EEE221 2021 - 22 Fall Lecture Notes 5
EEE221 2021 - 22 Fall Lecture Notes 5
Lecture Note 5
ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES
1
SOME EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
ALREADY USED
LINEARITY
THE MODELS USED ARE ALL LINEAR.
MATHEMATICALLY THIS IMPLIES THAT THEY
SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
THE MODEL y Tu IS LINEAR IFF FOR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS WE CAN USE THE
T (1u1 2 u2 ) 1Tu1 2Tu2 LINEARITY ASSUMPTION TO DEVELOP
SPECIAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
for all possible input pairs u1 , u2
and all possible scalars 1, 2
AN ALTERNATIVE, AND EQUIVALENT,
DEFINITION OF LINEARITY SPLITS THE
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE IN TWO.
2
A CASE STUDY TO REVIEW PAST TECHNIQUES
Redrawing the circuit may help us
DETERMINE VO in recognizing special cases
3
The procedure can be made entirely algorithmic
USING HOMOGENEITY
1. Give to Vo any arbitrary value (e.g., V’o =1 )
2. Compute the resulting source value and call it V’_s
3. Use linearity. VS' V0' kVS' kV0' , k
4. The given value of the source (V_s)
V1 corresponds to
REQ VS
k
VS'
Hence the desired output value is
Assume that the answer is known. Can we
Compute the input in a very easy way ?!!
VS '
If Vo is given then V1 can be computed V0 kV0' V0
using an inverse voltage divider. VS'
R1 R2
V1 V0 This is a nice little tool
R2 for special problems.
Normally when there is
… And Vs using a second voltage divider
only one source and
R4 REQ R4 REQ R1 R2 when in our judgement
VS V1 V0 solving the problem
backwards is actually
REQ REQ R2 easier
I1
VO
4
COMPUTE IO USING HOMOGENEITY. USE I 6mA
VS 1.5[mA] 2k V1 6[V ]
VS 1.5[mA]
V1 3[V ]
USE HOMOGENEITY
I 2mA IO 1mA
I 6mA IO __ 3mA __
10
5
VS
+ -
IL
+
VL
circuit
_
VL a1VS a2 I S
CONTRIBUTION BY VS
CONTRIBUTION BY I S
VL1
VL2 IS
V 1L
V 2L
11
I L2
I L1
= VL1 + VL2
The approach will be useful if solving the two circuits is simpler, or more convenient, than
solving a circuit with two sources
We can have any combination of sources. And we can partition any way we find convenient
12
6
EXAMPLE 3: WE WISH TO COMPUTE THE CURRENT i
1
= +
Req 3 3 || 6 [k ] R 6 (3 || 3) [k ]
eq
v2
i2"
Req
Current division
Ohm’s law
3V +
-
V0 V0' V0" 6[V ]
3k
14
7
EXAMPLE 5 Compute V0 using source superposit ion
We must be able to solve each circuit in a very
efficient manner!!!
2k VO VO' VO"
_ 15
I 01 1.5mA
I 02 1.5mA
I 03 0
Using source superposition
I 0 I 01 I 02 I 03 3mA
16
8
EXAMPLE 7
I1
I1
I O1
2
2
2 1 3
1
3
17
18
9
Low distortion audio power amplifier TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND
AMPLIFIER ONE SHOULD ANALYZE
THIS CIRCUIT
From PreAmp
(voltage ) To speakers
RTH
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.html REPLACE AMPLIFIER
BY SIMPLER
TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND AMPLIFIER “EQUIVALENT”
VTH +
IT IS MUCH EASIER TO CONSIDER THIS -
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT!
19
i a
vO
_ b
RTH i a
vO
vTH
_ b
10
NORTON’S EQUIVALENCE THEOREM
i a
vO
_ b
i a
iN RN vO
_ b
If Circuit A is unchanged then the current should be the same FOR ANY Vo
All independent
sources set to
zero in A
vO
DEFINE RTH i
vO
i SC ; vO
i SC
i iO i SC
iO RTH
SPECIAL CASE : OPEN CIRCUIT (i 0)
v v v
vO vOC 0 OC i SC RTH OC i SC OC
RTH i SC RTH
v
i O i SC vO vOC RTH i HOW DO WE INTERPRET THIS RESULT?
22
RTH
11
OUTLINE OF PROOF - version 2
i a
vO
_ b
1. Because of the linearity of the models, for any Part B the relationship
between Vo and the current, i, has to be of the form v m *i n
O
2. Result must hold for “every valid Part B” that we can imagine
3. If part B is an open circuit then i=0 and... n vOC
4. If Part B is a short circuit then Vo is zero. In this case
vOC
0 m * iSC vOC m RTH
iSC
How do we interpret this?
vO RTH i vOC 23
i a
vO
_ b
12
vOC v vOC
vO vOC RTH i i O i SC
RTH RTH RTH
i a
vO
_ b
Norton Equivalent
i a Representa tion for Part A
i SC Norton Equivalent Source
RTH vO
i SC
Norton b
25
RTH i a
i +
+ RTH vO
vOC _ vO i SC
_
Norton b
Thevenin
vOC
i SC
RTH
This equivalence can be viewed as a source transformation problem
It shows how to convert a voltage source in series with a resistor
into an equivalent current source in parallel with the resistor
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION CAN BE A GOOD TOOL TO REDUCE THE
COMPLEXITY OF A CIRCUIT
26
13
a a THE MODELS ARE EQUIVALENTS WHEN
RV RI
+ RV RI R
- VS
IS VS RI S
b b
27
14
EXAMPLE 2: Compute V_0 using source transformation
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
I0
R4 R3 Req
29
30
15
vTH Open Circuit vo ltage
voltage at a - b if Part B is removed
i SC Short Circuit Current
current through a - b if Part B is replaced
by a short circuit
RTH
vTH
Thevenin Equivalent Resistance One circuit problem
i SC
i 0 a
1. Determine the Remove part B and
Thevenin equivalent compute the OPEN vOC Vab
source CIRCUIT voltage Vab _
_
b
i SC
R1
VTH Part B is irrelevant.
a The voltage V_ab will be the value of the
Thevenin equivalent source.
To Part B
VS + IS
- R2
I SC What is an efficient technique to compute the
open circuit voltage?
b
VTH VTH VS
IS 0
R2 R1 NODE
Now for the short circuit current ANALYSIS
Lets try source superposition 1 1 V
( )VTH S I S
When the current source is open the VS R1 R2 R1
1
current through the short circuit is I SC R2 RR
R1 VTH VS 1 2 I S
When the voltage source is set to zero,
R1 R2 R1 R2
the current through the short circuit is
2
I SC IS
R1 R2 VS
V VTH I S
I SC IS S R1 R2 R1
R1
R1 R2
To compute the Thevenin resistance we RTH
use R1 R2 Is this a
general
VTH
RTH For this case the Thevenin resistance can be computed as result?
32
I SC the resistance from a - b when all independent sources have been
set to zero
16
The Thevenin Equivalent Source is computed as the open loop voltage
The Thevenin Equivalent Resistance CAN BE COMPUTED by setting to zero all the sources
and then determining the resistance seen from the terminals where the equivalent will be placed
R1 a
a
To Part B R1 R2 RTH
VS +
-
IS R2
b b
“Part B”
Since the evaluation of the Thevenin
equivalent can be very simple, we
RTH 3k can add it to our toolkit for the
solution of circuits!!
RTH 4k
33
“Part B”
5k
“PART B”
6V
1k
VO (6V ) 1[V ]
1k 5k
34
17
In the region shown, one could use source
transformation twice and reduce that part to
a single source with a resistor.
... Or we can apply Thevenin Equivalence
to that part (viewed as “Part A”)
8
V0 16[V ] 8V
88
35
RTH 8k
“Part B”
For the Thevenin voltage we have to analyze the
following circuit
METHOD??
Source superposition, for example
36
18
EXAMPLE 6 USE THEVENIN TO COMPUTE Vo
RTH 2 (2 || 4)
10
“Part B”
k
3
For the open circuit voltage we analyze the
following circuit (“Part A”) ... The circuit becomes...
Loop Analysis
I 2 2mA
6V 4kI1 2k ( I1 I 2 ) 0
6 2I2 5
I1 mA mA V0
6 32 48
V
6 3 10
6 3 7
VOC 4k * I1 2k * I 2 20 / 3 4V 32 / 3[V ] 3 37
“PART B”
I
VOC
9kI 18[V ] I 2mA
VOC 3kI 12 6[V ]
38
19
EXAMPLE 8: COMPUTE Vo USING NORTON
4k
I
RN 2k
IN
I SC
RN
RN RTH 3k PART B VO 2kI 2k I N
N
R 6 k
12V
I SC I N 2mA 2mA 3 4
3k VO 2 (2) [V ]
9 3
COMPUTE Vo USING THEVENIN PART B
VTH
RTH
+
- 2k VO
VTH
VTH 12 2 4
2mA 0 VO (6V ) [V ]
3k 27 3
RTH 3k 4k 39
RTH
I2
RTH 3R || 3R 1.5 R
KVL VTH Equivalent Voltage: Node, loop, superposition… Do loops
I1
I 1 I S VS 5R( I1 I 2 ) RI 2 0
VTH RI 2 2R( I1 I 2 )
How about source superposition?
VS
RTH
Opening the current source: 1
VTH
Short circuiting the voltage source 2
+
- VTH 5 1
I1 I S I 2 I S
+
IS I1 R
6 6
V2TH 1
2
VTH RI1 2 RI 2 RI S
2
This is what we need to get 3R 2R KVL
I2 _
VTH VTH 1
VTH
2
40
20
EXAMPLE 10 All independent sources
All resistors are in parallel!!
VTH
VTH
SOURCE
TRANSFORMATION
VTH
Voltage divider
8k
VTH (6 24 / 6)[V ] 41
8k (8 / 6)k
42
21
IF WE CHOOSE A VOLTAGE PROBE... WE MUST COMPUTE CURRENT SUPPLIED BY
PROBE SOURCE
VP aI X VP
IP IX IX
R1 R2
1 1 a
(VP )
I P VP
R2 R1 R1R2
VP
RTH
IP
(VP ) VP
RTH
1 1 a
VP
R2 R1 R1R2
The value chosen for the probe voltage is irrelevant.
43
Oftentimes we simply set it to one
44
22
V1 V1 2VX V1 VP
KCL @V1 : 0
V1 1k 2k 1k
VP Controlling variable: VX VP V1
SOLVING THE EQUATIONS
4 3
V1 VP , V X VP
7 7
VP VP 2VX VX
Do we use current probe or voltage probe? IP
2k 1k 1k
If we use voltage probe there is only one 15VP
node not connected through source IP
14k
VP 14
VP
RTH k
I P 15
IP Using voltage probe. Must compute
current supplied
45
23
RTH
A
Thevenin equivalent
VP
I P 1mA I_1 = I_p/2
I_3=0 The resistance is
VP VP numerically equal
RTH
R_th = 2kOhms
Loop analysis
VX
I1 ; I2 I P
2000
2k * I3 1k * ( I 2 I3 ) 2k * ( I3 I 2 I1 ) 4k * ( I3 I1 ) 0
Controlling variable VX 1k * ( I3 I 2 )
Voltage across current probe
VP 1k * ( I3 I 2 ) 2k * ( I3 I 2 I1 ) 0 47
Thevenin Equivalent
Circuits with both Dependent and Independent Sources
i a
vO
_ b
RTH
a
V
VTH RTH I
+
OC
-
SC
VTH VOC
48
24
Guidelines to partition:
36 2k
Solve VOC
4 (a / 1k )
Short circuit current
VA VA 12V
I SC 18mA
I "X 0 1k || 2k
2k
VOC 2
RTH [k]
I SC 4 (a / 1k )
Negative resistances for some “a’s”
Solution to the problem
RTH (a 2k ) Setting all sources to zero and combining
resistances will yield an incorrect value!!!!
1k 1k 18
V0 VTH ( 6)= V
VOC 1k 1k RTH 1
1k 1k k 7 49
3
V1
VTH
IX IX
V1 V (3V ) V1 (3 / 4)[V ]
1mA 1 0
2k 6k
VTH 1000 I X V1 0
V11 IX
V1
VTH (3 / 8)[V ] 2k
I SC RTH 1k
I 1X
+
1 +
2k
V11 1000 I 1X I 1X V1 V 1 0 I 1 0
VTH - VO
1 X _
2k
2
I SC 1mA (3V ) /(6k ) 0.5mA V0 (3 / 8)[V ]
2 1 (3 / 4)
VOC
RTH (3 / 4)k 50
I SC
25
DON’T PANIC!! Select your partition
6k
RTH V0 11[V ]
6k 8k
VTH
VX1
Open Circuit Voltage Use loops Loop equations I1 ; I 2 2mA
2000
Controlling variable
VX1 4k ( I1 I 2 )
VX1 2kI1 2kI1 4k ( I1 I 2 ) I1 4mA
VOC 2k * I1 3[V ] 2k * 4mA 3V 11V
KVL for V_oc
Loop equations
Short circuit current
I1 4mA Same as before
I1 Vx"
I1 ; I 2 2mA 3V 2k * I1 11
2000 I SC mA
3V 2k ( I SC I1 ) 0 2k 2
I sc
Controlling variable Thevenin resistance
I2 VX" 4k * ( I1 I 2 ) RTH
VOC
11[V ]
2k
51
I SC (11 / 2)mA
EXAMPLE 4
26
EXAMPLE 5 Mixed sources. Must compute Voc and Isc
supernode
Open circuit voltage
KCL at super node I1 I X 2 I X 0
The two 4k resistors are in parallel I1 I X
VTH
I1
I X 0 VTH 12[V ]
KCL at supernode
Short circuit current
I SC 4 I X
KVL
4k * ( I SC / 4) 12[V ] 6k * I SC 0
12
V 12V I SC mA
RTH TH 7k 7
IX I SC I SC (12 / 7)mA
RTH
a
VTH
FINAL ANSWER
b 53
VX Vb VTH VX Vb
VTH R 2
VX (2VS ) VS
R 2R 3
VX1 VS 1 4aR
I SC aVX1 I SC VS
2R 4 R(1 2aR)
RTH
V V 4 R(1 2aR)
RTH OC TH a
I SC I SC 3
VTH
54
b
27
FIND AND PLOT RTH , VOC , WHEN 0 RX 10k
4 RX RX
RTH 4k || RX VOC 12 6
4 RX 4k RX
8
1 10.8 0.8
1.1 10.7059 0.862745098 6
1.2 10.6154 0.923076923 Voc[V]
1.3 10.5283 0.981132075 4 Rth[kOhm]
1.4 10.4444 1.037037037 2
1.5 10.3636 1.090909091
1.6 10.2857 1.142857143 0
1.7 10.2105 1.192982456 0 2 4 6 8 10
1.8 10.1379 1.24137931
Rx[kOhm]
55
1.9 10.0678 1.288135593
56
28
FIND AND PLOT RTH , VOC , WHEN 0 RX 10k
4 RX RX
RTH 4k || RX VOC 12 6
4 RX 4k RX
57
i a
vO
_ b
R
2R a
i a
- VX +
aVX
vO
2R
VTH _ +
b VTH
-
58
29
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.html
RTH
RTH
VTH +
-
VTH +
-
59
30
DETERMINE RL FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
loop1 : I1 2mA
loop2 : 3k ( I 2 I1 ) 6kI 2 3V 0
3[V ] 1 1
I2 I1 [mA]
9k 3 3
KVL : VOC 4k * I1 6k * I 2 10[V ]
V2 100[V 2 ] 25
PMX TH PMX [mW ]
4 RTH 4 * 6k 6
61
RL RTH PMX
VTH2
4 RTH
loop1 : I1 4mA
loop2 : 2kI X' 2kI 2 4k ( I 2 I1 ) 0
1I I2 I X' I 2
I 2 I1 4mA VOC 8[V ]
RTH 2k
I "X 0 I SC 4mA
RL 6k
82 8
PMX [mW ] [mW ]
4*6 3
62
31
VIN2
PV IN
2 R2
2
VIN
PV R2
R1 R2
OUT
VIN
I
2 R2
R2
VOUT V
2 R2 IN 63
64
32
LAST YEAR MIDTERM EXAM PROBLEMS
65
66
33
LAST YEAR MIDTERM EXAM PROBLEMS
67
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
68
34
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
69
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
70
35
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
71
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
72
36
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
73
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
74
37
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
75
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
76
38