Name: TEST NO 1_ (AFTER JULY)

PART B. LANGUAGE FOCUS

I. Circle the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1.The topsoil in this area had cracks, there ………………. drought for a long time.
A. should be B. may be C. ought to be D. must have been
2. She says if she ………………. that the traffic lights were red she ……………….
A. had realized / would stop B. realized / could have stopped
C. had realized / would have stopped D. has realized / stopped
3. Young people ………………. to succeed in life should work hard.
A. wants B. wanting C. want D. wanted
4. They now regret ………………. their son by providing too many material possessions.
A. having spoiled B. to have spoiled C. having been spoiled D. to have been spoiled
5. Many species of monkeys are in imminent danger of becoming extinct because of ____ habitat loss.
A. a great deal of B. a lot C. many D. a number of
6. That man is rumored _______ a fortune when he was working in finance
A. to have made` B. to make C. was making D. had made
7. ….………, he felt so unhappy and lonely.
A. Despite of his riches B. Rich as was he C. Rich though he was D. Despite of the fact that he was
rich
8.The film lasted three hours with ____ of 15 minutes between part one and part two.
A. an interval B. a pause C. a stop D. an interruption
9. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; _______ .
A. he should study hard last week B. he should have studied hard last week
C. he must have studied hard last week D. he must have to study hard last week
10.“Don’t you think Mary should have gotten the job?”
“________ more confidence, I’m sure she would have.”
A. Had she had B. Had she have C. If she has D. Having had
11. I was responsible ________ the teacher ______ keeping the class in order while she went out.
A. to / for B. for / for C. to / in D. with / for
12. Not a good film, ________?
A. was it B. wasn’t it C. did it D. didn’t it
13. It’s obvious that neither the worker ________ to fight the new rules.
A. nor the manager intend C. intend nor the manager
B. nor the manager intends D. or the manager intend
14. We delayed our departure________ the weather condition.
A. in spite of B. on account of C. instead of D. on behalf of
15. It is important that every student ________ attentive in class.
A. was B. be C. were D. is
16. Doctors advise ________ less fat in your diets.
A. taking in B. to take in C. you taking in D. for you to smoke
17. If only we________ it differently.
A. did B. had done C. would do D. are doing
18. ________? - I am a press photographer.
A. What’s job C. What are you doing
B. How do you do D. How do you earn a living
19. For a while I was at a ________ to know what to say.
A. blank B. loss C. pain D. crisis
20. “Candy’s an excellent pianist, isn’t she?”
“She ________ to win the prize if she plays this well during the competition.”
A. is due B. is bound C. is about D. is set
21. ................................................, watching our every move.
A. Stood a tall man at the back of the room B. A tall man at the back of the room stood
C. Stood at the back of the room a tall man D. At the back of the room stood a tall man
22. The interviewer asked the writer what he thought the ________ to his success was.
A. key B. ground C. basis D. reason
23. It turned out that we _________ rushed to the airport as the plane was delayed by several hours.
A. hadn't B. should have C. mustn't have D. needn't have
24. Please _______the milk carefully; I don’t want it to boil over.
A. see B. look at C. regard D. watch
25. _______ at his lessons, he couldn’t catch up with his classmates.
A. Hardly as he worked B. Hard as he worked C. Hard as he does D. Hard as he was
26. Are you sure you told me? I didn’t recall__________about it.
A. having told B. having been told C. to have told D. to have been told
27. There were 50 ________ in the talent contest.
A. competitors B. examinees C. customers D. interviewees
28. When the alarm went off, Mick just turned ________ and went back to sleep.
A. down B. over C. up D. out
29. _______ of English learners have real chance to use it every day.
A. A few B. Few C. A little D. Not much
30. The neighbors said they hadn’t got a ............ who could have broken into our garage.
A. clue B. view C. point D. hint
31. In my company, the director deputy usually............the responsibility for organizing meetings and
conferences.
A. makes B. gets C. takes D. becomes
32. This pen is no good. Please give me............ .
A. one B. other one C. another one D.one another
33. Most of the computers in the laboratory are............now.
A. out of order B. out of work C. out of working D. out of function
34. ............, the examinees knew it was time to stop
A. To hear the bell C. Hearing the bell
B. When heard the bell D. To have been heard the bell
35. My boss is angry with me. I didn’t do all the work that I _________ last week.
A. should do B. should have done C. must have done D. might have done
II. Fill in each space provided in each sentence below with the correct form of one phrasal verb given in
the box. Each phrasal verb can be used ONCE only.
PULL IN COME ACROSS DROP OFF HEAD FOR
TAKE TO BRING FORWARD MAKE OUT
36. Simone's…………………….…… wearing a helmet whenever she goes cycling.
37. Maybe we should …………………….…… the meeting to this Tuesday instead of having it in two
weeks' time.
38. When we looked …………………….…… the old albums we …………………….…… a photo of my
aunt.
39. Please, …………………….…… and stop so that we can buy something to drink
40. I am going home anyway so I can …………you …………………….…… wherever you want.
41. We decided to …………………….…… the south because the weather was much better there.
42. He speaks very badly. I can’t …………………….…… what he’s saying.
III. Give the correct form of the words in brackets to fit in each numbered space
43. Since I was here five years ago, Delhi has changed so much that it's practically
…………………….…… (RECOGNISE).
44. As we got closer to the Amazonian village,the (INHABIT) …………………..……came out to meet us.
45. In Britain, the money parents give their children is often called pocket money. In America, it's often
called an ……………..…… (ALLOW).
46. Science Weekly has a special (INTRODUCE) …………………….…… offer — the first issue is free!
 PART C – READING
Part 1. Read the text below then circle one answer (A, B, C, or D) that best fits each space.
Modern technology is changing and improving all the time. Every month, scientists (48) new gadgets
and (49) to help us with our daily lives, and (50) ways to make existing technology faster and better. Our
homes are full of hardware (such as DVD players and computers) and (51) (such as computer games and
MP3s) (52). suggests, however, that it’s young people who are best able to deal with this change. Whereas
teenagers have no problem (53) a DVD player, their mums and dads and grandparents often find using new
technology (54) and difficult.But if you’re a teenager who criticises your parents for their (55) of
technological awareness, don’t be too hard on them! Some time (56) the future, when you’ve got children of
your own, your ability to deal with new technology will probably (57) and your children will feel more
comfortable with new technology than you do. You won’t want them to criticitise.
47.A. estimate B. invent C. involve D. experiment
48. A. experiments B. effects C. laboratories D. equipment
49. A. involve B. discover C. decrease D. connect
50. A. screens B. gadgets C. software D. laptops
51.A.Research B. Experiment C. Program D. Technology
52. A. involving B. operating C. discovering D. inventing
53. A. automatic B. unique C. sudden D. complicated
54. A. research B. experiment C. effect D. lack
55. A. to B. in C. on D. at
56. A. decrease B. involve C. lack D. estimate
Part 2: Read the passage and answer the questions

Toxic Stress: A Slow Wear And Tear

A. Our bodies are built to respond when under attack. When we sense danger, our brain goes on alert, our
heart rate goes up, and our organs flood with stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. We breathe faster,
taking in more oxygen, muscles tense, our senses are sharpened and beads of sweat appear. This
combination of reactions to stress is also known as the "fight-or-flight" response because it evolved as a
survival mechanism, enabling people and other mammals to react quickly to life-threatening situations. The
carefully orchestrated yet near-instantaneous sequence of hormonal changes and physiological responses
helps someone to fight the threat off or flee to safety. Unfortunately, the body can also overreact to stressors
that are not life-threatening, such as traffic jams, work pressure, and family difficulties.
B. That's all fine when we need to jump out of the way of a speeding bus, or when someone is following us
down a dark alley. In those cases, our stress is considered "positive", because it is temporary and helps us
survive. But our bodies sometimes react in the same way to more mundane stressors, too. When a child
faces constant and unrelenting stress, from neglect, or abuse, or living in chaos, the response stays activated,
and may eventually derail normal development. This is what is known as "toxic stress". The effects are not
the same in every child, and can be buffered by the support of a parent or caregiver, in which case the stress
is considered "tolerable". But toxic stress can have profound consequences, sometimes even spanning
generations. Figuring out how to address stressors before they change the brain and our immune and
cardiovascular systems is one of the biggest questions in the field of childhood development today.
C. In 1998, two researchers, Vincent Felitti and Robert Anda, pioneered in publishing a study
demonstrating that people who had experienced abuse or household dysfunction as children were more
likely to have serious health problems, like cancer or liver diseases, and unhealthy lifestyle habits, like
drinking heavily or using drugs as adults. This became known as the "ACE Study," short for "adverse
childhood experiences." Scientists have since linked more than a dozen forms of ACEs - including
homelessness, discrimination, and physical, mental, and sexual abuse - with a higher risk of poor health in
adulthood.
D. Every child reacts to stress differently, and some are naturally more resilient than others. Nevertheless,
the pathways that link adversity in childhood with health problems in adulthood lead back to toxic stress. As
Jenny Anderson, senior reporter at Quartz, explains, "when a child lives with abuse, neglect, or is witness to
violence, he or she is primed for that fight or flight all the time. The burden of that stress, which is known as
'allostatic load or overload,' referring to the wear and tear that results from either too much stress or from
inefficient management of internal balance, eg, not turning off the response when it is no longer needed, can
damage small, developing brains and bodies. A brain that thinks it is in constant danger has trouble
organising itself, which can manifest itself later as problems of paying attention, or sitting still, or following
instructions - all of which are needed for learning".
E. Toxic is a loaded word. Critics say the term is inherently judgmental and may appear to blame parents
for external social circumstances over which they have little control. Others say it is often misused to
describe the source of stress itself rather than the biological process by which it could negatively affect some
children. The term, writes John Devaney, centenary chair of social work at the University of Edinburgh,
"can stigmatise individuals and imply traumatic happenings in the past".
Some paediatricians do not like the term because of how difficult it is to actually fix the stressors their
patients face, from poverty to racism. They feel it is too fatalistic to tell families that their child is
experiencing toxic stress, and there is little they can do about it. But Nadine Burke Harris, surgeon general
of California, argues that naming the problem means we can dedicate resources to it so that paediatricians
feel like they have tools to treat "toxic stress".
F. The most effective prevention for toxic stress is to reduce the source of the stress. This can be tricky,
especially if the source of the stress is the child's own family. But parent coaching, and connecting families
with resources to help address the cause of their stress (sufficient food, housing insecurity, or even the
parent's own trauma), can help. Another one is to ensure love and support from a parent or caregiver. Young
children's stress responses are more stable, even in difficult situations, when they are with an adult they
trust.
As Megan Gunnar, a child psychologist and head of the Institute of Child at the University of Minnesota,
said: "When the parent is present and relationship is secure, basically the parent eats the stress: the kid cries,
the parent comes, and it doesn't need to kick in the big biological guns because the parent is the protective
system". That is why Havard's Center on the Developing Child recommends offering care to caregivers, like
mental health or addiction support, because when they are healthy and well, they can better care for their
children.
Question 1-6

The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number (i – vii) in boxes.
List of Headings
i The controversy around the word “toxic”
ii Effects of different types of stress
iii How to protect children from toxic stress
iv An association of adverse experience with health problems and unhealthy habits
v Body’s reactions in response to the perceived harmful event
vi Signs of being under sustained stress
vii Negative impacts of toxic stress on children’s mental health
57. Paragraph A
58. Paragraph B
59. Paragraph C
60. Paragraph D
61. Paragraph E
PART D – WRITING
I. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it has the same meaning as the first
sentence, using the cues as the beginning of each sentence.
62. She didn’t imagine that within a year her entire life would have changed.
 Little………………………………………………………………………..…………………
63. I’d prefer you not to bring Andrew with you.
→I’d rather ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
64. If Jane hadn’t refused to work overtime, she would have got promotion.
→If it hadn’t…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
65. Scientists have tried very hard to find a cure for heart disease.
→Enormous ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
II. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word
given. Do not change the word given.
66. Scientists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough. ABOUT
Scientists ………………………………………………………a vital breakthrough.
67. This problem has to be solved immediately. SOLUTION
It’s high ………………………………………………. this problem.
68. We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room.(BOOKED)
We ……………………………………………..seats because there was plenty of room.
69. Pat does not intend to have a holiday this year. (INTENTION)
Pat has ……………………………………………………………………… on holiday this year.
70. Everyone thought that Helen had missed the train. (TO)
Helen. ……………………………………………………………………………. the train.