54 1.03 1.67 .93 1.81 .83 1.96 .97 1.16 .89 1.27 .80 1.41 .72 1.55 .63 1.71
22 1.24 1.43 1.15 1.54 1.05 1.66 .96 1.80 .86 1.94 1.00 1.17 .91 1.28 .83 1.40 .75 1.54 .66 1.69
23 1.26 1.44 1.17 1.54 1.08 1.66 .99 1.79 .90 1.92 1.02 1.19 .94 1.29 .86 1.40 .77 1.53 .70 1.67
24 1.27 1.45 1.19 1.55 1.10 1.66 1.01 1.78 .93 1.90 1.04 1.20 .96 1.30 .88 1.41 .80 1.53 .72 1.66
25 1.29 1.45 1.21 1.55 1.12 1.66 1.04 1.77 .95 1.89 1.05 1.21 .98 1.30 .90 1.41 .83 1.52 .75 1.65
26 1.30 1.46 1.22 1.55 1.14 1.65 1.06 1.76 .98 1.88 1.07 1.22 1.00 1.31 .93 1.41 .85 1.52 .78 1.64
27 1.32 1.47 1.24 1.56 1.16 1.65 1.08 1.76 1.01 1.86 1.09 1.23 1.02 1.32 .95 1.41 .88 1.51 .81 1.63
28 1.33 1.48 1.26 1.56 1.18 1.65 1.10 1.75 1.03 1.85 1.10 1.24 1.04 1.32 .97 1.41 .90 1.51 .83 1.62
29 1.34 1.48 1.27 1.56 1.20 1.65 1.12 1.74 1.05 1.84 1.12 1.25 1.05 1.33 .99 1.42 .92 1.51 .85 1.61
30 1.35 1.49 1.28 1.57 1.21 1.65 1.14 1.74 1.07 1.83 1.13 1.26 1.07 1.34 1.01 1.42 .94 1.51 .88 1.61
31 1.36 1.50 1.30 1.57 1.23 1.65 1.16 1.74 1.09 1.83 1.15 1.27 1.08 1.34 1.02 1.42 .96 1.51 .90 1.60
32 1.37 1.50 1.31 1.57 1.24 1.65 1.18 1.73 1.11 1.82 1.16 1.28 1.10 1.35 1.04 1.43 .98 1.51 .92 1.60
33 1.38 1.51 1.32 1.58 1.26 1.65 1.19 1.73 1.13 1.81 1.17 1.29 1.11 1.36 1.05 1.43 1.00 1.51 .94 1.59
34 1.39 1.51 1.33 1.58 1.27 1.65 1.21 1.73 1.15 1.81 1.18 1.30 1.13 1.36 1.07 1.43 1.01 1.51 .95 1.59
35 1.40 1.52 1.34 1.58 1.28 1.65 1.22 1.73 1.16 1.80 1.19 1.31 1.14 1.37 1.08 1.44 1.03 1.51 .97 1.59
36 1.41 1.52 1.35 1.59 1.29 1.65 1.24 1.73 1.18 1.80 1.21 1.32 1.15 1.38 1.10 1.44 1.04 1.51 .99 1.59
37 1.42 1.53 1.36 1.59 1.31 1.66 1.25 1.72 1.19 1.80 1.22 1.32 1.16 1.38 1.11 1.45 1.06 1.51 1.00 1.59
38 1.43 1.54 1.37 1.59 1.32 1.66 1.26 1.72 1.21 1.79 1.23 1.33 1.18 1.39 1.12 1.45 1.07 1.52 1.02 1.58
39 1.43 1.54 1.38 1.60 1.33 1.66 1.27 1.72 1.22 1.79 1.24 1.34 1.19 1.39 1.14 1.45 1.09 1.52 1.03 1.58
40 1.44 1.54 1.39 1.60 1.34 1.66 1.29 1.72 1.23 1.79 1.25 1.34 1.20 1.40 1.15 1.46 1.10 1.52 1.05 1.58
45 1.48 1.57 1.43 1.62 1.38 1.67 1.34 1.72 1.29 1.78 1.29 1.38 1.24 1.42 1.20 1.48 1.16 1.53 1.11 1.58
50 1.50 1.59 1.46 1.63 1.42 1.67 1.38 1.72 1.34 1.77 1.32 1.40 1.28 1.45 1.24 1.49 1.20 1.54 1.16 1.59
55 1.53 1.60 1.49 1.64 1.45 1.68 1.41 1.72 1.38 1.77 1.36 1.43 1.32 1.47 1.28 1.51 1.25 1.55 1.21 1.59
60 1.55 1.62 1.51 1.65 1.48 1.69 1.44 1.73 1.41 1.77 1.38 1.45 1.35 1.48 1.32 1.52 1.28 1.56 1.25 1.60
65 1.57 1.63 1.54 1.66 1.50 1.70 1.47 1.73 1.44 1.77 1.41 1.47 1.38 1.50 1.35 1.53 1.31 1.57 1.28 1.61
70 1.58 1.64 1.55 1.67 1.52 1.70 1.49 1.74 1.46 1.77 1.43 1.49 1.40 1.52 1.37 1.55 1.34 1.58 1.31 1.61
75 1.60 1.65 1.57 1.68 1.54 1.71 1.51 1.74 1.49 1.77 1.45 1.50 1.42 1.53 1.39 1.56 1.37 1.59 1.34 1.62
80 1.61 1.66 1.59 1.69 1.56 1.72 1.53 1.74 1.51 1.77 1.47 1.52 1.44 1.54 1.42 1.57 1.39 1.60 1.36 1.62
85 1.62 1.67 1.60 1.70 1.57 1.72 1.55 1.75 1.52 1.77 1.48 1.53 1.46 1.55 1.43 1.58 1.41 1.60 1.39 1.63
90 1.63 1.68 1.61 1.70 1.59 1.73 1.57 1.75 1.54 1.78 1.50 1.54 1.47 1.56 1.45 1.59 1.43 1.61 1.41 1.64
95 1.64 1.69 1.62 1.71 1.60 1.73 1.58 1.75 1.56 1.78 1.51 1.55 1.49 1.57 1.47 1.60 1.45 1.62 1.42 1.64
100 1.65 1.69 1.63 1.72 1.61 1.74 1.59 1.76 1.57 1.78 1.52 1.56 1.50 1.58 1.48 1.60 1.46 1.63 1.44 1.65
a
n = number of observations; k = number of independent variables.
Source: This table is reproduced from J. Durbin and G. S. Watson, Biometrika, 41 (1951): 173 and 175, Oxford University Press © 1951, Biometrika Trust.
APPENDICES A-39

E
A-40 APPENDICES

E
Table E.12
Selected critical values of F for Cook’s Di statistic

훂 0.50
Numerator df k 1
Denominator df n k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20
10 .743 .845 .899 .932 .954 .971 .983 .992 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03
11 .739 .840 .893 .926 .948 .964 .977 .986 .994 1.01 1.02 1.03
12 .735 .835 .888 .921 .943 .959 .972 .981 .989 1.00 1.01 1.02
15 .726 .826 .878 .911 .933 .949 .960 .970 .977 .989 1.00 1.01
20 .718 .816 .868 .900 .922 .938 .950 .959 .966 .977 .989 1.00
24 .714 .812 .863 .895 .917 .932 .944 .953 .961 .972 .983 .994
30 .709 .807 .858 .890 .912 .927 .939 .948 .955 .966 .978 .989
40 .705 .802 .854 .885 .907 .922 .934 .943 .950 .961 .972 .983
60 .701 .798 .849 .880 .901 .917 .928 .937 .945 .956 .967 .978
120 .697 .793 .844 .875 .896 .912 .923 .932 .939 .950 .961 .972
∞ .693 .789 .839 .870 .891 .907 .918 .927 .934 .945 .956 .967
Source: E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Volume 1, 3rd edn, 2015, copyright Cambridge University Press, reproduced
with permission.

Table E.13 Number of observations

Control chart factors in sample d2 d3 D3 D4 A2
2 1.128 0.853 0 3.267 1.880
3 1.693 0.888 0 2.575 1.023
4 2.059 0.880 0 2.282 0.729
5 2.326 0.864 0 2.114 0.577
6 2.534 0.848 0 2.004 0.483
7 2.704 0.833 0.076 1.924 0.419
8 2.847 0.820 0.136 1.864 0.373
9 2.970 0.808 0.184 1.816 0.337
10 3.078 0.797 0.223 1.777 0.308
11 3.173 0.787 0.256 1.744 0.285
12 3.258 0.778 0.283 1.717 0.266
13 3.336 0.770 0.307 1.693 0.249
14 3.407 0.763 0.328 1.672 0.235
15 3.472 0.756 0.347 1.653 0.223
16 3.532 0.750 0.363 1.637 0.212
17 3.588 0.744 0.378 1.622 0.203
18 3.640 0.739 0.391 1.609 0.194
19 3.689 0.733 0.404 1.596 0.187
20 3.735 0.729 0.415 1.585 0.180
21 3.778 0.724 0.425 1.575 0.173
22 3.819 0.720 0.435 1.565 0.167
23 3.858 0.716 0.443 1.557 0.162
24 3.895 0.712 0.452 1.548 0.157
25 3.931 0.708 0.459 1.541 0.153
Source: Reprinted from ASTM-STP 15D by kind permission of the American Society for Testing and Materials.
 APPENDICES A-41

Table E.14
The standardised normal distribution
Entry represents area under the standardised normal
distribution from the mean to Z.
E
0 Z

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2518 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2612 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .49865 .49869 .49874 .49878 .49882 .49886 .49889 .49893 .49897 .49900
3.1 .49903 .49906 .49910 .49913 .49916 .49918 .49921 .49924 .49926 .49929
3.2 .49931 .49934 .49936 .49938 .49940 .49942 .49944 .49946 .49948 .49950
3.3 .49952 .49953 .49955 .49957 .49958 .49960 .49961 .49962 .49964 .49965
3.4 .49966 .49968 .49969 .49970 .49971 .49972 .49973 .49974 .49975 .49976
3.5 .49977 .49978 .49978 .49979 .49980 .49981 .49981 .49982 .49983 .49983
3.6 .49984 .49985 .49985 .49986 .49986 .49987 .49987 .49988 .49988 .49989
3.7 .49989 .49990 .49990 .49990 .49991 .49991 .49992 .49992 .49992 .49992
3.8 .49993 .49993 .49993 .49994 .49994 .49994 .49994 .49995 .49995 .49995
3.9 .49995 .49995 .49996 .49996 .49996 .49996 .49996 .49996 .49997 .49997