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EEE221 2021 - 22 Fall Lecture Notes 5

The document discusses additional circuit analysis techniques using concepts like linearity, superposition, and homogeneity. It provides examples of applying these concepts to determine voltages and currents in circuits containing multiple sources.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
41 views38 pages

EEE221 2021 - 22 Fall Lecture Notes 5

The document discusses additional circuit analysis techniques using concepts like linearity, superposition, and homogeneity. It provides examples of applying these concepts to determine voltages and currents in circuits containing multiple sources.

Uploaded by

blackwoodsam3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE221 Circuit Theory I

Lecture Note 5

ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES

Prof. Dr. Saffet AYASUN


Dr. Hıdır DÜZKAYA

1
SOME EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
ALREADY USED

LINEARITY
THE MODELS USED ARE ALL LINEAR.
MATHEMATICALLY THIS IMPLIES THAT THEY
SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

THE MODEL y  Tu IS LINEAR IFF FOR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS WE CAN USE THE
T (1u1   2 u2 )  1Tu1   2Tu2 LINEARITY ASSUMPTION TO DEVELOP
SPECIAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
for all possible input pairs u1 , u2
and all possible scalars 1, 2
AN ALTERNATIVE, AND EQUIVALENT,
DEFINITION OF LINEARITY SPLITS THE
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE IN TWO.

THE MODEL y  Tu IS LINEAR IFF


1. T (u1  u2 )  Tu1  Tu2 , u1, u2 additivity
2. T (u)  Tu,  , u homogeneit y

2
A CASE STUDY TO REVIEW PAST TECHNIQUES
Redrawing the circuit may help us
DETERMINE VO in recognizing special cases

SOLUTION TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE??

3
The procedure can be made entirely algorithmic
USING HOMOGENEITY
1. Give to Vo any arbitrary value (e.g., V’o =1 )
2. Compute the resulting source value and call it V’_s

3. Use linearity. VS'  V0'  kVS'  kV0' , k
4. The given value of the source (V_s)
V1 corresponds to
REQ VS
k
VS'

Hence the desired output value is
Assume that the answer is known. Can we
Compute the input in a very easy way ?!!
VS '
If Vo is given then V1 can be computed V0  kV0'  V0
using an inverse voltage divider. VS'
R1  R2
V1  V0 This is a nice little tool
R2 for special problems.
Normally when there is
… And Vs using a second voltage divider
only one source and
R4  REQ R4  REQ R1  R2 when in our judgement
VS  V1  V0 solving the problem
backwards is actually
REQ REQ R2 easier

Solve now for the variable Vo 7

ASSUME Vout  V2  1[V ]

I1

VO

VO  6[V ]  Vout  1[V ]


VO  12[V ]  Vout  2[V ]

4
COMPUTE IO USING HOMOGENEITY. USE I  6mA
VS  1.5[mA]  2k  V1  6[V ]

VS 1.5[mA]
V1  3[V ]

0.5[mA] 0.5[mA] ASSUME IO  1mA


2mA

USE HOMOGENEITY
I  2mA  IO  1mA
I  6mA  IO  __ 3mA __

10

5
VS
+ -

IL
+

VL
circuit
_

VL  a1VS  a2 I S

CONTRIBUTION BY VS
CONTRIBUTION BY I S
VL1
VL2 IS

V 1L
V 2L
11

Circuit with voltage source


SOURCE SUPERPOSITION set to zero (SHORT CIRCUITED)

I L2
I L1

= VL1 + VL2

Circuit with current


source set to zero(OPEN)

Due to the linearity of the models we must have

I L  I L1  I L2 VL  VL1  VL2 Principle of Source Superposition

The approach will be useful if solving the two circuits is simpler, or more convenient, than
solving a circuit with two sources

We can have any combination of sources. And we can partition any way we find convenient
12

6
EXAMPLE 3: WE WISH TO COMPUTE THE CURRENT i
1

= +

Req  3  3 || 6 [k ] R  6  (3 || 3) [k ]
eq

v2
i2" 
Req

Once we know the “partial circuits”


we need to be able to solve them in
an efficient manner 13

Compute V0 using source superposit ion

We set to zero the voltage source

Current division

Ohm’s law

Now we set to zero the current source


Voltage Divider
 2[V ]
6k V0"

3V +
-
V0  V0'  V0"  6[V ]
3k
14

7
EXAMPLE 5 Compute V0 using source superposit ion
We must be able to solve each circuit in a very
efficient manner!!!

If V1 is known then V’o is obtained using a voltage divider

V1 can be obtained by series parallel reduction and divider


Set to zero current source +
+ +
 6k
+
-
4k||8k V1 V'0
V1 V1 _
_
_
 8/3
2k V1  (6) 2k
2  8/3
6k 18
VO'  V1  [V ]
6k  2k 7
Set to zero voltage source The current I2 can be obtained using a current divider
and V”o using Ohm’s law
I2 + 2k  (2k || 4k )
I2 I2  (2)mA
2k||4k 2k  6k  (2k || 4k )
2mA 6k V"0 VO"  6kI 2

2k VO  VO'  VO"
_ 15

EXAMPLE 6 COMPUTE I 0 USING SOURCE SUPERPOSITION

1. Consider only the voltage source

I 01  1.5mA

2. Consider only the 3mA


source
3. Consider only the 4mA source Current divider

I 02  1.5mA

I 03  0
Using source superposition

I 0  I 01  I 02  I 03  3mA
16

8
EXAMPLE 7

I1

I1
I O1  
2

2
2 1 3

1
3

17

THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREMS

18

9
Low distortion audio power amplifier TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND
AMPLIFIER ONE SHOULD ANALYZE
THIS CIRCUIT

From PreAmp
(voltage ) To speakers

RTH
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.html REPLACE AMPLIFIER
BY SIMPLER
TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND AMPLIFIER “EQUIVALENT”
VTH +
IT IS MUCH EASIER TO CONSIDER THIS -

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT!
19

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENCE THEOREM

i a

vO
_ b

RTH i a

 vO
vTH

_ b

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit


for PART A
vTH Thevenin Equivalent Source
20
RTH Thevenin Equivalent Resistance

10
NORTON’S EQUIVALENCE THEOREM

i a

vO
_ b

i a

iN RN vO
_ b

Norton Equivalent Circuit


for PART A
iN Norton' s Equivalent Source
21
RN Thevenin Equivalent Resistance

OUTLINE OF PROOF - version 1

If Circuit A is unchanged then the current should be the same FOR ANY Vo

USE SOURCE SUPERPOSITION iO

All independent

 sources set to
zero in A

vO
DEFINE RTH    i  
vO
 i SC ; vO
 i SC
i  iO  i SC

iO RTH
SPECIAL CASE : OPEN CIRCUIT (i  0)
v v v
vO  vOC  0   OC  i SC  RTH  OC  i SC  OC
RTH i SC RTH
v
i   O  i SC  vO  vOC  RTH i HOW DO WE INTERPRET THIS RESULT?
22
RTH

11
OUTLINE OF PROOF - version 2

i a

vO
_ b

1. Because of the linearity of the models, for any Part B the relationship
between Vo and the current, i, has to be of the form v  m *i  n
O

2. Result must hold for “every valid Part B” that we can imagine
3. If part B is an open circuit then i=0 and... n  vOC
4. If Part B is a short circuit then Vo is zero. In this case
vOC
0  m * iSC  vOC  m     RTH
iSC
How do we interpret this?
vO   RTH i  vOC 23

i a

vO
_ b

vO   RTH i  vOC For ANY circuit in Part B

RTH This is the Thevenin equivalent


circuit for the circuit in Part A
i + The voltage source is called the
+
vOC _ vO THEVENIN EQUIVALENT SOURCE
_ The resistance is called the
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
PART A MUST BEHAVE LIKE 24
THIS CIRCUIT

12
vOC v vOC
vO  vOC  RTH i  i   O  i SC
RTH RTH RTH

i a

vO
_ b

Norton Equivalent
i a Representa tion for Part A
 i SC Norton Equivalent Source
RTH vO
i SC

Norton b
25

RTH i a

i +
+ RTH vO
vOC _ vO i SC
_ 
Norton b
Thevenin
vOC
i SC 
RTH
This equivalence can be viewed as a source transformation problem
It shows how to convert a voltage source in series with a resistor
into an equivalent current source in parallel with the resistor
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION CAN BE A GOOD TOOL TO REDUCE THE
COMPLEXITY OF A CIRCUIT
26

13
a a THE MODELS ARE EQUIVALENTS WHEN
RV RI
+ RV  RI  R
- VS
IS VS  RI S
b b

27

EXAMPLE 1: SOLVE BY SOURCE TRANSFORMATION In between the terminals we connect a current


source and a resistance in parallel
The equivalent current source will have the
value 12V/3k
The 3k and the 6k resistors now are in parallel
and can be combined

In between the terminals we connect a voltage


source in series with the resistor

The equivalent source has value 4mA*2k

The 2k and the 2k resistor become connected


in series and can be combined

After the transformation the sources can be combined


The equivalent current source has value 8V/4k
and the combined current source has value 4mA

Options at this point

1. Do another source transformation and get


a single loop circuit

2. Use current divider to compute I_0 and then


compute V_0 using Ohm’s law 28

14
EXAMPLE 2: Compute V_0 using source transformation

EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
I0

Or one more source transformation

Req R3 3 current sources in parallel and


three resistors in parallel

RTH R4
Veq  Req I eq V0 
+
Veq R4 V0 Veq
VVeqTH Req I eq
-

 R4  R3  Req
29

a a THE MODELS ARE EQUIVALENTS WHEN


RV RI
+ RV  RI  R
- VS
IS VS  RI S
b b

30

15
vTH Open Circuit vo ltage
voltage at a - b if Part B is removed
i SC Short Circuit Current
current through a - b if Part B is replaced
by a short circuit

RTH 
vTH
Thevenin Equivalent Resistance One circuit problem
i SC
i 0 a
1. Determine the Remove part B and  
Thevenin equivalent compute the OPEN vOC Vab
source CIRCUIT voltage Vab _
_
b

Second circuit problem


2. Determine the Remove part B and
i a
SHORT CIRCUIT compute the SHORT  SC
current CIRCUIT current I ab v0 I ab
_
vOC
vTH  vOC , RTH  31
b

i SC

R1
VTH Part B is irrelevant.
a The voltage V_ab will be the value of the
Thevenin equivalent source.
To Part B
VS + IS
- R2
I SC What is an efficient technique to compute the
open circuit voltage?
b
VTH VTH  VS
  IS  0
R2 R1 NODE
Now for the short circuit current ANALYSIS
Lets try source superposition 1 1 V
(  )VTH  S  I S
When the current source is open the VS R1 R2 R1
1
current through the short circuit is I SC  R2 RR
R1 VTH  VS  1 2 I S
When the voltage source is set to zero,
R1  R2 R1  R2
the current through the short circuit is
2
I SC  IS
R1 R2  VS 
V VTH    I S 
I SC  IS  S R1  R2  R1 
R1
R1 R2
To compute the Thevenin resistance we RTH 
use R1  R2 Is this a
general
VTH
RTH  For this case the Thevenin resistance can be computed as result?
32
I SC the resistance from a - b when all independent sources have been
set to zero

16
The Thevenin Equivalent Source is computed as the open loop voltage

The Thevenin Equivalent Resistance CAN BE COMPUTED by setting to zero all the sources
and then determining the resistance seen from the terminals where the equivalent will be placed
R1 a
a
To Part B R1 R2 RTH
VS +
-
IS R2

b b
“Part B”
Since the evaluation of the Thevenin
equivalent can be very simple, we
RTH  3k  can add it to our toolkit for the
solution of circuits!!

RTH  4k
33
“Part B”

5k

“PART B”

6V

1k
VO  (6V )  1[V ]
1k  5k
34

17
In the region shown, one could use source
transformation twice and reduce that part to
a single source with a resistor.
... Or we can apply Thevenin Equivalence
to that part (viewed as “Part A”)

RTH  4k For the open loop voltage


the part outside the region
The original circuit becomes... 6 is eliminated
VTH  12[V ]  8[V ]
3 6
And one can apply Thevenin one more time!
 For open loop voltage use KVL
1
VTH 1
VTH  4k * 2mA  8V  16V
R1TH  4k

...and we have a simple voltage divider!!

8
V0  16[V ]  8V
88

35

For the Thevenin resistance

RTH  8k
“Part B”
For the Thevenin voltage we have to analyze the
following circuit
METHOD??
Source superposition, for example

Contribution of the voltage source


6
1
VOC  12V  8V
3 6
Contribution of the current source
Thevenin Equivalent of “Part A” 2
VOC  (2k  2k ) * (2mA)  8V

Simple Voltage Divider

36

18
EXAMPLE 6 USE THEVENIN TO COMPUTE Vo

You have the choice on the way to partition


the circuit.
Make “Part A” as simple as possible
Since there are only independent sources,
for the Thevenin resistance we set to zero all
sources and determine the equivalent resistance

RTH  2  (2 || 4)
10
“Part B”
 k
3
For the open circuit voltage we analyze the
following circuit (“Part A”) ... The circuit becomes...

Loop Analysis
I 2  2mA
 6V  4kI1  2k ( I1  I 2 )  0

6  2I2 5
I1  mA  mA V0 
6  32  48
 V
6 3 10  
6  3  7
VOC  4k * I1  2k * I 2  20 / 3  4V  32 / 3[V ] 3 37

EXAMPLE 7: USE THEVENIN TO COMPUTE Vo


“PART B”
I
VOC


9kI  18[V ]  I  2mA
VOC  3kI  12  6[V ]

RESULTING EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT


RTH  2k 2k

RTH 
 4k VO
RTH  3k || 6k  2k VTH  6V 
4
VO  (6V )  3[V ]
44

38

19
EXAMPLE 8: COMPUTE Vo USING NORTON

4k
I
RN 2k
IN
I SC
 RN 
RN  RTH  3k PART B VO  2kI  2k  I N 
 N
R  6 k 
12V
I SC  I N   2mA  2mA 3 4
3k VO  2 (2)  [V ]
9 3
COMPUTE Vo USING THEVENIN PART B
VTH
RTH

+
- 2k VO
VTH 
VTH  12 2 4
 2mA  0 VO  (6V )  [V ]
3k 27 3
RTH  3k  4k 39

EXAMPLE 9 Equivalent Resistance: Independent sources only

RTH

I2
RTH  3R || 3R  1.5 R

KVL VTH Equivalent Voltage: Node, loop, superposition… Do loops
I1
 I 1 I S  VS  5R( I1  I 2 )  RI 2  0
VTH   RI 2  2R( I1  I 2 )
How about source superposition?
VS
RTH
Opening the current source: 1
VTH 
Short circuiting the voltage source 2
+
- VTH 5 1
I1  I S I 2  I S
+
IS I1 R
6 6
V2TH 1
2
VTH  RI1  2 RI 2  RI S
2
This is what we need to get 3R 2R KVL
I2 _
VTH  VTH 1
 VTH
2
40

20
EXAMPLE 10 All independent sources
All resistors are in parallel!!


VTH

The circuit can be simplified


,,, An to compute Equivalent Source...

 
  VTH  
SOURCE
TRANSFORMATION 
VTH
Voltage divider

8k
VTH  (6  24 / 6)[V ] 41
8k  (8 / 6)k

THEVENIN EQUIVALENT FOR CIRCUITS WITH ONLY DEPENDENT SOURCES

A circuit with only dependent sources cannot self start.

(actually that statement has to be qualified a bit.


What happens if a  R1  R2 ? )

FOR ANY PROPERLY DESIGNED CICUIT WITH ONLY DEPENDENT


SOURCES
 aI x  ( R1  R2 ) I X  0 VOC  0, I SC  0
 a  R1  R2 I x  0 This is a big simplification!!
 a  R1  R2  0  I x  0 But we need a special approach for the
computation of the Thevenin equivalent resistance

Since the circuit cannot self start we need to probe it


with an external source
The source can be either a voltage source or a
VTH  0 current source and its value can be chosen arbitrarily!
Which one to choose is often determined by the
simplicity of the resulting circuit

42

21
IF WE CHOOSE A VOLTAGE PROBE... WE MUST COMPUTE CURRENT SUPPLIED BY
PROBE SOURCE

VP  aI X VP
IP  IX  IX 
R1 R2
 1 1 a 
(VP )
I P     VP
 R2 R1 R1R2 

VP
RTH 
IP
(VP ) VP
RTH 
 1 1 a 
   VP
 R2 R1 R1R2 
The value chosen for the probe voltage is irrelevant.
43
Oftentimes we simply set it to one

IF WE CHOOSE A CURRENT SOURCE PROBE

We must compute the node voltage V_p


KCL
V
(IP ) VP VP  aI X I  P
  I P  0 X R2
R2 R1
 1 1 a 
   VP  I P
 2
R R1 R1 2
R
(IP ) VP
RTH 
IP

The value of the probe current is irrelevant. For simplicity


it is often choosen as one.

44

22
V1 V1  2VX V1  VP
KCL @V1 :   0
V1 1k 2k 1k
VP Controlling variable: VX  VP  V1
SOLVING THE EQUATIONS
4 3
V1  VP , V X  VP
7 7
VP VP  2VX VX
Do we use current probe or voltage probe? IP   
2k 1k 1k
If we use voltage probe there is only one 15VP
node not connected through source IP 
14k

VP 14
VP
RTH   k
I P 15
IP Using voltage probe. Must compute
current supplied

45

Only dependent sources. Hence V_th = 0


To compute the equivalent resistance we
must apply an external probe

We choose to apply a current probe R  VP


TH
IP
@V_1

VP @V_2 (IP )
 IP
Controlling variable
“Conventional” circuit with dependent
sources - use node analysis 3(V1  2V1 )  6V1  2(V1  V2 )  0
RTH
2(V2  V1 )  3V2  6[V ]
A
5V1  2V2  0 * / 2 30 10
V2  
 2V1  5V2  6 * / 5 21 7
B V2
(VP  V2 )  ( I P  1mA)  RTH   (10 / 7)k
Thevenin equivalent 1mA
46

23
RTH
A

Thevenin equivalent
 VP 
I P  1mA I_1 = I_p/2
I_3=0 The resistance is
VP VP numerically equal
RTH  
R_th = 2kOhms

I P 1mA to V_p but with


MUST FIND VAB  VP . METHOD? units of KOhm

Loop analysis
VX
I1  ; I2  I P
2000
2k * I3  1k * ( I 2  I3 )  2k * ( I3  I 2  I1 )  4k * ( I3  I1 )  0
Controlling variable VX  1k * ( I3  I 2 )
Voltage across current probe
 VP  1k * ( I3  I 2 )  2k * ( I3  I 2  I1 )  0 47

Thevenin Equivalent
Circuits with both Dependent and Independent Sources

i a

vO
_ b

RTH
a
V
VTH RTH  I
+
OC
-
SC

VTH  VOC
48

24
Guidelines to partition:

“Part B” “Part A” should be as simple as possible.


After “Part A” is replaced by the Thevenin
equivalent we should have a very simple circuit
The dependent sources and their controlling
variables must remain together

Open circuit voltage Constraint at super node V1  VOC  12  V1  12  VOC


Options???
V1 KCL at super node (12  VOC )  (aI 1X ) 12  VOC VOC
  0
1k VOC 2k 2k
Equation for controlling variable I X 
1

36 2k
Solve VOC  
4  (a / 1k )
Short circuit current
VA VA 12V
I SC    18mA
I "X  0 1k || 2k
2k
VOC 2
RTH   [k]
I SC 4  (a / 1k )
Negative resistances for some “a’s”
Solution to the problem
RTH (a  2k ) Setting all sources to zero and combining
resistances will yield an incorrect value!!!!

1k 1k 18
V0  VTH  (  6)=  V
VOC 1k  1k  RTH 1
1k  1k  k 7 49
3

V1

VTH
IX IX 

V1 V  (3V ) V1  (3 / 4)[V ]
 1mA  1 0
2k 6k
 VTH  1000 I X  V1  0
V11 IX 
V1
VTH  (3 / 8)[V ] 2k

I SC RTH 1k
I 1X
+
1 +
2k
V11  1000 I 1X I 1X  V1  V 1  0  I 1  0
VTH - VO
1 X _
2k
2
I SC  1mA  (3V ) /(6k )  0.5mA V0  (3 / 8)[V ]
2  1  (3 / 4)
VOC
RTH   (3 / 4)k 50
I SC

25
DON’T PANIC!! Select your partition

Now compute V_0 using the Thevenin equivalent


“Part B”

6k
RTH V0  11[V ]
6k  8k
VTH

VX1
Open Circuit Voltage Use loops Loop equations I1  ; I 2  2mA
2000
Controlling variable
VX1  4k ( I1  I 2 )
VX1  2kI1  2kI1  4k ( I1  I 2 )  I1  4mA
VOC  2k * I1  3[V ] 2k * 4mA  3V  11V
KVL for V_oc

Loop equations
Short circuit current
I1  4mA Same as before
I1 Vx"
I1  ; I 2  2mA 3V  2k * I1 11
2000 I SC   mA
 3V  2k ( I SC  I1 )  0 2k 2
I sc
Controlling variable Thevenin resistance
I2 VX"  4k * ( I1  I 2 ) RTH 
VOC

11[V ]
 2k
51
I SC (11 / 2)mA

EXAMPLE 4

Linear Model for Transistor The alternative for mixed sources


VOC
VTH  VOC , RTH 
R1 Vx
a I SC

vS + R2 R 3VTH
- Open circuit voltage
g mVx 
b
VTH   gm R3Vx
R2 RR
R TH
I SC
Vx  v S  VTH   gm 3 2 v S
R1  R2 R1  R2
a
Short circuit current
+ R2
VTH
-
I SC   gmVx   gm vS
R1  R2
b
Equivalent Resistance
VOC
RTH   R3
I SC
52

26
EXAMPLE 5 Mixed sources. Must compute Voc and Isc
supernode
Open circuit voltage
KCL at super node I1  I X  2 I X  0
 The two 4k resistors are in parallel I1  I X
VTH
I1

I X  0  VTH  12[V ]
KCL at supernode
Short circuit current
I SC  4 I X
KVL
4k * ( I SC / 4)  12[V ]  6k * I SC  0
12
V 12V I SC  mA
RTH  TH   7k 7
IX I SC I SC (12 / 7)mA
RTH
a

VTH
FINAL ANSWER 
b 53

VX Vb VTH  VX  Vb
 VTH  R 2
VX  (2VS )  VS
R  2R 3

Vb  2 R(aVX )  VS  (1  4aR / 3)VS


VTH  VX  (2 RaVX  VS )  (1  2 Ra )(2VS / 3)  VS
1 4aR
VTH   VS
3
I SC
Vx1  2VS VX1 V 1  Vs 3VS
  aVX1  X 0 VX1 
VX 2R R 2R 4  2aR

VX1  VS 1  4aR
I SC  aVX1  I SC   VS
2R 4 R(1  2aR)
RTH
V V 4 R(1  2aR)
RTH  OC  TH  a
I SC I SC 3 
VTH

54
b

27
FIND AND PLOT RTH , VOC , WHEN 0  RX  10k

4 RX  RX 
RTH  4k || RX  VOC  12  6 
4  RX  4k  RX 

THEVENIN EQUIVALENT EXAMPLE

Rx[kOhm] Voc[V] Rth[kOhm]


0 12 0
0.1 11.8537 0.097560976 USING EXCEL
0.2 11.7143 0.19047619
0.3 11.5814 0.279069767
0.4 11.4545 0.363636364 14
0.5 11.3333 0.444444444
0.6 11.2174 0.52173913 12
0.7 11.1064 0.595744681
0.8 11 0.666666667 10
0.9 10.898 0.734693878
Voc[V]

8
1 10.8 0.8
1.1 10.7059 0.862745098 6
1.2 10.6154 0.923076923 Voc[V]
1.3 10.5283 0.981132075 4 Rth[kOhm]
1.4 10.4444 1.037037037 2
1.5 10.3636 1.090909091
1.6 10.2857 1.142857143 0
1.7 10.2105 1.192982456 0 2 4 6 8 10
1.8 10.1379 1.24137931
Rx[kOhm]
55
1.9 10.0678 1.288135593

56

28
FIND AND PLOT RTH , VOC , WHEN 0  RX  10k

4 RX  RX 
RTH  4k || RX  VOC  12  6 
4  RX  4k  RX 

57

i a

vO
_ b

R
2R a
i a

- VX +

aVX
vO
 2R
VTH  _ +
b VTH
-

58

29
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.html

RTH

RTH
VTH +
-

VTH +
-

59

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER


VL2 RL
VTH PL  V2
RL
PL  ; VL 
RTH RL RTH  RL  RTH  RL 2 TH

 For every choice of R_L we have a different power.


+ RL
-
VL How do we find the maximum value?
VTH
 (LOAD) Consider P_L as a function of R_L and find the
maximum of such function

SOURCE dPL  RTH  RL 2  2 RL RTH  RL  


 VTH
2
 
dRL  RTH  RL 4 3 
 
Technically we need Set the derivative to zero to find extreme points.
to verify that it is For this case we need to set to zero the numerator
indeed a maximum The maximum
RTH  RL  2 RL  0  RL*  RTH power transfer
theorem
The value of the maximum
power that can be The load that maximizes the power transfer for a circuit is
transferred is equal to the Thevenin equivalent resistance of the circuit.
2
VTH
PL (max)  ONLY IN THIS CASE WE NEED TO COMPUTE THE THEVENIN VOLTAGE
60
4 RTH

30
DETERMINE RL FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

RTH  4k  || 3k ,6k || 6k

loop1 : I1  2mA
loop2 : 3k ( I 2  I1 )  6kI 2  3V  0
3[V ] 1 1
I2    I1  [mA]
9k 3 3
KVL : VOC  4k * I1  6k * I 2  10[V ]

V2 100[V 2 ] 25
PMX  TH PMX   [mW ]
4 RTH 4 * 6k 6
61

DETERMINE RL AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFERRED

RL  RTH PMX 
VTH2

4 RTH

loop1 : I1  4mA
loop2 :  2kI X'  2kI 2  4k ( I 2  I1 )  0
1I I2 I X'  I 2
I 2  I1  4mA  VOC  8[V ]
RTH  2k
I "X  0 I SC  4mA

RL  6k
82 8
PMX  [mW ]  [mW ]
4*6 3
62

31
VIN2
PV  IN
2  R2
2
 VIN 
PV  R2  
 R1  R2 
OUT

VIN
I
2  R2
R2
VOUT  V
2  R2 IN 63

LAST YEAR MIDTERM EXAM PROBLEMS

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LAST YEAR MIDTERM EXAM PROBLEMS

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67

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

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EXERCISE PROBLEMS

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EXERCISE PROBLEMS

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EXERCISE PROBLEMS

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EXERCISE PROBLEMS

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EXERCISE PROBLEMS

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