Array

UNIT 12 : Array

An array is a group or collection data of same data types. For example an int array
holds the elements of int types while a double array holds the elements of double types.

C Array – Memory representation

One-Dimensional Array is represented by a row with several columns.

https://beginnersbook.com/2014/01/c-arrays-example/

Two-Dimensional Array

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multidimensional-arrays-c-cpp/

An array of arrays is known as 2D array. The two dimensional (2D) array in C.

Programming is also known as matrix. A matrix can be represented as a table of rows and
columns.

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Three-Dimensional Array

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multidimensional-arrays-c-cpp/

Three-Dimensional array is same as that of Two-dimensional arrays. The difference is

as the number of dimension increases so the number of nested braces will also increase.

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Declare and initialize an array.

2. Put values in the array.
3. Manipulate the contents of an array

Course Materials

12.1 An array is a collection of data of the same type stored at contiguous memory location.
Each data can be accessed individually by using an index. The size of the array is declared at
the beginning of the program and cannot be change during the program execution. Array must
accommodate all data to be processed, so, it is better to declare an array of bigger size if you
do not know exactly the number of data items to process.

98 78 83 88 79 93 89
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Array indices

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An array index always starts with 0. So, if the size of the array is 7 the last index is 6 or if
size is 100 then last index is 99.

Why do we need an array?

More often than not program process the same type of data repeatedly. Let’s say, there
are 50 students in the class and you need to compute their final grade and then later on you
want to list their names with their grades alphabetically or in descending (highest to lowest)
order based on the grade. Before, we only use one variable for the name and one variable for
the grade that can only hold one value at time and then we use looping so we could enter
another set of name and grade, but when another value was entered the previous value is
erased in the memory and will be replaced by the new value entered. We can declare 50
variables for the name, 50 for the grade, but, that will be tedious. The solution for this kind of
process is to use an array. We use the same name of variable for all students just imagine that
it will be divided into how many times you want it to be.

For now, let us concentrate on one-dimensional array.

12.2 Array Declaration and Initialization

Syntax:

data_type arrayName[size];

OR data_type arrayName[] = {list of elements};

OR data_type arrayName[size] = {list of elements};

Examples:

int age[10];

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

int age[] = {6,72,47,13,23};

6 72 47 13 23
0 1 2 3 4

//size depends on the number of items listed during declaration

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int age [10] = {0};

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

int age[10] = {6,72,47,13,23};

2
6 72 47 13 0 0 0 0 0
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

char initial[3] = {‘‘};

0 1 2

float price[5] = {0.0};

0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4

string studName[50] = {“ “};

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 … 48 49

12.3 Assigning Value to an array

Direct:

studName[3] = “Beniah”;

Allowing user to enter values for the array:

int i, size =5;

string stud_name[5] = {" "};
int age[5] = {0};
float grade[5] = {0.0};

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for(i=0; i<size; i++)

{
cout << "\n Input student name #" << i+1 <<": ";
getline(cin, stud_name[i]);
cout << "\n Input age: ";
cin >> age[i];
cout << "\n Input student grade: ";
cin>> grade[i];
//to clear one or more characters from the input buffer
cin.ignore(1);
}

12.4 Asking the User to Enter the Size of Array

You can ask the user to enter the exact or estimated size of the array.

// get array size

int size = 0;
cout << “Please enter size of array: “;
cin >> size;
int memberAge[size] = {0};

if this won’t work with your compiler try this format:

data_type *arrayName = new data_type[size];

// get array size

int size = 0;
cout << “Please enter size of array: “;
cin >> size;
int *memberAge = new int[size];

Getting the sum and average of an array

// getting sum and average

// declare variable to get the total

int sumGrade=0.0, sumAge=0;

// variable to hold average

float aveGrade=0.0, aveAge=0;

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for (i=0; i<size; i++)

{
sumAge += age[i]; // sumAge = sumAge + age[i];
sumGrade += grade[i]; // sumGrade =sumGrade + grade[i];
}
aveAge = sumAge/size;
aveGrade = sumGrade/size;
cout << "\n\n Average age of students: " << aveAge;
cout << "\n\n Average grade of students: " << aveGrade;

12.6 Finding the highest and lowest value

// finding highest and lowest value

// assuming all grades are unique
// make the first element the lowest and the highest value

float highGrade = grade[0];

float lowGrade = grade[0];
string studHigh = stud_name[0];
string studLow = stud_name[0];

for(i=1; i<size; i++)

{
// determine if value higher than previous
if (grade[i] > highGrade)
{
highGrade = grade[i];
studHigh = stud_name[i];
}
// determine if value lower than the previous
if (grade[i] < lowGrade)
{
lowGrade = grade[i];
studLow = stud_name[i];
}
}
cout << "\n\n Student with highest grade: " << studHigh << " -
" << highGrade;
cout << "\n\n Student with lowest grade: " << studLow << " -
" << lowGrade;

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12.7 Counting – based on the criteria count how many in the array met the criteria.

// counting how many passed or failed the subject

int passed=0, failed=0;

for (i=0; i< size; i++)

{
if (grade[i] >= 75)
passed++;
else
failed++;
}
cout << "\n\n PASSED: " << passed;
cout << " \n FAILED: " << failed;

12.7 Searching an array – finding data that match the given requirement.

// print names of students who failed the subject

for (i=0; i<size; i++)

{
if (grade[i] < 75)
cout << stud_name[i] << ”-“ << grade[i] << endl;
}

Sorting – arranging data in ascending or descending order.

Note: Declare variable/s of same data type with the array to hold the data temporarily
when swapping the values. For ascending order, use > in the if statement and < for descending
order.

There are different methods of sorting data, one is Bubble Sorting, It is the simplest sorting
algorithm that works by repeatedly swapping the adjacent elements if they are in wrong order.

// An optimized version of Bubble Sort

int j;
int holdAge=0;
float holdGrade=0.0;
string holdName = " ";

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bool swapped;
stud_name
Zel Ina Roi Bea
0 1 2 3

age
19 20 17 21
0 1 2 3
grade
97 90 88 80
0 1 2 3

swapped = false, true, false, true, false

for (i = 0; i < size-1; i++) // i = 0 1 2 <3

{
swapped = false; // false
for (j = 0; j < size-i-1; j++) // j = 0 1 2 3 <3 0 1 2 < 2 0 1 < 1
{
if (grade[j] < grade[j+1]) // < descending > ascending
{
// do swapping
holdName= stud_name[j]; // Roi, Ina
stud_name[j] = stud_name[j+1];
stud_name[j+1] = holdName;

holdAge= age[j]; // 17 20
age[j] = age[j+1];
age[j+1] = holdAge;

holdGrade= grade[j]; // 88 90
grade[j] = grade[j+1];
grade[j+1] = holdGrade;

swapped = true;
}
} // for j

// IF NO two elements were swapped by inner loop, then break

if (swapped == false)
break;
} //for i

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cout <<"\n\n Student List ";

cout <<"\n\n Name\t\t Age\t\t Grade\n\n" ;
for (i=0; i < size; i++)
cout << i+1 << ". " << stud_name[i] << "\t\t" << age[i] << "\t\t"
<< grade[i] << endl;

Activities

A. Write an array declaration that will store the following data:

1. 50 letter grades
2. commissions of ten salesmen
3. daily temperature in Celsius for the month of August
4. number of population of each region in the Philippines
5. names of 50 students

B. Write a program segment for the following:

1. count how many A letter grades in array # A 1

2. Get the average commission in array #A2
3. Display the day with highest and lowest temperature in array #A3
4. Display name of region with population more than 1 million
5. Display the names of students in alphabetical order

Programming

One-dim Array

1. Write a program that will ask the user to enter a name and then display the letters that
appeared more than once and the number of their occurrence.

Enter a name: Elyse Raina Villanueva

a - 4
e - 3
i - 2
l - 3
n - 2
v - 2

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2. Profiling of Customer – write a C++program that will store the profile of 15 customers in
arrays. Input the name of the customer, gender (F and M only) and the age. After
inputting the data, display the following information – how many are male, how many are
female, how many are minors (less than 18years old), senior (60 years and above) and
adults (those that were not considered as minor and senior).

Profiling of Customer

Input:

Name:_____
Gender(M or F):____
Age( in number):____

Output:

# of Male Customer:___
# of Female Customer:___
Minor s(Less than 18 years old):___
Adults(19-59 years old):____
Seniors(60 and above): _____

3. Monthly Household Expense – Create arrays (size 15) that will hold the following
information: category and amount). Allow the user to enter the category (ex. Water bill)
and the corresponding amount spent on it. After the data entry, display the household
categories and its corresponding amount in descending order (highest amount first) and
the total amount spent in a month.

Monthly Household Expense

Enter Category #1:___

Amount Spent:___

Enter Category #2:___

Amount Spent:____
:
Enter Category #15:___
Amount Spent:___

Category Amount
______ ______

______ ______

: :

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______ ______

Total: ______

4. There are 15 candidates for the position of Barangay Captain. Using an array, write a
program that will ask the user to enter the names of the candidate and the total votes
he/she received. After the data entry, display the data in descending order based on the
votes of the candidates. Compute and display also the total votes cast for this election.

Online References

https://beginnersbook.com/2014/01/c-arrays-example/

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/arrays-in-c-cpp/

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_arrays.htm

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