Pages 28-56

PG 28

Q#1 a) (i)

A. Palisade mesophyll cell

B. Stomata

b) (ii)

1. Huge amount of chloroplast in order to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

2. Closely packed together on the upper epidermis of the leaf in order to ensure maximum sunlight is
absorbed

PG 29

b) (i)

Stomata are located on upper epidermis of the leaf

b) (ii)

Glucose, Oxygen

PG 30

c)

Adaptation: Air sacs

Explanation: The air sacs help keep the plant floating so it is able to efficiently absorb sunlight.

Adaptation: Stomata located on upper epidermis

explanation: Stomata are located on upper epidermis to allow gas exchange

4Q

A) Stripe pattern on skin

B) Long thin body

C)Dotted pattern on skin

D)Large sword like head

PG 33

b) (i)

Smog

b) (ii)

From PH 4 till 7 the fish life increases gradually at 7.5 the hush life is the same as that of PH 7 but as it
reaches PH 8 the fish life decreases.

b) (iii)

Acid rain can damage many different things such as crops, forest, clean water, food for wildlife and
environment for both animals and people.

PG34

6Q

a) (i)

Machinery allows us to harvest tons of crops at a single moment instead of slowly hand picking them
increasing production rate.

Technology allows us to monitor all the important factors of the plant to grow so people can adjust
everything to the optimum levels.

a) (ii)

Better medical care decreases miscarriages and other problems during the birthing process which
increases the population.
PG35

b)

Meat has no carbohydrates as the fruits and vegetables have, carbohydrates are a form of long-term
energy which is needed for human consumption. Fruits and vegetables are also much easier to produce
on a large scale then compared to meat which could cause a steady decrease in the population of certain
species of animals.

c)

Deforestation causes a bad climate issue for the world as trees and some other plants are our producers
of oxygen; and when there are fewer plants and trees it causes higher carbon dioxide levels which
absorb sunlight and heat causing global warming. Oxygen repels sunlight and heat making it cooler so
without its temperature will slowly increase.

PG37

1Q

a) (i)

A: Cytoplasm

B: Nucleus

a) (ii)

The cell membrane acts as a barrier and chooses what is kept inside the cell and what is kept out.

a) (iii)

Animal cells have no cell wall as animals have bones to keep a strong structure. So, plant cells have cell
walls in order to stay strong and firm. This is why animal cells are flexible while plant cells are rigid and
stay in one shape.

PG38

b)

To provide a large surface area for aerobic respiration.

PG39
c)

Red blood cells do not need anything in their cell as they need as much space as possible to carry oxygen
which means they don't need mitochondria.

Sperm cells need little bits of mitochondria to have enough energy to reach the egg cell.

Heart cells need mitochondria in order to be able to pulse and push the blood cells throughout the body
constantly which needs a lot of energy.

The liver gives lots of energy for metabolic reactions so the whole body can gain energy through
metabolism which means the liver needs tons of mitochondria in order to do this.

PG40

2Q

(a)

a,d,c,f,b,g,e

b)

Neurotransmitters pass through the synapse, the gap between two nerve cells and attach to the
receptors on the receiving cells.

c) (i)

1: Increased Heart Rate

2: Muscle aches and pain

c) (ii)

Drugs such as heroin increases bad thoughts such as suicidal thoughts, that can both harm the user the
people around him or the environment.

PG41

4Q

a)

In 1960 the concentration of carbon dioxide was at 310 parts per million and in 2010 the carbon dioxide
concentration reached 390 parts per million. This is because as population increases more space is
needed so deforestation is needed for more houses so less oxygen is being produced and less carbon
dioxide is being converted.

PG42

b) (i)

Methane

b) (ii)

It traps heat the same way that heat is trapped within a greenhouse and because carbon dioxide is a very
large greenhouse gas.

c)

Nitrate is needed for protein production and a lack of Nitrate can cause the plant to stop growing and
have a weaker structure.

Magnesium is needed for the production of chloroplast which both helps with absorbing sunlight and
gives the plant its green color so the plant will start to yellow from the leaf veins.

PG44

d)

Eutrophication occurs when a body of water receives an excessive nutrient load, particularly phosphorus
and nitrogen. This often results in an overgrowth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, oxygen is
depleted from the water, and this lack of oxygen in the water causes the death of aquatic animals, like
fish. So this would mean that a lot of the Lake Udai Sagar aquatic life will deplenish which might be a
viable food source for them.

PG44

5Q

a)

Canine teeth function is to tear the food apart in order to make the food chunks much smaller so then
the molars are able to crush the food and make it so we are able to swallow food without any
repercussions.
PG45

b) (i)

Tigers teeth are large in number and sharp while rabbits have few teeth that are blunt. This is because
tigers eat raw meat which is very tuff and so the sharp teeth are able to tear it up.

Rabbit teeth are blunt and few in number this is because they eat vegetables such as carrots which is far
easier to eat with blunt teeth, an example of this is humans use their molars to eat carrots.

b) (ii)

Sharp front teeth to capture its prey.

PG46

c) (i)

27%

C) (ii)

Normally carnivores have less molar teeth then both herbivores and omnivores and since species x has
less molars it can lead us to think that it is a carnivore. But normally omnivores

Have more canine teeth than herbivores and omnivores but in this table they have the same number of
them leading us to think it might not be a carnivore.

PG47

d)

The Hydrochloric acid can give an optimum PH level for the enzymes that work inside the stomach and
allows them to chemically break down the food at a much faster rate.
e)

The villi have microvilli which gives the small intestine a very large surface area allowing for chemical
digestion to occur at a faster rate.

f)

When there isn't enough nutrients in the body many harmful things could happen such as damaged hair,
damaged nails, pain and aches throughout the body and since this takes place in the digestive system
constipation might occur.

PG49

1Q

a) (i)

L:Bicuspid Valve

M:Septum

O:Semilunar Valve

a) (ii)

1:N

2:K

3:J

PG50

b) (i)

K receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and transports it to J which then pushes the oxygenated
blood throughout the whole body.

b) (ii)

Because at the right ventricle the blood is only pushed to the lungs but at the left ventricle it gets pushed
throughout the whole body which means it will need thicker and stronger muscle walls.
PG51

4Q

a)

1:Carbon Dioxide

2:Chloroplast

b)

15%

c) (i)

Any reduction in water in the atmosphere creates a gradient for water to move from the leaf to the
atmosphere. As the water concentration gradient is higher in the leaf then the outside which could allow
transpiration to also occur.

c) (ii)

The root hair cells absorb water through the soil thanks to osmosis then it travels up the xylem and gets
transported to the parts that are needed. Finally the water's journey ends at the leaf where it gets used
for photosynthesis and transpiration.

d)
Deforestation ruins wildlifes environment and only brings issues; here are some examples: Bugs use
trees as their house food source and many other important factors and since they don't have any food
they will slowly die which could the ruin the whole food chain in that forest also a lot of different types
of species benefit from trees for their fruits there shelter from the weather and many other stuff.

PG53

5Q

a) (i)

C6H12O6 (aq) ————> 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2(g) + 2ATP

a) (ii)
Liver

b)

An enzyme is the perfect shape for a reactant without that specific enzyme the reactant will not get
catalyzed so if the enzyme is denatured the reactant won't be able to be catalyzed.

PG54

c) (i)

The increased temperature makes both reactant and enzymes faster so they will collide more often and
react at a faster speed. It can also be the optimum heat for the enzyme.

c) (ii)

PH level

d) (i)

A gene is defined as the fundamental unit of heredity. It is a segment of DNA that has information coded
in it in the form of a nucleotide sequence. It has the ability to undergo mutation and crossing over.

d) (ii)

The ribosome is universally responsible for synthesizing proteins.

PH55

6Q

a)

1:Amylase Starch glucose salivary gland

2:Maltase Maltose glucose intestinal walls

3:Pepsin Protein Amino acid Stomach wall

4:Trypsin Protein Amino acid Pancreas and small intestine wall

5:Lipase Fats Glycerol Pancreas

b)
Bile helps with digestion. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the
digestive tract.

c)

Absorption is the process by which the products of digestion are absorbed by the blood to be supplied to
the rest of the body.

PG56

d)

Kwashiorkor

e)

Lower your risk of developing noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and
some cancers

Page 58: As light intensity increases, more energy is available for chlorophyll absorption and photolysis,
leading to a higher rate of photosynthesis. This trend will continue until some other factor further limits
the rate.

Page 59: Red blood cells are used to transport oxygen for aerobic respiration

B: It holds the DNA for the cell

C: more surface area to carry more oxygen to increase the rate of aerobic respiration

Page 60: They are normal

B: they have shrunk

C: osmosis through a partially permeable membrane of water molecules into the cells down a water
gradient into the cells low water potential

D: cell wall
Page 61: blood cells will remain normal

B: platelets create scabs which limit significant blood lose which seals the wounds with an insoluble
patch which remains until skin regrows and seals it

Page 62: Bronchus

B: to produce mucus and to move fluid out of the airways and help maintain the lungs

Page 63: They diffuse across the cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration

B: the external intercostal muscles contract and the internal intercostal muscles relax which lifts the ribs
outwards

C: water vapor

Page 65: Septum

B: blood flows to the heart twice in 1 circuit

C: faster blood flow rate

Pulmonary vein

Aorta

Renal vein

B: Deoxygenated blood from the body is collected by the superior and inferior vena cavae and enters the
heart’s right atrium. It then flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, which contracts to
push the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. This artery carries the
deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The oxygenated
blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins and continues its journey to nourish the body’s
tissues. This process ensures efficient oxygen exchange and circulation throughout the body.

Page 67: not smoking

B: stent or dilatation

Page 68: no nucleus and single celled

B: to aid with movement

Page 69: vaccines which will stimulate memory cells and active immunity and encourage antibody
production

Page 70: 11.6

B: it rapidly increases and peaks to 12AU then decreases to 5 by 125s (about 2 minutes)
C: active transport using energy from respiration

Page 71: small intestines

B: antibiotics, and oral rehydration for nutrients lost during diarrhea

Page 72: diffusion of water molecules down a water potential gradient through a partially permeable
membrane

Page 73: D

B: to remove excess water

C: they lost water due to osmosis and the cells became flaccid

D: the proteins denatured, and the cell membrane was damaged so no osmosis will occur

Page 75: Yeast

B: fermentation

C: drought and flood

D: poverty and increased demand for food and uneven food distribution

Page 76: extinction of species loss of habitat and deforestation and the disruption of food chains as pests
are exterminated this means less food for predators
Page 77: nerve cell

B: open close

Close open

Open close

C: to prevent blood from flowing backwards

Page 78: 0.8 x 60 = 48

B: as exercise begins it increases, we know this because there are shorter intervals in every heartbeat

Page 79: deeper and faster breathing

Page 80: where all Nutrional needs are sufficed and all energy requirements are met, a balanced diet is
vital to maintain good health

B: weight loss, diarrhea and fatigue

Page 82: The proper diet is crucial in treating children with marasmus, a severe form of malnutrition.
This condition leads to weight loss, muscle wasting, and growth failure. A well-designed diet is essential
for replenishing nutrients, restoring energy, supporting muscle and organ function, promoting growth,
boosting the immune system, and aiding neurological development. Key components of the diet include
high-calorie foods, protein-rich sources, vitamins, minerals, hydration, regular feeding, and breastfeeding
for infants. Close medical supervision and specialized foods may be necessary for severe cases. Overall, a
carefully planned diet is vital for the recovery and well-being of children affected by marasmus.

B: bile emulsifies fat cells into smaller pieces, and it is an alkaline to neutralize hydrochloric acid from the
stomach so the optimum ph can be reached
Page 84: Acid rain, caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from human activities like
burning fossil fuels, poses significant threats to freshwater ecosystems such as streams, rivers, and lakes.
The acidic precipitation lowers the pH of the water bodies, leading to detrimental effects. Acid rain can
disrupt the pH balance essential for aquatic life, harming fish, amphibians, and other aquatic organisms
by damaging their gills and eggs. It leaches essential nutrients from the soil, reducing their availability for
plants and aquatic organisms. Additionally, acid rain accelerates the release of toxic metals like
aluminum from the soil, further harming aquatic life and impairing water quality. Overall, acid rain’s
negative impact on freshwater ecosystems includes biodiversity loss, reduced reproductive success, and
long-term disruption of ecological balance.

B: because acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide not hydrochloric acid

C: with a PH indicator or a litmus paper

D: warmth and moisture

Page 85: they cause metabolic reactions which release heat

B: it denatures the enzymes of the seed

C: the rate of germination increased as the pH increased while it had little to no effect before pH of 4

Page 86: 3

Page 87: incisors

B: The bacteria use the sugars on the teeth to produce acid

C: Regular brushing dental checkups

B: The leaf connects to the steam

Page 91: The nutrients that the tree absorbs do not reabsorb into the ground which can harm the
development of later trees. It can also lead to overreliance on synthesized phosphates and nitrates,
which can lead to further degradation of the soil ecosystem, called soil erosion.

B: it can be pressed into sheets to be reused as printing paper, it can be used as toilet paper, or it used as
new papers

Page 92: 6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2

B: It absorbs heat

C: purple

D: The hydrogen carbonate indicator solution changes color based on pH levels. At pH 8.4, it turns red,
while at pH 7.6, it becomes yellow, and at pH 9, it turns purple. Predicting the color of the solution near
the lamp depends on its pH. If the pH is acidic, the solution will be red. If the pH is alkaline (above 8.4),
the solution will be purple. For pH values between 7.6 and 8.4, the solution will lean towards purple.
Therefore, the anticipated color near the lamp’s end of the investigation is purple.

Page 93: The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by light intensity. Higher light intensity results in
increased energy absorption by chlorophyll, this trend will continue to increase until there is another
factor limiting the rate of photosynthesis from increasing

Page 94: Carries oxygen

B: Contains the DNA of the cell

C: To increase surface area to allow for more oxygen to absorb

B: they have shrunk

C: osmosis through a partially permeable membrane of water molecules into the cells down a water
gradient into the cells low water potential

D: cell wall

Page 96: blood cells will remain normal

B: platelets create scabs which limit significant blood lose which seals the wounds with an insoluble
patch which remains until skin regrows and seals it

Page 97: Bronchus

B: to produce mucus and to move fluid out of the airways and help maintain the lungs

Page 98: They diffuse across the cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration

B: the external intercostal muscles contract and the internal intercostal muscles relax which lifts the ribs
outwards

C: water vapor

Page 99: Tar It disrupts the ciliated cells and produces more mucus
B: Carbon monoxide It combines with haemoglobin

Page 101: Exponential growth phase

B: The excess fish pieces and waste excreted from salmon in fish farms can negatively impact the
environment. These effects include nutrient enrichment leading to water quality degradation and
eutrophication, the spread of diseases and parasites to both farmed and wild fish populations, altered
food web dynamics, sediment accumulation, chemical pollution from farm-related chemicals, and
genetic interactions between farmed and wild fish. To address these issues, sustainable aquaculture
practices are vital, involving proper site selection, monitoring, disease management, waste reduction,
and adherence to regulations to minimize the environmental impact of salmon farming.

Page 102

C: Salmon are on a secondary trophic level

D: Seaweed farming is more energy-efficient than salmon farming for human food production due to
several factors. Seaweed occupies a lower trophic level, resulting in fewer energy transfers and losses. It
directly uses sunlight and nutrients, reducing the need for resource-intensive processes like feeding.
Seaweed farming requires fewer resources, has a lower environmental impact, and involves less energy
loss compared to the complex processes involved in salmon farming, making it a more efficient and
sustainable food production method.

Page 105: Dentin

B: Cementum

C: Incisors

D: Canine

E: First Molar
F: Second Molar

B: Chewing

Page 106: Enamel Dentin

B: Sugary substances

Page 107: to maintain proper health of the organism

B: Mangrove trees possess adaptive features such as numerous aerial roots and floating seeds, enabling
their survival in water-rich environments. Aerial roots stabilize the tree in muddy soil, aid in gas
exchange, and regulate salt levels. Floating seeds facilitate efficient dispersal by water currents, shield
seeds from water damage, and ensure sunlight exposure for germination. These adaptations collectively
equip mangrove trees to thrive in coastal and brackish habitats.

Page 108: 0.8

Page 109: The shape of an ecological pyramid of biomass can differ from that of a pyramid of numbers
due to variations in individual size, energy loss as energy flows through the food chain, and differences in
reproductive rates among species. Larger organisms and slower reproductive rates at higher trophic
levels can lead to a pyramid of biomass that is different from the pyramid of numbers, which focuses
solely on the number of individuals at each trophic level.

Page 110: sugar and amino acids

B: Phloem plays a vital role in the transport of organic nutrients, primarily sugars, within plants. Acting as
a conduit for nutrient movement, phloem facilitates the bidirectional flow of these substances. The
process begins at the source, where photosynthesis occurs, producing sugars. These sugars, sucrose, are
loaded into the phloem cells at the source, creating a high concentration of sugars. Due to this
concentration gradient, sugars move from source to sink regions, such as growing tissues, roots, and
storage organs. At the sink, sugars are unloaded and utilized for growth, energy, or storage. This source-
to-sink movement is driven by osmotic pressure gradients, ensuring a balanced distribution of nutrients
to sustain the plant’s various metabolic needs.
Page 111: Xylem, the vascular tissue responsible for water and mineral transport in plants, is finely
adapted to its functions. Comprising tracheid and vessel elements, xylem features specialized structures
like lignified cell walls and perforations that facilitate efficient water movement. The lignin-impregnated
walls lend strength, preventing collapse and enabling support for the plant. The interconnected
tracheary elements create a continuous column for capillary action, pulling water upwards against
gravity. Additionally, the lack of cell contents and end walls in vessel elements enhances water flow.
Collectively, these adaptations ensure an unobstructed pathway for water uptake from roots to leaves,
maintaining essential hydration and nutrient transport across the plant.

B: so, no harm is done to the crops and to increase the yield of the crops

Page 113: Cuticle

B: Palisade

C: Stoma

D: Guard cells

E: Spongy Mesophyll

Page 114. Guard cells

Page 115. This is because Oxygen is a waste product hence larger concentration of oxygen exists within
leaves than outside leading to diffusion of oxygen from leaf to outside

Page 116. CO2 molecule passes through the air gaps, through the spongy mesophyll cells and palisade
mesophyll cells as it passes through the cell wall and membrane and diffuses into cytoplasm.

7. It have stomata on both side of the leaves whereas water lily’s stomata only exist on its upper
epidermis whereas common myrtle stomata only on its lower epidermis.
8. water lily: This is because it floats on water hence gas exchange cannot occur beneath water

Common myrtle: This is because it is found in dry places hence to stop water evaporation it exists on
bottom of the leaf.

9. rat tailed maggot, tubifex worm, water louse

10. Stonefly nymph

11. Due to high concentration of nitrate encouraging aquatic plants as such algae to grow

12. firstly all solids would be removed via filter and then all small sediments would settle down in
sediment block and then water is passed through filter and then it goes to chlorination process.

13. Plastics stays for long time and does not decompose, dangerous to marine life and release harmful
toxins for the environment.