ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to express my deep and sincere gratitude to our

Computer Application teacher for providing guidance
necessary for successful completion of this project . I
extend my hearty thanks to Mrs. JYOTSNA PANT for
here encouragement and for all the guidance that she
provided for this project work. I got this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude to my parent’s
invaluable guidance, constant encouragement and
immense motivation at all stages of my life. At last, I
would like to thanks everybody who contributed in
this project.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts and Definitions
3. Data Base Properties
4. Need for Database
5. What is Database Management
System(DBMS)
6. Operations to be performed on
DBMS
7. Characteristics of DBMS
8. Type of user of DBMS
9. Steps to Design a DBMS
10. Advantages of using a DBMS
11. Limitations of using a DBMS
12. Practical usage of DBMS (Example)
Introduction
The key to organizational success is effective decision
making which requires timely, relevant and accurate
information. Hence information plays a critical role into
day's competitive environment. Database Management
Software (DBMS) simplifies the task of managing the
data and extracting useful information out of it.

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Data is a collection of raw facts which have not been
processed to reveal useful information. Information is
produced by processing data as shown in Figure 1.2(a).

Data Processing For example, given the data of the test

marks of all the students in a class (data), the average,
maximum and minimum marks in the class can be used
as indicators of the performance of the
class(information). In other words, we can say that we
have extracted the information about average,
maximum and minimum marks for given student data
in Figure1.2(b).

Databases are being used extensively in our day-to-day

life. Be it business, engineering, medicine, education,
library, to name a few. For example, consider the name,
class, roll number, marks in every subject of every
student in a school. To record this information about
every student in a school, the school might have
maintained a register, or stored it on a hard drive using
a computer system and software such as a spreadsheet
or DBMS package. Such collection of related data that
has been recorded, organized and made available for
searching is called a Database.

Data Base Properties

1) A database is a representation of some aspect of the
world also called mini world. Whenever there are
changes in this mini world they are also reflected in
the database.
2) It is designed, built and populated with data for
specific purpose.
3) It can be of any size and complexity.
4) It can be maintained manually or it may be
computerized.

Need for Database

In traditional file processing, data is stored in the form
of files. A number of application programs are written
by programmers to insert, delete, modify and retrieve
data from these files. New application programs will be
added to the system as the need arises
An Example:-
Consider the Sales and Payroll departments of a
company. One user will maintain information about all
the salespersons in the Sales department in some file
say File1 and another user will maintain details about
the payroll of the salesperson in a separate file say
File2 in the Payroll Department as shown in
Figure1.3(a)
Although both the departments need information
about the sales person but they will store information
about the sales person in different files and will use
different application programs to access those files.
This would result in:
1. Data Redundancy:
Same information is stored in more than one file. This
would result in wastage of space.
2. Data Inconsistency:
If a file is updated then all the files containing similar
information must be updated else it would result in
inconsistency of data.
3. Lack of Data Integration:
As data files are independent, accessing information
out of multiple files becomes very difficult. Database
approach overcomes these problems and also adds a
lot of advantages as discussed later. In database
approach, a single repository of data is maintained
which is accessed by different users as per their needs.

What is Database Management System

A database management system is a collection of
programs that enables users to create, maintain anduse
a database. It enables creation of a repository of data
that is defined once and then accessed by different
users as per their requirements. Thus there isa single
repository of data which is accessed by all the
application programs as shown below Figure 1.4(a).

Operations to be performed on a Database

The various operations that need to be performed on a
database are as follows:
1. Defining the Database:
 It involves specifying the data type of data that will be
stored in the database and also any constraints on that
data.
2. Populating the Database:
It involves storing the data on some storage medium
that is controlled by DBMS.
3. Manipulating the Database:
It involves modifying the database, retrieving data or
querying the database, generating reports from the
database etc.
4. Sharing the Database:
Allow multiple users to access the database at the
same time.
5. Protecting the Database:
It enables protection of the database from software/
hardware failures and unauthorized access.
6. Maintaining the Database:
It is easy to adapt to the changing requirements. Some
examples of DBMS are- MySQL, Oracle, DB2, IMS, IDS
etc.

Characteristics of DBMS
The main characteristics of a DBMS are as follows:
1. Self-describing Nature of a Database System:
DBMS contains not only the database but also the
description of the data that it stores. This description of
data is called metadata. Meta-data is stored in a
database catalogue or data dictionary. It contains the
structure of the data and also the constraints that are
imposed on the data.
2. Insulation Between Programs and Data
Since the definition of data is stored separately in a
DBMS, any change in the structure of data would be
done in the catalogue and hence programs which
access this data need not be modified. This property is
called Program-Data Independence.
3. Sharing of Data
A multiuser environment allows multiple users to
access the database simultaneously. Thus a DBMS must
include concurrency control software to allow
simultaneous access of data in the database without
any inconsistency problems.
Type of Users of DBMS
DBMS is used by many types of users depending on
their requirements and interaction with the DBMS.
There are mainly four types of users:-
1. Endusers:
Users who use the database for querying , modifying
and generating reports as per their needs. They are not
concerned about the working and designing of the
database. They simply use the DBMS to get their task
done.
2. Database Administrator (DBA):
As the name implies, the DBA administers the
database and the DBMS. The DBA is responsible for
authoring access, monitoring its use, providing
technical support, acquiring software and hardware
resources.
3. Application Programmers
Application programmes write application programs to
interact with the database. These programs are written
in high level languages and SQL to interact with the
database.
4. System Analyst:
System analyst determines the requirements of the
end users and then develops specifications to meet
these requirements. System analyst plays a major role
in the database design and all the technical, economic
and feasibility aspects.
Steps to Design a Database
There are various steps to design a database which are
as follows:
Step 1- Determine the purpose of your database
The first step of designing a database is to determine
the purpose and mechanism to design and use it.
Step 2- Determine the tables
Tables are one of the most important elements of a
database, consist of rows and columns. To create a
well-defined database, you have to keep some
conditions which are as follows:
A table should not contain duplicate information. Each
table should contain information about one subject.
e.g.
One table is used to contain the personal information
of the students and the other is used to contain the
marks scored by the student.

Step 3-Determine the fields

After creating a table, you need to decide the type and
number of fields required for the tables in your
database. Each field in a table contains individual facts
about the table’s suject.
e.g.
A customer table may include company name,
address, city, state and phone number fields.
Step 4-Identify the primary key in a table
From the fields of table, you need to identify a primary
key which uniquely identifies each individual record of
the table. The primary key helps you to reduce data
duplication in the table.
Step 5-Determine the relationship between tables
In this step, you need to determine relationship
between two or more tables in your database. You can
set-up a relationship between tables on the basis of
common field between them. Establishing a
relationship allows you to fetch any information from
both the tables.
Step 6- Refine the design
After you have designed the tables, fields and
relationships, its time to study the design and detect
any faults that might remain.
Step 7- Enter data and create other data base objects
 When you are satisfied that the database structure
meets the goals you needed, add all your existing data
to the tables.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT FOR
DBMS
MINIMUM HARDWARE REQUIREMENT-

PROCESSOR MIN. 1.8GHZ OR EQUIVALENT

RAM MIN. 1GB

HARD DRIVE MIN 10GB

MINIMUM SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT-

OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS XP

FRONT END VB 6.0

BACK END MS ACCESS 2007

Advantages of DBMS approach

The need of DBMS itself explains the advantages of
using a DBMS. Following are the advantages of using a
DBMS:
1. Reduction in Redundancy:
Data in a DBMS is more concise because of the central
repository of data. All the data is stored at one place.
There is no repetition of the same data. This also
reduces the cost of storing data on hard disks or other
memory devices.
2. Improved Consistency:
The chances of data inconsistencies in a database are
also reduced as there is a single copy of data that is
accessed or updated by all the users.

3. Improved Availability:
Same information is made available to different users.
This helps sharing of information by various users of
the database.
4. Improved Security:
Though there is improvement in the availability of
information to users, it may also be required to restrict
the access to confidential information. By making use
of passwords and controlling users’ database access
rights, the DBA can provide security to the database.
5. User Friendly:
Using a DBMS, it becomes very easy to access, modify
and delete data. It reduces the dependency of users on
computer specialists to perform various data related
operations in a DBMS because of its user friendly
interface.

Limitations of DBMS approach

The two main disadvantages of using a DBMS:
1. High Cost:
The cost of implementing a DBMS system is very high.
It is also a very time-consuming process whichinvolves
analyzing user requirements, designing thedatabase
specifications, writing application programs andthen
also providing training.
2. Security and Recovery Overheads:
Unauthorized access to a database can lead to threat
to the individual or organization depending on the data
stored. Also the data must be regularly backed up to
prevent its loss due to fire, earthquakes, etc. Hence the
DBMS approach is usually not preferred when database
is small, well defined, less frequently changed and used
By fewer users , resulting into issue when retrieving
data from database .

Examples of DBMS
Some of the common used DBMSs are:-
  Oracle, IBM’s DB2, Microsoft’s SQL Server, MS-
Access and Informix.
Some of the desktop based DBMSs are:-
 Microsoft FoxPro, Borland dBase and Microsoft
Access.( For programming VisualBasics 6.0 is used)

Practical usage of DBMS(Tourism

website management)

1)Creating a data base

 DATA-FLOW DIAGRAM

AID ONAME EMAIL

] ANAME

TOU_PACK

CITY
PID
TOU_AGENCY
MOBILE
PNAME
PWD
ADDR PTODAY
VIEW TOURPACK
PAVAI

BOOK
PPLACES

PPRICE

PDATE

TOU BOOK PDEPART

BID PORGNAM

PIDS PORGNO

CNAME
BOOK_SEATS
PNAME
CGENDER

CMOBILE

AMNT
BOOKED ON
AGENCY

SEAT NO.