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1 - Propagation Effects - Models

The document discusses various wireless channel impairments including signal fading and propagation effects. It covers propagation modes like free space, reflection, diffraction and scattering. Models for large and small scale signal variation are described along with the knife-edge diffraction geometry and Fresnel zones. Approximations for attenuation due to diffraction are provided. The log-distance path model equation for received power is also summarized.

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Saher Zayed
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views17 pages

1 - Propagation Effects - Models

The document discusses various wireless channel impairments including signal fading and propagation effects. It covers propagation modes like free space, reflection, diffraction and scattering. Models for large and small scale signal variation are described along with the knife-edge diffraction geometry and Fresnel zones. Approximations for attenuation due to diffraction are provided. The log-distance path model equation for received power is also summarized.

Uploaded by

Saher Zayed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Wireless Channels Impairments


Radio Propagation for Wireless communications
• The radio channel is an
important controlling factor
in wireless communication
systems.
• Transmission path
between transmitter and
receiver can vary in
complexity.
• LOS (Line Of Sight) →
Simplest
(Other effects include:
buildings, mountains,
foliage - trees/bushes,
speed of mobile).
Signal Amplitude Variation (Fading)
Propagation Models

Aim:
To predict the average
received
signal strength at a given
distance from the transmitter -
- Large scale propagation
models, hundreds or
thousands of meters.
To predict the variability of the
signal strength, at close
spatial proximity to a
particular location
- Small scale or fading
models
• Propagation Modes
• Free Space Propagation:
Transmitter and receiver have a
clear, unobstructed LOS path
between them.
• Reflection: From the surface of
the earth and from buildings and
walls. Usually dimensions of
reflecting object are much greater
than wavelength.
• Diffraction: Bending of
electromagnetic waves around
sharp edges such as, sharp towers
or peaks.
• Scattering: Due to objects in the
medium that are small compared
to wavelength and the number of
objects is many (e.g., foliage,
street signs, lamp posts, rain,
shower).
Ground Reflection: (2-Ray Model)
2-Ray Model
Reflection from Perfect
Conductor
Diffraction
Knife-edge Diffraction Geometry
Knife-edge Diffraction Gemetry

• Diffraction allows radio


signals to propagate (a) T is transmitter and R is
around the curved surface receiver,
with a knife-edge obstruction
or propagate behind blocking the line-of-sight path.
obstructions.
• Based on Huygen’s
principle of wave
propagation
• (b) T & R are not the • (c) Equivalent where the
same height... smallest height
(in this case hr ) is
subtracted from all other
heights.

If  and  are small and


h<<d1 and d2, then h & h’
are virtually identical and
the geometry may be
redrawn as in (c).
Assumptions
Fresnel Zones
• The concentric circles on the
• The excess total path length
plane represent the loci of the traversed by a ray passing
origins of secondary waves through each circle is n/2,
which propagate to the receiver where n is an integer.
such that the total path length
increases by λ/2 for successive • Thus, the path traveling
circles. through the smallest circle
corresponding to n = 1will have
• These circles are called
an excess path lengths of  /2
Fresnel zones. The as compared to a line-of-sight
successive Fresnel zones have path, and circles corresponding
the effect of alternately to n = 2, 3, etc. will have an
providing constructive and excess path length of , 3  /2,
destructive interference to the etc.
total received signal.
• For proper design of a LOS
• The radius of the n th Fresnel
link, the first Fresnel zone
zone circle is denoted by rn shoild be free of obstacles.
and can be expressed as:
Attenuation Function of a Knife Edge Scatterer:
The electric field strength of the diffracted wave is
given in terms of complex Fresnel Integrals by:

Ed = F(v) • Eo

• where Eo is the free space field strength in the


absence of both ground and knife edge.
• F(v) is the attenuation function or gain due the
scatterer.
• The gain in dB
Gis (dB)
given =
by:20 log I F(V)I
d
Approximate Value of Fresnel Integral F(v):

Gd (dB) = 20 log I F(V) I

V Range Gd (dB)
V -1 0
-1V 0 20 log (0.5 – 0.62 v)
0V1 20 log (0.5 e-0.95v )
1 V 2.4 20 log (0.4 – [0.1184 -(0.38-0.1 V)2]1/2)
V2.4 20 log (0.225 / V)
Example
Compute the diffraction loss between the transmitter
and receiver assuming:
 = 1/3 m, d1 = 1 km , d2 = 1 km , h = 25 m

Solution:
V = h [2(d1 + d2) / ( d1 d2)]1/2
= 25 [2(1000 +1000) /(0.33 x1000 x1000)]1/2
= 2.74
Using the table,

Gd (dB) = 20 log (0.225/2.74) = -22 dB


Loss = 22 dB
Scattering
Radar Scattering Cross Section
• When a radio wave
impinges on a rough
surface, the reflected
energy is spread out or
diffused in all directions.
Ex., lamp posts and foliage.
• The scattered field may
increase the strength of
the signal at the receiver.
Log-Distance Path Model
Received Power

PR(d) [dbm] = Pt [dbm] – PL(d) [db]


n -> path loss exponent
d0 -> reference distance close to transmitter

Environment n
Free space 2
Urban area cellular radio 2.7 – 3.5
LOS in building 1.6 – 1.8

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