24 TRIGONOMETRY. EXAMPLES. V. Prove the following statements. 1 2. 3. 4, 10. 11. 12, 13. 14, 165. 16. 17. cos‘ A — sin A +1=2 cos? 4. (sin A + cos A) (1-sin A cos A)=sin? 4 + cos? 4. sma {140084 9 ooo 4 l+cosd* sind ~ . cos’ A+sin® A=1-3 sin? 4 cos? 4, = i A, 4 sec A —tan cosec A cosec A io sec? A cosec A—1* cosec A+1 . (sec A + cos A) (sec A — cos A)=tan? A +sin? A. 1 cot A+tan A —_ sec 4 — tan A 1-tanA_cotA-1 1+tand~ cotd+1° =sin A cos A, =sec d4+tan 4. l+tan?4 _ sin? Tyeot? A ~ cos?’ sec A —tan A 2 sec dian A ~1~? Seed tand +2 tan’ 4. tan A cot A T=eot A * 1-tand ~ 8004 cose +1. cos A sin 4 + T-tan dt 1 cota = 4 +0084. (sin 4 +cos A) (cot 4 + tan A) =sec A +cosec A. sec! A ~ sec? d= tan‘ A+tan? 4,[Exs. V.] TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS, 25 18, 19. 20. 21. 22, 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 80. 31. 82. 33. 34, 35. cot* A + cot? A =cosec! A — cosec? A. a/cosec? A — 1=cos A cosec A. sec?.4 cosec? A = tan? A + cot? A +2. tan? A — sin? A =sin‘ A sec? A, (1+ cot A - cosec A) (1+tan A+see A)=2. 1 11 1 cosecA—cotd” sind sind cosecA+cotd* cotAcosA _ cotdA--cosd cot A+cosd cot Acosd * cot A+tan B cot Btan A= °° A tan B. 1-cos* a sin? a 2+ cos®a sin? a* — + ——.— ) cos*a sin? a = sec?a—cos?a ' cosec*a—sin? a sin® 4 ~ cos’ A = (sin? d — cos? A) (1-2 sin? A cos? 4), cos A cosec A ~sin A sec A =cosee A — see A. cos A+sin A ~ . tanA+secd-1_ 1+sind tan A—secA+1~ “cosd ' (tan a+ cosee 8)* — (cot 6 — sec a)?=2 tan a cot 8 (cosec a + sec 8). 2 sec? a ~ sect a — 2 cosec? a + cosect a= cot! a— tanta, 1-sin A 1+sin 4 =1+42 tan A (tan A -sec 4), (cosee 4 + cot A) covers A — (sec A +tan A) vers A =(cosec A — sec A) (2— vers A covers A). sec A cosec A cosec?A sec? A * (1+cot 4 +tan A) (sin A - cos A) = 2 versin A +cos?A=1+versin? A.a 5. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 31 EXAMPLES. VI. Express all the other trigonometrical ratios in terms of the cosine. Express all the ratios in terms of the tangent. Express all the ratios in terms of the cosecant. Express all the ratios in terms of the secant. The sine of a certain angle is i 3 find the numerical values of the other trigonometrical ratios of this angle. 6. 10. il. 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22, i 3° find tan @ and versin 6. If sin @= If manor find tan A, cos A, and sec 4. If cos 0=~ , find sin @ and cot 6. If cos A =3 , find tan A and cosec 4, If tan o=? » find the sine, cosine, versine and cosecant of @. 2a 2 If tan 0=—+., find the value of C820! O= se0"8 W cosec? 6 + sec? If cot 6 =¥, find cos 6 and cosec 0, If seoA=3, find tan A and cosec A. If 2 sin 9@=2-cos 8, find sin 6. If 8 sin 0=4+cos @, find sin @. If tan 0+ sec 6=1'5, find sin 6. If cot @+cosec @=5, find cos 8, If 3 sect @+8=10 sec?6, find the values of tan 6. If tan? @+-sec =5, find cos 4. If tan 0+ cot @=2, find sin 6. If sec? @=2+2 tan 4, find tan @, Qu («+1) If tan 0= "5" find sin 0 and cos 6.EXAMPLES. VII. 1. If 4=30°, verify that and ()) () (3) (4) (5) cos 2A =cos? A - sin? A=2 cos? A - 1, sin 2A =2 sin A cos A, cos 3A =4 cos? A -3 cos A, sin 34=3 sin 4 —4 sin® 4, 2tan A tam 24 = 4 tan? A[Exs. VIL] TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 39 2. If 4=45°, verify that (1) sin24=2sin A cos 4, (2) cos 24=1-2 sin? 4, and (3) tan24=.————. Verify that 3, sin? 30°-4sin? 45°4-sin® 60°=3. 4, tan? 30°+ tan? 45°+ tan? 60°= 43. 5, sin 30° cos 60° + cos 30° sin 60°=1, © °_ sin 45° sin 60° = -V 372 6. cos 45° cos 60° — sin 45° sin 60°= 272"ANGLES OF ANY SIZE. 63 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. IX. 1, In a triangle one angle contains as many grades as another con- tains degrees, and the third contains as many centesimal seconds as there are sexagesimal seconds in the sum of the other two; find the number of radians in each angle. Q. Find the number of degrees in the angle at the centre of a circle whose radius is 5 feet which is subtended by an arc of length 6 feet. 8. ‘To turn radians into seconds prove that we must multiply by 206265 nearly, and to turn seconds into radians the multiplier must be -0000048, 4, Ifsin@ equal find the values of cos 6 and cot 6. . m+ Qn 5. If sin 0= 5 Sm + Dn? m+ 2nn prove that tan 9= Fama re . 6. If cos 0 — sin 0=,/2 sin 8, prove that cos 0+sin 6=,/2 cos 0. 7. Prove that cosec® a ~ cot*a=3 cosec? a cot?a+1. 8, Express 2 sec? A — sect A — 2 cosec? A + cosec! A in terms of tan 4. 9. Solve the equation 3 cosec? @=2 sec 0, 10. A man on a cliff observes a boat at an angle of depression of 30°, which is making for the shore immediately beneath him. Three minutes later the angle of depression of the boat is 60°. How soon will it reach the shore? 11. Prove that the equation sin @=a +2 is impossible if « be real. 12. Shew that the equation soot O= art x=y. is only possible whenEXAMPLES. X. Prove that 1. sin 420° cos 390° + cos (— 300°) sin ( — 330°) =1. 2. os 570° sin 510° ~ sin 330° cos 390°=0. and 3, tan 225° cot 405° + tan 765° cot 675°=0. What are the values of cos A—sin A and tan A+cot A when 4 has the values 2: 5: 7 11 4 5 8 Ge 8 Gr % Gand & 3?(Exs. X.] EXAMPLES. 75 What values between 0° and 360° may 4 have when . 1 1 __ 9. sin A= ps 10. cosd=~5, ll. tandA=-1, 12. cota = -,/3, 18. seed=- 2 and 14, cosecA=-—2? /3 N Express in terms of the ratios of a positive angle, which is less than 45°, the quantities 15. sin (-65°). 16. cos (—84°). 17. tan 137°. 18, sin 168°. 19. cos 287°. 20. tan (— 246°). 21. sin 843°, 22. cos (- 928°). 23. tan 1145°, 24, cos 1410°. 25. cot (- 1054). 26, sec1327° and 27, cosec (— 756°). What sign has sin 4+cos A for the following values of A? 28, 140°. 29. 278°. ~ 80. -356° and 3], -1125°. What sign has sin 4 — cos 4 for the following values of 4? 32, 215°. 83, 825°. 84, -634° and 85, - 457°. 36. Find the sines and cosines of all angles in the first four quadrants whose tangents are equal to cos 135°. Prove that 87. sin (270°+4)= -cos A, and tan (270°+ A) =—cot 4. 38. cos (270°- 4)=-—sin A, and cot (270°- d)=tan A.EXAMPLES. XI. What are the most general values of @ which satisfy the equations, ae AB - Ll sind=5. 2, sin@é=— ye 3. sind=—5- -_! _N3 -_t 4, cosd= -3 5, cosd= o° 6, cosé= yp 7, tand=,/3. 8, tan@=-1. 9, cotg=1, 10. seco=2. ll. cosee = aa 12. sin?6=1. 1 1 : 13. coso= 7. 14, tan?9=5. 15. 4sin?9=3. 16. 2cot?0=cosec?@. 17. sect = 5? 18. What is the most general value of @ that satisfies both of the equations cosd= — +; and tan@=1? a 19, What is the most general value of 6 that satisfies both of the equations cot@= —,/3 and cosec@= -2? 20. If cos (A- y=} 5° and sin(4+B)=5, find the smallest positive values of A and B and also their most general values. 21. Iftan(d-B)=1, and sec (A +B)=2 find the smallest positive 8? walues of A and B and also their most general values. 6—284 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XI.] 92, Find the angles between 0° and 360° which have respectively (1) their sines one to ve , (2) their cosines equal to << , and (3) their tan- gents equal to a 23. Taking into consideration only angles less than 180°, how many values of # are there if (1) sina=7, (2) cosa= 7 (3) cosa = - i (4) tane= 3, and (5) cot a= —7? 24, Given the angle x construct the angle y if (1) siny=2sina, (2) tan y=38 tan 2, (3) cosy = ; cos x, and (4) sec y=cosec x. 25, Shew that the same angles are indicated by the two following formulae: (1) (2n- 5 +(-1)" z , and (2) Qna + 3 , n being any integer. 26. Prove that the two formulae +5 )rea an nr + y 57e 1) (2 ; ad (2 -1 denote the same angles, n being any integer. Illustrate by a figure, 97, If 0-a=nr+(-1)"8 prove that 9=2mr+a+B or else that 6=(2m+1)r+a-—f where m and n are any integers. 28, If cos p0+cosq@=0, prove that the different values of @ form two arithmetical progressions in which the common differences are pn and, a respectively. 29. Construct the angle whose sine is Pear :EXAMPLES. XII. Solve the equations 1. cos? 0 sin 9-1 =0. 9, 2sin?9+3cosd=0. 3. 2/8 cos? @=sin 4. 4, cos 0+cos?@=1.86 fs Pm na 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. al. 23, 25. 27. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. TRIGONOMETRY. 4cos @-—3sec 6=2 tan 6. 6. tan? 9 - (1+,/3) tan 6+,/3=0. 1 cot? 6+ (vs +35) cot 0+1=0, cot 6—abtan @=a-—b. 10. secd -1=(,/2—1)tang. 12. sin 9@=sin 0. 14, cosm6 =cos 00. 16. cos 58 =cos 40, 18. cot @=tan 80. 20. tan 20=tan3. 22. tan? 30 =cot? a. 24, tan? 3@=tan? a. 26. tanmx+cotnz=0. 28. sin (0-9) =3, and cos (0+) = cos (2a + 3y) = ; » 608 (3a +2y)= [Exs, XII] sin? 0-2 ¢080+1=0. tan? 6+ cot? @=2. sin 50= 5 : sin 30=sin 20. sin 20 =cos 36. cos mé=sin nd. cot @=tan nd. tan 20 tan @=1. tan 36 =cot 9. 3tan?@=1. tan (7 cot 6) =cot (x tan @). 1 a v3 2° Find all the angles between 0° and 90° which satisfy the equation sec? 0 cosec? @+ 2 cosec? @=8. If tan?e=?, find versin @ and explain the double result. If the coversin of an angle be i find its cosine and cotangent.EXAMPLES, XIII. 1, Ifsin a=? and wos= 7, find the value of sin (a — 8) andcos (a+). 2. If sina=Z and sing=°3 sin (a+). 8, Ifsina = and eos 8=4 , find the values of sin (a +), cos (a - 8), a, find the values of sin (a—) and and tan (a+). Prove that 4, sin (4+B) sin(d -B)=sin? 4 —sin® B, 5. cos (4 +B) cos(A - B)=cos? A -sin? B 6, cos (45° - A) cos (45° — B) - sin (45° — 4) sin (45°- B) =sin (A+B).10. ll. 12, 13. 14. TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XIII.] sin (45° + 4) cos (45° — B) + cos (45° + A) sin (45° ~ B) =cos (4 - B). sin (A~B) , sin(B-6) , sin(C-A) _ cos A cos B * cosBcosC " cosCcosd * sin 105° + cos 105°= cos 45°. sin 75° — sin 15°=cos 105° + cos 15°, cos a cos (y — a) —sin asin (y—a)=cos a. cos (a+ B) cos y ~— cos (8 +y) cos a=sin 6 sin (y— a). sin (n+ 1) A sin (n-1) A+eos (n +1) A cos (n—-1) A=cos 24. sin (n+1) A sin (n+ 2) A +cos (n+1) A cos (n+2) A=cos 4.Prove that sin 76 - sin 50 cos 66 — cos 40 1. 60870 +cos Be em 7 2. sin 60+sin40— ~ tan 6. sin A+sin 34 _ 3. Gosdpeos3d = 724: in A 4, gq = cos 4d sec 5A. cos 2B+cos2d _ y 5. Cos dB — eos gd ~ Ct (4 +B) cot (4 ~ B). sin 24 +sin 2B _ tan (4+B) 6. sin 24—sin 2B ~ ian (4-B)" sind+sin24 A sin 54 —sin3A _ 7. Gosd- cos ad OS" 8. Gos84 teosba A cos 2B ~ cos 24 » 9. sin 2B + sin 24 =tan (4-2). 10. cos(4+B)+sin (A — B)=2sin (45° + A) cos (45°+ B). u cos 34 ~ cos A + cos 24—cos4d _ sin A * sin3d—sind sin 44—sin24~ cos 24 cos3A° sin (44 -2B)-+sin (4B-24) _ 12. os (dA — 2B) + cos (4B 2.4) =" (A +P). 13. tan 56+ tan 30 _ 4 cos 26 cos 40. EXAMPLES. XIV. tan 56 — tan 30[Exs. XIV.] PRODUCT FORMULAE, 97 008 88 +2608 59 -+¢08 78 14. cos 042008 30+ 608 50 ~ C08 27 ~ sin 20 tan 80. 1. Seatenstrewtd rere 1, ed tant a8 gy ay, SBApesingd +sin 5d _ sins sin3442sin54+sin7d sind“ sin (4 -0)+2sin 4+sin (440) ‘in (B- 0)+2sin B+sin (B+0) sin A—sin 54 +sin 94 cos A con 5d ~ con A+ 18. sin A —si 19. 20. a1, SAFE _ gay AFB, sindtsinB_j. A+B cosd--eosBo 22. sind-sinB_ | 44+B 28. cos B= cos A= °° cos (4 +B +0)+008(~A+B+C) +008 (4 ~B+0) +008(4+B-0) sin(d+B+ 0) +8in(—-A+B+0)—sin(d - B+ 0)+8in(d+B—O) ot B 24, 25, cos 84 +008 5A +008 7A +008 154 =4 cos 4 cos 54 cos 6A. 26, cos(~A+B+0)-+cos(d -B+0)-+c02(4+B-C)+c08(4+B+C) =4c0s A cos B cos C. 27, sin 50°—sin 70°+sin 10°=0, 28, sin 10° +sin 20°+ sin 40°-+-sin 50°=sin 70°-+sin 80°. 29, sina-+sin2a+sinda+sin 5a=4 cos § cos *# sin 3a. Simplify 30. cos {a+ (»-5) } ~08 fox (» +) a . ( 31. sin fox n-3) of sin {e+ (#5)EXAMPLES. XV. Express as a sum or difference the following 1, 2sin 56 sin 76. 2. 2cos7@ sin 56. 8. 2cos11é cos 30. 4, 2sin 54° sin 66°.{Exs. XV.] TANGENT OF THE SUM OF TWO ANGLES. 99 Prove that 6. 78 30. 116. . 5, sin 3 sin gtsing sin -y-=sin 20 sin 50. 6, cos 26 cos § — cos 30008 = sin 50 sin, 7, sin Asin (4 +2B) —sin Bsin(B+24)=sin (A — B) sin(4 +B). 8, (sin34+sin A) sin 4 + (cos 34 — cos A) cos A=0, 9 2sin (4 — C) cos C—sin(A-2C) sind * 2sin (B— 0) cos C—sin (B—20)~ sin B* sin A sin 24 +sin 34 sin64+sin 44 sin 134 _ 10. sin 4 cos 24 +sin 8A cos 64 + sin 44 cos 134 =tan 94. cos 24 cos 34 — cos 24 cos 74 + c08 A cos 104 ll. “sin44 sin 34 —sin24sin5A+sin4dsin74 — mhaihaibines 12. cos (36°— A) cos (36° + A) + cos (54° + A) cos (54° - A) =cos 24. 13, cos 4 sin (B- C)+cosB sin : A) +cos C sin (4 - B)=0, 14, sin (45°+ 4) sin (45°- A) = 3 1 aos 24. 15, versin (A +B) versin (4 - _ =(cos 4 —cos B)*, 16. sin (8 —-y)cos(a— 65) +sin(y— a) cos (8-6) + sin (a - 8)cos (y— 6) =0. 17. 2.008 7 cos J +0089 +0089" =0, 13 13 13102 TRIGONOMETRY. EXAMPLES, XVI. 1. If tand=) and tan B=f, find the values of tan (24 +B) and tan (24 —B). = po 2, IftanA= 3 and tan Ba07, 7 tan (A — B)=:375. prove that n 1 3. Iftana asi and tan B= Impl’ find tan (A+B). 5 4, If tana= 6 and ton B=75 , prove that atp=%- Prove that 5. tan (F+ 0) xtan (74 0)=—1, 6. cot (F+0) cot (F-0) = 7. L+tan 4 tan 4=tan A cot 4-1=s00 4.MULTIPLE ANGLES. 109 EXAMPLES. XVI. 1, Find the value of sin 2a when 3 (1) cosa (2) sine 2. Find the value of cos 2a, when (1) cosa=i7, @) sina=4, and (8) tana 3. Iftan a=? , find the value of acos 20-+b sin 20, Prove that sin 24 . 5, pene =cot A. 6. 7, tan A+cot A =2 coseo2A. 8 tanA-cotA=-2eot2d. 9, cose 2A +eot A =cot A. 1-cos +008 B-cos(A+B)_, AB 10. 1508 cos B— cos (A+B) "3 3 cos A so. 4 seo84-1_tan84 dl. tysma=™ (15 +): 12. seed 1 = tan 24° 14+ tan? (45°- 4) 18, [gan (45°— 4) 0080 24 a+p 7“ sin(axp)_“™ 2 sin(a-8)~ @-8 2 in? Asin? B 15, tim A=sin tan (aay, sin d cos A=sin Boos B 7 ; 16. tan (F40) ~tan (F-0)=2tan 20, cosA+sind cos A~sin A 4 Sort pan a=? 080 24, 17. cos 4cos2d 18, cot (4+15°) -tan (a -15%)= 7 PS110 TRIGONOMETRY. (Bxs. XVII] sin +sin 20 a = nS. 19. Ty ¢080-+008 207" 3 (n-1)4 ant +eos(n—1)a sin(n+1)442sinnd+sin(n—-1)4_ od 22. cos (v1) A—eos(nt 1a PD? 23, sin (2n41) Asin Asin? (n +1) A—sin?nd, in (4 +3B)-+sin (3.4 +B) sin 2d-+8in 2B . : : . A. Bd 25, sin 84 +sin2d sin A=4 sin d cos 5 cos 5 26, tan24=(sec 24 +1) ./sec?d—1. 27, cos? 20 +8 00820 =4 (cos* @ - sin®4), 28, 14-008 20=2 (cost 0 +sin' 6). 29. sec? A (1+se0 24 80. cosec 4 ~2cot 24 cos A =2 sin A. 1 A A 31, cot 4 5 (stg tan 5) 2see2d. 32, sin asin (60° a)sin(00°+-a)=} sin Ba. 36, sin 20°sin 40°sin 60°sin 80° a 37, cosda=1~8 cos? a+8 costa. 38, sindd 39, cos 6a=32 cos! a ~ 48 cos! a+18 cos? a— 1, in A cos? A —4cos A sin’ 4. 40, tan 34 tan 24 tan 4 =tan 34 ~ tan 24 -- tan A. 2cos 2"9+1 “2eos0+1 41. cos @ — 1) (2 cos 20-1) (2 cos 28-1) -(2.0032"-1 9-1).EXAMPLES, XVIII 1, Ifsin o=} and sing=3, find the values of sin (0+) and sin (20 +2¢). 9. The tangent of an angle is 24. Find its cosecant, the cosecant of half the angle and the cosecant of the supplement of double the angle. 83. If cosa= a and sin B=, find the values of sin? $58 and cos? “TF 3 +8 , the angles a and B being positive acute angles. 4, If cos a=? and cos p=%, find the value of cos of, the angles a and B being positive acute angles. 5, Given sec 0=1}, find tan : and tan 6. §, If cos A4='28, find the value of tan 4, and explain the resulting ambiguity. 7, Find the values of (1) sin 74°, (2) cos 74°, (3) tan 224°, and (4) tan 113°,124 TRIGONOMETRY. (Bxs. XVIII.) ‘ eo 8, Ifsind+sing=aand cos 0+cos@=D, find the value of tan° 5%. Prove that ma—ein 42 oath 9. (cos a-+c08 f)*-+ (sin a~sin g)*=4 cos? SF, 10. (cosa+-c0s f)?+(sin a + sin p)2=4 008825, LL, (Cosa —cos f)?+ (sin asin 2tan4 12, sin A= 2 16, sin? G + 4) sin? G - 3) = + sin A. 17, cos? a+ cos? (a+ 120°) + cos? (a — 120°) an Am oot Be Te 18, cost oost "7 + cost + cost ant™ + sint 3% 4 sins ™ a aint 2 sint™ + sint 2 4 int 4 sint 7 19, sint > +sint + sint 2 + sint 20. cos 20 cos 2¢ + sin® (9 ~ 4) —sin® (0 + $) =cos (20+ 2¢). 21, (tan 44 +tan 24) (1~tan®84tan® 4)=2 tan 3 sec? A, 22, (14tan§—s00$) (14-tan$-+00$) =sin a aoe 3 2 Find the proper signs to be applied to the radicals in the 8 following formulae, 23, 20084 78°, 19m. li”[Exs. XVIIL] EXAMPLES. 125 25, 20084=+ Ji-sinds JT Fain d, when 4= ~140°, 26, If A =840°, prove that asin4= — Jivsind+JI-sin 4, and 2008 4 ~Ji¢sind- Ji-sin a. 27, If 4=460°, prove that 2oos4= - Tren d+ /1-sin d. 28, If 4=580°, prove that 29, Within what respective limits must 4 lie when Jive a+ Ji-sind. @) asing=-/ivaind+ JI-sind, @) sing= +! a- JI-sma, and () eos4= JiFsind-Ji- sind, 80. In the formula 2eos $= + /ieand+ J1-ain 4, find within what limits 4 must lie when (1) the two positive signs are taken, (2) the two negative 4 4 and (8) the first sign is negative and the second positive. 81, Prove that the sine is algebraically less than the cosine for any angle between ane ~°% and 2ne-+7 where n is any integer.126 ‘TRIGONOMETRY. (Exs. XVIIL] 32, Ifsin 4 be determined from the equation 4 = 4sine4, sin 4=8sin 5 prove that we should expeet to obtain also the values of nta4 at sin” 54 ana - sin" $4 33, If cos 4 be found from the equation cos =4e0s 4-3 e054 prove that we should expect to obtain also the values of QnA art 8 a. and cos 5 co 120, By the use of the formulae of the present chapter we can now find the trigonometrical ratios of some important angles. To find the trigonometrical functions of an angle of 18°. Let @ stand for 18°, so that 20 is 36° and 36 is 54°, Hence 20 = 90° — 36, and therefore sin 26 =sin (90° — 36) = cos 30. «. 2sin 8 cos 6 = 4 cos’ @ —8 cos 6 (Arts. 105 and 107). Hence, either cos @=0, which gives @= 90°, or 2sin 6 = 4cos*@—3=1—4sin* 6. ©. 4sin? @ + 2sin O=1. By solving this quadratic equation, we have tV5-1 sin?=EXAMPLES. XIX. Prove that 1, sin? 72° — sin? 6o2=49—4 . 9. cos? 48° — sin? e851 : L. T.130 3. 4, 9. 10. TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs, XIX.] cos 12°+ cos 60° + cos 84°= cos 24° + cos 48°, sin in 2* gin 8 gin 7 = m5 Sing Sing nS 6 in 7 asin 87 1 6, sin“ sin B71 sin 79+ SH 10-732" e To jo- 72 tan 6° tan 42° tan 66° tan 78°=1. T 15 ce Qa Cos 73 C08 Fz COS T= COS Fz COS Fz COS Fz COS TE = Fy. 4 16 cos on cos 8 93 97 lar FH 7B © a5 08 5 =1. Two parallel chords of a circle, which are on the same side of the centre, subtend angles of 72° and 144° respectively at the centre. Prove that the perpendicular distance between the chords is half the radius of the circle. il. In any circle prove that the chord which subtends 108° at the centre is equal to the sum of the two chords which subtend angles of 36° and 60°. 12, Construct the angle whose cosine is equal to its tangent. 13. Solve the equation 4cos 6-3 sec @=2 tan é.EXAMPLES._ XX. If A+B+C=180°, prove that 1. 2. 3. 4. .o oon 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. sin 24 +sin 2B —sin 2C =4 cos 4 cos B sin C, cos 24 + cos 2B +cos 2C= —1-4cosd cos B cos C. cos 24 + cos 2B ~ cos 2C=1-4 sin A sin B cos C. sin A +sin B+sin 0=4 cos 4 cos cos. sin 4+sin B-sin C=4sin4 sin Z cos S, cos A +cos B+cos C=1+48in4 sin sin $. sin? 4+sin? B-sin? C=2sin Asin B cos C. cos? A + cos* B+ cos? C=1-—2cos A cos B cos C. cos? A +cos* B- cos? C=1-2 sin A sin Boos C. sin? 4 + sin??? + sine S=1-2 ain 4 sin sin ©, 2 2 2 2 2 2 «oA B Cc A B Cc 2- in?— —sin?——1— = = gin — sin’ 3 + sin 3 sin’5=1 2cos 5 cos Z sins. A B B Cc c A tan 5 tan 5 +tan 5 tang + tan 5 tang =1, A B Cc A B Cc cot 5 + cot + cot > =cot5 cot 5 cot z cot B cot C+cot C cot A+cot Acot B=1.138 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XX.] 15, sin (B+2C) +sin (C +24) +sin (4 +2B) B-C.. C-A.. A-B =4sin sin —— sin —3~ - A. Bo. ~ w-A . w-B. r-CO 16. sinZ tsing +sin 5 -1=4sin q sin ~G~ sin yy, Sm24tsingBesin2 goo Ain B sin * “sind+sinB+sinG ~ 2 2 2° 18, sin(B+C-A)+sin(@+4 -B)-+sin (4+B-C) =4sin 4 sin Bsin C. If A+B+C=28 prove that 19, sin (S- A) sin (S- B) +sin S sin (S - C)=sin A sin B. 20, sin S sin (S — A) sin (S - B) sin (S - C) =1-cos* A — cos* B- cos? 0 +2cos A cos B cos C. 21, sin (S- 4) +sin (SB) +sin (S-C)-sin S =4sin4 sin? sin &, 2 2 2 22, cos?.S+ cos? (S — A) + cos? (S — B) +-cos® (S — C) =2+2cos A cos B eos C. 23, cos?.4 +cos* B+ cos? C +2cos A cos B cos C =1+4 08 § cos (S.A) cos ($B) cos (5 - C). 24, Ifa+B+y+5=2n, prove that 0s a+c0s8-+-c08-y +0085+4 08" + eos aay cos ae 5_o, and sin a—sin -+-siny~sin 5-44 00848 sin **7 cos $90, 25, If the sum of four angles be 180° prove that the sum of their cosines taken two and two together is equal to the sum of their sines taken similarly. Prove 26, 1-cos?6-cos? — cos y+ 2.cos 0 cos p cos y =4oin SF OFY gin PtP Y sin POY sin TotOty,[Exs. XX.] TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS. 139 27, sin2a+sin 28+sin 2y =2 (sin a+sin 6 +sin y) (1+cos a+cos 8+¢os y) if atpt+y=0. 28, Verify that sin* a sin (b— c) + sin?) sin (c — a) +sin®c sin (a—b) +sin (a+b+c) sin (b - c) sin (c — a) sin (a-b)=0. If A, B, C, and D be any angles prove that 29, sin Asin Bsin (4 ~ B)+sin Bsin Csin (B- C) +sin C sin A sin (C - A) +sin (A - B) sin (B - C) sin(C - 4)=0. 30. sin (4 —B) cos(4 +B) +sin (B - C) cos (B+ C) sin (0 - D) cos (C+D) + sin (D - A) cos (D+) =0. 31, sin(4+B-2C) cos B-sin(4+C-2B) cos @ =sin (B-- C) {cos (B+ C- A) +c0s (C+ -B)+c0s (4+B-C)}. 32, sin(4+B4C+D)+sin(4+B-C-D)+sin(4+B-C+D) +sin (4+B+C-D)=4sin (4 +B) cos C cos D. 33, If any theorem be true for values of A, B, and C such that A+B+C=180°, prove that the theorem is still true if we substitute for A, B, and C respectively the quantities (1) aor-4, 90°- 3, ana sor $, or (2) 180°-2d, 180°-2B, and 180°-2¢, Ife+y+2=ayz prove that ga, 8252 By = | 82-28 _Bu-a? By~y* Bz—z8 “i 1-3y? "1-327 1-30?" 1-3y?" 1-32 and 95, 2 (L—y°) (1-2) ty (1-24) (L-a%) +2(1— 2°) (1-y) aye, 128. The Addition and Subtraction Theorems may be used to solve some kinds of trigonometrical equations. Ex. Solve the equation sin @+ sin 5a=sin 8a.EXAMPLES, XXI. Solve the equations sin 6+sin 76=sin 40. cos 6 + cos 70=cos 48. cos 6 + cos 30 = 2 cos 24, sin 40 — sin 20=cos 80. sin 70=sin 6+sin 30. Q2oarp sin 0+sin 30+sin 50=0. 1, 3. 5, cos 0 —sin 36=cos 20, 7, cos 6+cos 20+cos30=0. 9. sin 20 — cos 20 — sin 0+cos@=0. 10, sin (30 +a)+sin (30 - a) +sin (a - 0) - sin (a+ 6)=cosa.[Exs. XXI.] TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS, 148 11. 12. 14. 16. 18, 20. 22. 23, 24, 25. 27. 29. 31. 33. 34, 36. 387. 38. 39. 40. cos (38 +a) cos (30 — a) +. cos (50 + a) cos (50 — a) =cos 2a. ps ~m-1,. cos nO =cos (n— 2) 0+sin 4 13. sin mt =sin > O+sin 6. sin md +sin n6=0, 15, cos m+ cos nd=0. sin?n6 — sin?(n—1)@=sin?@. 17, sin 30-+cos2@=0. /3 cos 6+sin 0=,/2. 19. sin 0+cos 0=,/2. 3 sin 6 — cos 0=,/2. 21, sina+cosa=,/2 cos A. 5sin 6+2 cos @=5 (given tan 21° 48’=-4), 6cosx+8sin «=9 (given tan 53°8’=13). 1+sin? @=8 sin 0 cos 6 (given tan 71° 34’=3). cosec 0=cot 0+./3. 26, cosecx=1+cotx. (2+,/3) cos8=1-sin 0. 98) tand+sec d=,/3. cos 20=cos? 6, 80. 4cosd-3secd=tand. cos 20+3 cos @=0. 32, cos30+2cosd=0. 1 0s 20= (J/2+1) (cos o~ rd) . cot 6— tan 9=2. 85. 4 cot 20=cot? 6- tan? 6, 3 tan (0 - 15°) =tan (0+ 15°). tan 9+ tan 20 + tan 30=0. tan 6 +tan 20+,/3 tan 0 tan 20=,/3. sin 8a=4 sin a sin (w +a) sin (x — a). Prove that the equation x* - 27 +1=0 is satisfied by putting for « either of the values 2 sin 45°, 2 sin 18°, and 2 sin 234°, 132. Ex. To trace the changes in the sign and magnitude of the expression sin 0 + cos 6 as 8 increases from 0 to 360°. We have sin 0 + cos 0 = /2 [5 sin 6+ 1 cos 6| v2 Vv = /2[sin 6 cos 45° + cos 0 sin 45°] = /2 sin (0 + 45°).