COMPUTER NETWORK Pof.

VISHAL CHANDEL

UNIT-1
Introduction to computer networks and
Internet

White board of Lectures Work

1. Some Important Video Links for understanding of Networking

Components

1. What is Importance of DATA Communication?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9PnP3qLnCQ

2. Modes of DATA Transmission?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVzemrJzXM4

3. What is Protocol and Standards?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnWn18qUYyA

4 What is Internet?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dxcc6ycZ73M

4. Importance of computer Network?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95_36NgiaMY
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2. Topics We covered in lectures

1.DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable. For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be
part of a communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and
software (programs). The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental
characteristics: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.

1. Delivery. The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received by the
intended device or user and only by that device or user.
2. Accuracy. The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission
and left uncorrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. In the
case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order
that they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time
transmission.

2.Data Representation

1.Text
2.Numbers
3.Images
4.Audio
5.Video

3.Data Flow

1.Simplex: - In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of the two
devices on a link can transmit.
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2.Half-Duplex: - In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time. When
one device is sending,

3.Full-Duplex: - In full-duplex mode (also called duplex), both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.

4.NETWORKS
1 Distributed Processing

A network is the interconnection of a set of devices capable of communication. In this definition, a

device can be a host (or an end system as it is sometimes called) such as a large computer, desktop,
laptop, workstation, cellular phone, or security system. A device in this definition can also be a
connecting device such as a router, which connects the network to other networks, a switch, which
connects devices together, a modem (modulator-demodulator), which changes the form of data, and so
on.

5.Network Criteria
Performance

Reliability

Security

6.Physical Structures
Type of Connection

Point-to-Point

Multipoint

7.Physical Topology
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8.NETWORK TYPES
1.Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and connects some hosts in a single office,
building, or campus. Depending on the needs of an organization, a LAN can be as simple as two PCs
and a printer in someone’s home office, or it can extend throughout a company and include audio and

video devices.

2.Wide Area Network

A wide area network (WAN) is also an interconnection of devices capable of communication. However,
there are some differences between a LAN and a WAN. A LAN is normally limited in size, spanning an
office, a building, or a campus; a WAN has a wider geographical span, spanning a town, a state, a
country, or even the world.
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9.Switching

1. Circuit switching is a method of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network

nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may
communicate
2. Packet switching is a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network into packets.
Packets are made of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct
the packet to its destination where the payload is extracted and used by application software
3. Message switching is a connectionless network switching technique where the entire message is routed
from the source node to the destination node, one hop at a time.

10.The Internet
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As we discussed before, an internet (note the lowercase i) is two or more networks that can
communicate with each other. The most notable internet is called the Internet (uppercase I) and is
composed of thousands of interconnected networks.

1.The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

2.In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of whom were part of the core ARPANET group,

3.Internet service providers (lSPs)

4.Hierarchical organization of the Internet

11.PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.

1.Syntax data address

2.Semantics meaning of each section of bits
3.Timing

Standards
Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and other service
providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity.
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Standards Organizations

International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

12. Network Models

LAYERED TASKS

Higher layers

Middle layers

Lower layers

13.THE OSI MODEL

Open Systems Interconnection model
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ISO is the organization. OSI is the model

Seven layers of the OSI model

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data link

1 Physical Layered
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1 Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node)
to the next.

1. Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium Mechanical Interface, Electrical

interface , Logical Interface , Physical Interface
2. Representation of bits
3. Data rate. 10 f/s 1*1000 10*1000 10000*2*3
4. Synchronization of bits
5. Line configuration
6. Physical topology
7. Transmission mode
2 Data link
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The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next
Hop-to-hop delivery

1. Framing
2. Physical addressing
3. Flow control
4. Error control
5. Access control

3. Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.
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Source-to-destination delivery

1. Logical addressing/ IP
2. Routing

4. Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another.

Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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1. Service-point addressing
2. Segmentation and reassembly
3. Connection control: - The transport layer can be either connectionless or connection
oriented.
4. Flow control
5. Error control

( 48 Bit Phisical Add and 6 byte )

IP Address and logical Address 32 Bit address

5.Session layer
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The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.

1. Dialog control: - The session layer allows two systems to enter into a dialog
2. Synchronization: -The session layer allows a process to add checkpoints, or
synchronization points, to a stream of data. For example, if a system is sending a file of
2000 pages.

6. Presentation layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.

1. Translation
2. Encryption
3. Compression

7. Application layer
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The application layer is responsible for providing services to the use.

1. Network virtual terminal

2. File transfer, access, and management
3. Mail services
4. Directory services

Summary of layers

14.TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

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Now that we know about the concept of protocol layering and the logical communication between layers
in our second scenario, we can introduce the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
TCP/IP is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized in different layers) used in the Internet today. It
is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of which provides a specific
functionality. The term hierarchical means that each upper level protocol is supported by the services
provided by one or more lower level protocols.

15.Difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model

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16.Connection-less versus Connection-oriented

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17. Throughput
In data transmission, network throughput is the amount of data moved successfully from one place to
another in a given time period, and typically measured in bits per second (bps)Mbps Gbps Throughput
of a network can be measured using various tools available on different platforms. ... The throughput is
then calculated by dividing the file size by the time to get the throughput in megabits, kilobits, or bits
per second

Network Delay
In a network based on packet switching, transmission delay (or store-and-forward delay, also known as
packetization delay)

18.Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router,

Gateways and Brouter)

1. Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same
network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal
can be transmitted over the same network. An important point to be noted about repeaters is that they do
not amplify the signal. When the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it
at the original strength. It is a 2 port device.

2. Hub – A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations. Hubs cannot
filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In other words, collision domain of all hosts
connected through Hub remains one. Also, they do not have intelligence to find out best path for data
packets which leads to inefficiencies and wastage.
Types of Hub
Active Hub:- These are the hubs which have their own power supply and can clean, boost and relay the
signal along with the network. It serves both as a repeater as well as wiring centre. These are used to
extend the maximum distance between nodes.
Passive Hub :- These are the hubs which collect wiring from nodes and power supply from active hub.
These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning and boosting them and can’t be used to
extend the distance between nodes.

3. Bridge – A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of
filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also used for
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interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input and single output port,
thus making it a 2 port device.

4. Switch – A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency(a large
number of ports imply less traffic) and performance. A switch is a data link layer device. The switch can
perform error checking before forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it does not forward
packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to correct port only. In other words,
switch divides collision domain of hosts, but broadcast domain remains same.

5. Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. Router
is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a
dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data packets.
Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.

6. Gateway – A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together that may
work upon different networking models. They basically work as the messenger agents that take data
from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also called protocol
converters and can operate at any network layer. Gateways are generally more complex than switch or
router.

7. Brouter – It is also known as bridging router is a device which combines features of both bridge and
router. It can work either at data link layer or at network layer. Working as router, it is capable of
routing packets across networks and working as bridge, it is capable of filtering local area network
traffic.

19.Transmission Media
Definition: A communication channel that is used to carry the data from the transmitter to the receiver
through the electromagnetic signals. The main function of this is to carry the data in the bits form
through the Local Area Network (LAN). In data communication, it works like a physical path between
the sender & the receiver. For instance, in a copper cable network the bits in the form of electrical
signals whereas in a fiber network, the bits are available in the form of light pulses. The quality, as well
as characteristics of data transmission, can be determined from the characteristics of medium & signal.

Different Types of Transmission Media

Transmission media is classified into two types namely wired media & wireless media. The medium
characteristics of wired media are more significant but, in wireless media the signal characteristics are
important.
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Types-of-Transmission-Media
Transmission media is classified into two types namely wired media & wireless media. The medium
characteristics of wired media are more significant but, in wireless media the signal characteristics are
important.
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java.net package is useful for all the Java networking classes and interfaces.

TCP − Transmission Control Protocol allows reliable communication between two applications. TCP is
typically used over the Internet Protocol, which is referred to as TCP/IP.

UDP − User Datagram Protocol is a connection-less protocol that allows packets of data to be
transmitted between applications.

Networking in Java is mainly used for sharing the resources and also for centralized software
management.

With this, let’s move further and learn various terminologies used in Networking.
Networking Terminologies
The widely used Java networking terminologies used are as follows:
1. IP Address
2. Protocol
3. Port Number
4. MAC Address
5. Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
6. Socket

6. Socket
A socket in Java is one endpoint of a two-way communication link between two programs running on
the network. A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can identify the application that
data is destined to be sent to.

Now that you know various terminologies used in Java Networking, let’s move further and understand some of
the important classes that it supports.

Inet Address
Inet Address is used to encapsulate both the numerical IP address and the domain name for that
address. It can handle both IPv4 and Ipv6 addresses. Below figure depicts the subclasses of Inet Address
class.
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unshielded
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