1 - Propagation Effects - Models
1 - Propagation Effects - Models
Aim:
To predict the average
received
signal strength at a given
distance from the transmitter -
- Large scale propagation
models, hundreds or
thousands of meters.
To predict the variability of the
signal strength, at close
spatial proximity to a
particular location
- Small scale or fading
models
• Propagation Modes
• Free Space Propagation:
Transmitter and receiver have a
clear, unobstructed LOS path
between them.
• Reflection: From the surface of
the earth and from buildings and
walls. Usually dimensions of
reflecting object are much greater
than wavelength.
• Diffraction: Bending of
electromagnetic waves around
sharp edges such as, sharp towers
or peaks.
• Scattering: Due to objects in the
medium that are small compared
to wavelength and the number of
objects is many (e.g., foliage,
street signs, lamp posts, rain,
shower).
Ground Reflection: (2-Ray Model)
2-Ray Model
Reflection from Perfect
Conductor
Diffraction
Knife-edge Diffraction Geometry
Knife-edge Diffraction Gemetry
Ed = F(v) • Eo
V Range Gd (dB)
V -1 0
-1V 0 20 log (0.5 – 0.62 v)
0V1 20 log (0.5 e-0.95v )
1 V 2.4 20 log (0.4 – [0.1184 -(0.38-0.1 V)2]1/2)
V2.4 20 log (0.225 / V)
Example
Compute the diffraction loss between the transmitter
and receiver assuming:
= 1/3 m, d1 = 1 km , d2 = 1 km , h = 25 m
Solution:
V = h [2(d1 + d2) / ( d1 d2)]1/2
= 25 [2(1000 +1000) /(0.33 x1000 x1000)]1/2
= 2.74
Using the table,
Environment n
Free space 2
Urban area cellular radio 2.7 – 3.5
LOS in building 1.6 – 1.8