11/22/2023

Anatomy-Muscular
System
DR.NDUKUI JAMES G., Ph.D.

Anatomy-Muscular
System
Skeletal Muscle
Characteristics &
Function

1
 11/22/2023

Introduction
 How many skeletal
muscles can you
identify?
 What is a concentric
contraction?
 Eccentric contraction?
 Isometric contraction?

• Define muscle
• Understand the gross and microscopic
structure of muscle
• What are the various classifications of
muscles?

2
 11/22/2023

Objectives
 Students will be able to:
 Identify skeletal muscles, origin, their
attachments/insert, what innervate it, &
action

Terminology
 Dorsiflexion
 Upward bending of
the foot
 Pulling toes up

3
 11/22/2023

Terminology
 Protraction
 Anteriorly rounded
shoulders
 Retraction
 Squeeze scapula's
together

Terminology
 Adduction
 Add back to the body
 Abduction
 Away from the
body/midline

4
 11/22/2023

Terminology
 Flexion
 Decreasing the angle
of the joint; to bend
 Extension
 Increasing the angle
of the joint; to
straighten

Terminology
 Inversion
 Toes moving inward
 Eversion
 Toes moving outward

5
 11/22/2023

• What are muscles?

• What are the types of
muscles?
• What are their
functions?

6
 11/22/2023

• There are approximately 639 skeletal

muscles in the human body.

7
 11/22/2023

Functions of skeletal
1. Movement: muscle
2. Support and posture maintain a constant
state of slight contraction – muscle tonus.
3. Heat production: The contraction of skeletal
muscle involves the production of energy, the
by-product of which is heat.

Functions
•Prime movers- chief muscle for primary
movement

•Antagonists-opposing action of prime

mover
•Fixators (increase tone but not
movement) eg shoulder girdle to trunk
muscles for deltoid to act.

•Synergists –acting on intermediate joints

to prevent unwanted movements eg.. Flexor
and extensors of carpus on wrist to facilitate
efficient movement of digits.
8
 11/22/2023

Visceral muscles are smooth and without banding.

They have short fibres and single cell nuclei.
These are involuntary muscles

Sites
•Walls of blood vessels and viscera (organs in the
abdominal cavity).
•Sphincter & dilator pupillae
•Orbitalis muscle in orbit and Muller’s muscle in upper eyelid
•Dartos muscle in scrotum
•Arrector pilorum of hair follicle.
•Myoepithelial cells in glands

A muscle has 2 attachments

•Origin- the attachment that
moves the least
•Insertion- the attachment
that moves the most
•Belly- fleshy part of a
muscle
•Tendon- end of a muscle
that is attached to bones,
cartilage or ligaments
•Aponeuroses- a flattened
tendon
•Raphe- interdigitation of
tendinous ends of a flat
muscle

9
 11/22/2023

MUSCLES
• The red flesh of the body that are the
specialized contractile cells
•Theparts of a muscle are its:

Origin
Muscle attachment that remains
fixed

origin Insertion
Muscle attachment that moves
Belly
belly Fleshy and contractile part of a
muscle
Action
insertion What joint movement a muscle
produces i.e. flexion,
extension, abduction etc.

• Muscles are joined to bone by tough connective tissue called TENDON

10
 11/22/2023

CLASSIFIED
i)Voluntary muscle-under one’s control
and Involuntary muscles-not under
willful control
ii)Striated muscle-appears striated
under microscope;
Smooth/unstriated- appears
unstriped/unstriated
iii)Somatic muscle- makes up the body
wall and limbs.Visceral muscles-
muscular component of hallow organs

11
 11/22/2023

Type I slow Type II fast Intermediate

fibers of fibers of fibers of
skeletal muscle skeletal skeletal
muscle
muscle
Slow tonic specially Fast tonic contractions Varient of Type II
designed for postural needed for body
muscles, red in colour movement, pale colour
due to high concentration rich in glycogen and
of myoglobin and rich in phosphorylases
mitochondria and
oxidative enzymes
Highly resistance to Easily fatigue Resistant to fatigue
fatigue due to well-
developed in aerobic
respiration

Classified based on shape

 Flat :eg: external oblique.The muscle fibers will run parallel to
line of pull.
 Quadrilateral:eg: thryohyoid
 Strap like:eg: sartorius
 Strap like with tendinous insertion:eg: rectus abdominus
 Fusiform:eg: biceps brachi
 Pennate: are oblique placed faciculi, feather like in
arrangement of the fasicles in relation to a tendon
i. Unipennate: eg: extensor digitorum longus
ii. Bipennate: eg: gastronimeus
iii. Multipenate: eg: deltoid

12
 11/22/2023

• Circular: muscle
Spiral fasciculi : spiral or
•
twisted fibers are seen as seen
surrounds a body
in trapezius pectoralis major orifices, constricting
when contracted
eg: orbicularis oculi

13
 11/22/2023

Classified based on movement

 Prime mover: A muscle that is chiefly
 Concentric action: responsible for a particular movement
the muscle length shortens  Antagonist: A muscle that opposes the
to produce a movement action of a prime mover
Isometric action :the  Synergist: A muscle that prevents
muscle length remains unwanted movements in an intermediate
joint where the another muscle crosses
constant on producing a that joint. To prevent unwanted
movement movements and stabilizes the
 Excentric action: the intermediate joints.
muscle lengthens  Fixator: A muscle that contracts
when active isometrically, to stabilize the origin of
the prime mover so that it can act
efficiently

Range of contraction
• Passive insufficiency: the opposing
• Active insufficiency: muscle unable to stretch beyond a
normally muscles contract certain length to allow full range of
40%of its fully stretched movement is Passive insufficiency.

state. This limitation in

the range affects all
muscles that act on
several joints
simultaneously, thus
unable to shorten to
produce full range of
movement.

14
 11/22/2023

Muscle
s

Types of Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles are striated (have distinct bands) made up of
fibres (long cells). – 30cm!!!!

The cells are multinucleated (many cell nuclei) and contract and
relax quickly.

These are voluntary muscles attached to the skeleton that help

to move the bones.

There are nearly 700 skeletal muscles spread all over the body.

Ends attached to bones, cartilage or ligaments by tendons,

aponeuroses

15
 11/22/2023

Structure of a
muscle

16
 11/22/2023

Properties of skeletal muscle

1.Extensibility – the ability of muscle tissue to lengthen when

contracting
2.Elasticity – the ability of muscle tissue to return to its normal
resting length after being stretched, allowing repeated
contractions
3.Contractility – the capacity of a muscle to contract or
shorten forcibly when stimulated by nerves or hormones
(excitability).

4.Controlled by nerve stimuli.

5.Will atrophy (waste) –inadequate blood supply
6.Will hypertrophy -overworked

•Raphe is between 2 flat muscles

serving as an attachment

17
 11/22/2023

Aponeuroses – thin sheet of fibrous tissue

attached to flat muscles

Strap muscles

18
 11/22/2023

Hyoid Muscles – Suprahyoid Group

 aspects of chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing
 eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with hyoid bone
 digastric - opens mouth widely
 geniohyoid – depresses mandible
 mylohyoid – elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing
 stylohyoid – elevates hyoid
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Superficial Deep

Digastric:
Anterior belly
Posterior belly
Suprahyoid
group
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid Hyoid bone
Common carotid artery
Levator scapulae Internal jugular vein

Thyrohyoid Infrahyoid
Sternohyoid
Infrahyoid Omohyoid: Sternothyroid group
group Superior belly
Inferior belly
Sternocleidomastoid Clavicle

(a) Anterior view

Figure 10.10a 10-37

Hyoid Muscles – Infrahyoid Group

 fix hyoid bone from below…allowing suprahyoid muscles to open
mouth
 omohyoid – depresses hyoid after elevation
 sternohyoid – depresses hyoid after elevation
 thyrohyoid – depresses hyoid and elevates larynx
 sternothyroid – depresses larynx after elevation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Superficial Deep

Digastric:
Anterior belly
Posterior belly
Suprahyoid
group
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid Hyoid bone
Common carotid artery
Levator scapulae Internal jugular vein

Thyrohyoid Infrahyoid
Sternohyoid
Infrahyoid Omohyoid: Sternothyroid group
group Superior belly
Inferior belly
Sternocleidomastoid Clavicle

(a) Anterior view

Figure 10.10a 10-38

19
 11/22/2023

Superficial muscles Origin Insertion Action Innervation

fascia pectoralis et skin over basis n. facialis -

M. platysma stretches cervical skin
deltoidea mandibulae cervical branch

bilateral: dorsiflexion of the

processus head and neck; unilateral:
manubrium sterni et n. accessorius,
M. sternocleidomastoideus mastoideus et linea lateroflexion of the head
clavicula (medial ⅓ ) plexus cervicalis
nuchae superior and neck; auxiliary
inspiratory m.

Scalene muscles Origin Insertion Action Innervation

M. scalenus anterior processus transversi of

first rib
and medius cervical vertebrae unilateral: lateroflexion and
rotation of neck; bilateral:
Plexus cervicalis
flexes neck; auxiliary
processus transversi of inspiratory muscles
M. scalenus posterior second rib
cervical vertebrae

Suprahyoid
Origin Insertion Action Innervation
muscles

mandibular depression;
corpus ossis hyoidei et
M. mylohyoideus linea mylohyoidea fixed mandible: elevates the n. mylohyoideus
raphe mylohyoidea
hyoid bone

M. digastricus fixed mandible: elevation of r. digastricus n.

incisura mastoidea os hyoideum
venter posterior the hyoid bone facialis

fixed hyoid bone:

M. digastricus mandibular depression;
os hyoideum fossa digastrica n. mylohyoideus
venter anterior fixed mandible: elevation of
the hyoid bone

elevates the hyoid bone and

M. stylohyoideus processus styloideus os hyoideum n. facialis
pulls it dorsally

mandibular depression;
brach from C1 and
M. geniohyoideus spina mandibulae os hyoideum fixed mandible: elevation of
C2
the hyoid bone

20
 11/22/2023

Infrahyoid
Origin Insertion Action Innervation
muscles

manubrium sterni et depresses of hyoid

M. sternohyoideus os hyoideum
art. sternoclavicularis bone and larynx

manubrium sterni et cartilago thyroidea

M. sternothyroideus depresses larynx
first rib (linea obliqua)

lateral part of body

cartilago thyroidea depresses of hyoid
M. thyrohyoideus and greater horn of Plexus cervicalis
(linea obliqua) bone
hyoid bone

margo superior scapulae

M. omohyoideus
(area nearby ligamentum intermediate tendon
venter inferior
transversum scapulae)
depresses of hyoid
bone and larynx
M. omohyoideus
intermediate tendon os hyoideum
venter superior

Superficial muscles Origin Insertion Action Innervation

fascia pectoralis et skin over basis n. facialis -

M. platysma stretches cervical skin
deltoidea mandibulae cervical branch

bilateral: dorsiflexion of the

processus head and neck; unilateral:
manubrium sterni et n. accessorius,
M. sternocleidomastoideus mastoideus et linea lateroflexion of the head
clavicula (medial ⅓ ) plexus cervicalis
nuchae superior and neck; auxiliary
inspiratory m.

Scalene muscles Origin Insertion Action Innervation

M. scalenus anterior processus transversi of

first rib
and medius cervical vertebrae unilateral: lateroflexion and
rotation of neck; bilateral:
Plexus cervicalis
flexes neck; auxiliary
processus transversi of inspiratory muscles
M. scalenus posterior second rib
cervical vertebrae

21
 11/22/2023

Suprahyoid
Origin Insertion Action Innervation
muscles

mandibular depression;
corpus ossis hyoidei et
M. mylohyoideus linea mylohyoidea fixed mandible: elevates the n. mylohyoideus
raphe mylohyoidea
hyoid bone

M. digastricus fixed mandible: elevation of r. digastricus n.

incisura mastoidea os hyoideum
venter posterior the hyoid bone facialis

fixed hyoid bone:

M. digastricus mandibular depression;
os hyoideum fossa digastrica n. mylohyoideus
venter anterior fixed mandible: elevation of
the hyoid bone

elevates the hyoid bone and

M. stylohyoideus processus styloideus os hyoideum n. facialis
pulls it dorsally

mandibular depression;
brach from C1 and
M. geniohyoideus spina mandibulae os hyoideum fixed mandible: elevation of
C2
the hyoid bone

Infrahyoid
Origin Insertion Action Innervation
muscles

manubrium sterni et depresses of hyoid

M. sternohyoideus os hyoideum
art. sternoclavicularis bone and larynx

manubrium sterni et cartilago thyroidea

M. sternothyroideus depresses larynx
first rib (linea obliqua)

lateral part of body

cartilago thyroidea depresses of hyoid
M. thyrohyoideus and greater horn of Plexus cervicalis
(linea obliqua) bone
hyoid bone

margo superior scapulae

M. omohyoideus
(area nearby ligamentum intermediate tendon
venter inferior
transversum scapulae)
depresses of hyoid
bone and larynx
M. omohyoideus
intermediate tendon os hyoideum
venter superior

22
11/22/2023

23
 11/22/2023

Prevertebral
Origin Insertion Action Innervation
muscles

unilateral: lateroflexion of
The muscle is located in front of body and
M. longus colli the head and neck; bilateral:
transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
flexes head and neck

unilateral: lateroflexion of
processus transversi pars basilaris ossis
M. longus capitis the head and neck; bilateral:
of cervical vertebrae occipitalis
flexes head and neck
Plexus cervicalis
unilateral: lateroflexion of
M. rectus capitis processus transversi pars basilaris ossis
the head and neck; bilateral:
anterior of atlas occipitalis
flexes head and neck

unilateral: lateroflexion of
M. rectus capitis processus transversi pars basilaris ossis
the head and neck; bilateral:
lateralis of atlas occipitalis
flexes head and neck

Face
 Masseter
 Origin
 Zygomatic arch

 Insertion
 Mandible

 Action
 Closes the jaw
 Raises the mandible

24
 11/22/2023

Muscles in Facial Expression

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Superficial Deep

Galea aponeurotica

Frontalis

Corrugator supercilii

Orbicularis oculi

Nasalis

Levator labii superioris Levator anguli oris

Zygomaticus minor

Zygomaticus major Masseter

Risorius Buccinator

Modiolus
Orbicularis oris
Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris Mentalis (cut)

Platysma

(a) Anterior view

Figure 10.7a
10-49

Muscles in Facial Expression

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Galea aponeurotica Frontalis (cut)

Temporalis Corrugator supercilii

Orbicularis oculi

Occipitalis Nasalis

Levator labii superioris

Zygomatic arch
Zygomaticus minor

Zygomaticus major

Orbicularis oris
Masseter

Sternocleidomastoid
Modiolus
Levator scapulae
Inferior pharyngeal Risorius (cut)
constrictor Mentalis
Thyrohyoid
Depressor labii
Sternothyroid inferioris
Omohyoid Depressor anguli oris
Sternohyoid (b) Lateral view Buccinator

25
11/22/2023

26
11/22/2023

27
 11/22/2023

Muscles of eye Origin Insertion Action Innervation

M. orbicularis oculi circularly around the orbit, is attached to

closing the eyelid
pars palpebralis and orbitalis ligamentum palpebrale mediale

M. orbicularis oculi crista lacrimalis enlarges saccus

margins of the eye-lids
pars lacrimalis posterior lacrimalis

N.facialis

middle and lateral part vertical furrowing over

M. corrugator supercilii sutura nasofrontalis
of the eyebrows radix nasí

transversal skin folds

M. procerus radix nasi glabella
above radix nasí

Muscles of the mouth Origin Insertion Action Innervation

juga alveolaria of incisors, mouth closing, labial

M. orbicularis oris inferior part of apertura labial skin constriction, labial
piriformis puckering

M. levator labii inferior edge of aditus

labium superius elevation of upper lip
superioris orbitae

M. levator labii superioris angulus medialis orbitae elevation of upper lip and
sulcus nasolabialis
alaeque nasi et dorsum nasi enlargement of nostril

N.facialis

M. levator anguli oris fossa canina angulus oris elevates angulus oris

M. zygomaticus pulls angulus oris

os zygomaticum sulcus nasolabialis
minor laterocranially

M. zygomaticus pulls oral angle

os zygomaticum sulcus nasolabialis
major laterocranially

28
 11/22/2023

Muscles of the
Origin Insertion Action Innervation
mouth

traction of oral angle

M. risorius fascia masseterica angulus oris
laterocranially

processus alveolaris of the compresses cheeks

M. buccinator posterior teeth et raphe angulus oris againts molar teeth;
buccopharyngeum sucking and blowing

M. depressor traction of angulus oris

basis mandibulae angulus oris N.facialis
anguli oris caudally

M. depressor traction of lower lip

basis mandibulae labium inferius
labii inferioris caudally

juga alveolaria of lower pulls chin skin cranially,

M. mentalis skin of the chin
incisors protrudes lower lip

Muscles of
Origin Insertion Action Innervation
epicranium

traction of the head skin

M. occipitofrontalis
linea nuchae suprema galea aponeurotica dorsally, and erases forehead
venter occipitalis
wrinkles

contraction causes
M. occipitofrontalis margo anterior of galea skin of forehead transversal forehead wrinkles,
N.facialis
venter frontalis aponeurotica and eyebrow and elevation of palpebra
superior

M. temporoparietalis galea aponeurotica auricular cartilage pulls auricula cranially

Nasal muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation

juga alveolaria of the

M. nasalis ala nasi narrowing of nostril N.facialis
upper anterior teeth

29
 11/22/2023

Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing

 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
 tongue is very agile organ
 pushes food between molars for chewing (mastication)
 forces food into the pharynx for swallowing (deglutition)
 crucial importance to speech
 intrinsic muscles of tongue
 vertical, transverse, and longitudinal fascicles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Styloid process
Palatoglossus Mastoid process

Styloglossus Posterior belly of digastric (cut)

Superior pharyngeal constrictor (cut)
Inferior longitudinal
muscle of tongue
Stylohyoid
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus

Mylohyoid (cut)
Hyoid bone
Geniohyoid

Larynx

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Trachea Esophagus

10-60

30
 11/22/2023

Muscles of Chewing
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 four pairs of muscles produce the biting

and chewing movements of the mandible
 depression – to open mouth
Temporalis

 elevation – biting and grinding

 protraction – incisors can cut
Orbicularis oris

 retraction – make rear teeth meet Buccinator

lateral and medial excursion – grind food

Masseter (cut)

(a) Lateral view

 temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral

pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid plate

Medial pterygoid plate

innervated by mandibular nerve which is

Lateral pterygoid muscle

 Medial pterygoid muscle

a branch of the trigeminal (V)

Interior of oral cavity

(b) Posterior view

Figure 10.9
10-61

31
 11/22/2023

Masticatory
Origin Insertion Action Innervation
muscles

planum temporale (as far

as linea temporalis inf.) and processus coronoideus elevation and
M. temporalis
internal surface of temporal mandibulae retrusion
fascia

corpus ossis zygomatici et

M. masseter elevation and
arcus zygomaticus tuberositas masseterica
pars superficialis protrusion
(anterior ⅔)

M. masseter arcus zygomaticus external surface of

retrusion
pars profunda (posterior ⅓) ramus mandibulae

M. pterygoideus
medialis fossa pterygoidea tuberositas pterygoidea N.trigeminus
pars medialis
elevation
M. pterygoideus
medialis tuber maxillae tuberositas pterygoidea
pars lateralis

M. pterygoideus
facies infratemporalis alae discus articularis et
lateralis
majoris ossis sphenoidalis fovea pterygoidea
pars superior
protrusion and
M. pterygoideus depression
lateralis processus discus articularis et
lateralis
pterygoidei fovea pterygoidea
pars inferior

32
 11/22/2023

Masseter

 The Chewing
Muscle!

 How would we
CONTRACT this
muscle?

Neck Muscle
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Sterno – Sternum
 Cleido – Clavicle
 Mastoid – Mastoid Process
 Origin
 Sternum (near manubrium)

 Clavicle (medial end)

 Insertion
 Mastoid Process

33
 11/22/2023

Sternocleidomastoid
 Action
1. Bilaterally, Flex Cervical

2. Unilaterally, rotation to
opposite side

Abdominals
 Rectus Abdominis
 Origin
 Pubis
 Insertion
 Xiphoid process
 Costal cartilage (5-7)

34
 11/22/2023

Rectus Abdominus
 Action
 Compresses/stabilizes abdominal
cavity
 Flexion of trunk

Upper Extremity Muscles

 Trapezius
 Origin
 Occipital
 Spinous process C7-T12
 Insertion
 Lateral clavicle
 Scapular spine

35
 11/22/2023

Trapezius
 Action
 Elevation  What exercises could
 Depression someone do to work
 Retraction their traps?
 Stabilizes scapula

Shrugs Upright Row Scap Retraction with bands

Upper Extremity
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Origin
 Spinous process T6-S5

 Iliac crest

 Insertion
 Medial humerus

36
 11/22/2023

Latissimus Dorsi

 Action
 Extension @ shoulder

 Adduction of humerus

Upper Extremity

 Pectoralis Major
 Origin
 Medial clavicle
 Sternum
 Costal cartilage (1-6)
 Insertion
 Proximal Humerus

37
 11/22/2023

Pectoralis Major

 Action
 Flexion
 Adduction of humerus

Upper Extremity

 Deltoid - Anterior
 Origin
 Lateral clavicle

 Insertion
 Deltoid tuberosity of
humerus

38
 11/22/2023

Anterior Deltoid
 Action
 Flexion

 Horizontal adduction of humerus

Upper Extremity
 Deltoid - Middle
 Origin
 Acromion process

 Insertion
 Deltoid tuberosity of
humerus

39
 11/22/2023

Middle Deltoid
 Action
 Abduction of humerus to
90 degrees

Upper Extremity
 Deltoid - Posterior
 Origin
 Scapular spine

 Insertion
 Deltoid tuberosity of
humerus

40
 11/22/2023

Posterior Deltoid
 Action
 Extension

 Horizontal abduction of humerus

Flash Card Time!

 Make Flash Cards for the
following:
 Masseter
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Rectus Abdominus
 Trapezius
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Pectoralis Major
 Deltoid
 Anterior
 Middle
 Posterior

On one side: Name

On opposite side: Origin, Insertion & Action

41
 11/22/2023

Muscles of the Shoulder

 The muscles of the shoulder run from the
scapula to the humerus/forearm
 What anatomical movements can the shoulder
perform?
 What muscle groups do you know?

Rotator Cuff Muscles

 They originate on the
scapula & insert on the
humeral head

 They hold the head of

the humerus IN the
Glenoid Fossa of the
 4 Muscles make up the Rotator
Cuff: Scapula.
 Supraspinatus
 Infraspinatus
 Keep shoulder in socket.
 Teres Minor
 Subscapularis

42
 11/22/2023

Supraspinatus
 Origin:
 Supraspinous Fossa of Scapula
 Insertion
 Greater Tubercle of Humerus
 Action
 Abduction of humerus
 Stabilize head of humerus

Supraspinatus in Action!
 Laying a ball up in
basketball

 Jumping Jack
 Abduction of
shoulder

43
 11/22/2023

Infraspinatus
 Origin
 Infraspinous fossa of scapula
 Insertion
 Greater tubercle of humerus
 Action
 Lateral rotation of humerus
 Or External Rotation
 Stabilize head of humerus

 What view is this picture?

Infraspinatus in Action!

44
 11/22/2023

Teres Minor
 Origin
 Lateral boarder of scapula

 Insertion
 Greater tubercle of humerus

 Action
 Lateral rotation of humerus
 External Rotation
 Stabilize head of humerus

Teres Minor in Action!

 Much like the
Infraspinatus…working
on lateral rotation
exercises enhances this
muscle

 What other sports

would need to
strengthen their teres
minor?

45
 11/22/2023

Subscapularis
 Origin
 Subscapular fossa of scapula
 Insertion
 Lesser tubercle of humerus
 Action
 Medial rotation of humerus
 Internal rotation
 Stabilize head of humerus

Actions of Rotator Cuff

 Supraspinatus  Abduction
 Infraspinatus  External Rotation
 Teres minor  External rotation
 Subscapularis  Internal Rotation

46
 11/22/2023

Biceps Brachii
 Origin
 Short Head-coracoid process

 Long Head-supraglenoid
tubercle of scapula
 Insertion
 Radial tuberosity

 Action
 Flexion of elbow

Biceps in Action
 Discuss:
 Eccentrically Contract
 Concentrically
Contract
 Isometrically Contract

47
 11/22/2023

Triceps Brachii
 Origin
 Long Head
 Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
 Lateral Head
 Posterior humerus
 Medial Head
 Posterior humerus
 Insertion
 Olecranon process of ulna

 Action
 Extension of elbow

Triceps In Action!

48
 11/22/2023

Skeletal Muscle
 Make Flash Cards for the
following:
 Supraspinatus
 Infraspinatus
 Teres Minor
 Subscapularis
 Biceps Brachii
 Triceps Brachii
On one side: Name
On opposite side: Origin, Insertion & Action

Muscles of the Thigh

 The muscles of the thigh run from the hip to the
knee
 What movements can the hip and knee joint
perform?
 What muscles/muscle group do you know?

49
 11/22/2023

Gluteus Maximus
 Origin
 Posterior sacrum & ilium
 Insertion
 Gluteal tuberosity of femur
 Action
 Extension of femur/hip
 External Rotation of hip

Glute Strength
 Squats are known to
help build glute
strength…
 What other exercises
would concentrically
contract this muscle?

50
 11/22/2023

Hamstrings
 Biceps Femoris
 Origin
 Long head-ischial tuberosity
 Short head-posterior femur
 Insertion
 Head of fibula
 Action
 Extension of hip
 Flexion of the knee

Hamstrings
 Semitendinosus
 Origin
 Ischial tuberosity

 Insertion
 Anterior tibia

 Action
 Extension of hip

 Flexion of the knee

51
 11/22/2023

Hamstrings
 Semimembranosus
 Origin
 Ischial tuberosity

 Insertion
 Posterior medial tibia

 Action
 Extension of hip

 Flexion of the knee

Hamstrings
O: Ischial
tuberosity

I: Fibula
& Tibia

A: Flex knee
Extend hip

Biceps Femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

52
 11/22/2023

Hamstrings
 Biceps Femoris
 Semitendinosus
 Semimembranosus

Quadriceps
 Rectus Femoris
 Origin
 Anterior inferior iliac spine
(AIIS)
 Insertion
 Tibial tuberosity

 Action
 Extension of the knee

 Hip flexion

53
 11/22/2023

Quadriceps
 Vastus Lateralis
 Origin
 Lateral Femur

 Insertion
 Tibial tuberosity

 Action
 Extension of the knee

Quadriceps
 Vastus Medialis
 Origin
 Medial Femur

 Insertion
 Tibial tuberosity

 Action
 Extension of the knee

54
 11/22/2023

Quadriceps
 Vastus Intermedius
 Origin
 Anterior femur

 Insertion
 Tibial tuberosity

 Action
 Extension of the knee

Lower Extremity
 Rectus Femoris
 Vastus Lateralis
 Vastus Medialis
 Vastus Intermedius

55
 11/22/2023

Skeletal Muscle
 Make Flash Cards for the
following:
 Gluteus Maximus
 Hamstrings
 Biceps Femoris
 Semitendinosus
 Semimembranosus
 Quads
 Rectus Femoris
 Vastus Lateralis
 Vastus Medialis
On one side: Name  Vastus Intermedialis

On opposite side: Origin, Insertion & Action

Final Chapter!
 This last group of  Today will be the
muscles is the end of muscles of the low leg
this muscle segment.  What is one muscle
 So far we have group that you already
identified: know?
 Face and Neck  Calf Muscles
 Shoulders and Back  Why do you think they
call them the calves?
 Abs and Glutes
 I have no idea!!
 Hamstrings and Quads

56
 11/22/2023

Lower Extremity
 Tibialis Anterior
 Origin
 Lateral condyle of tibia

 Insertion
 Plantar surface of 1st metatarsal

 Action
 Dorsiflexion
 Recall….what does this mean?
 Inversion of ankle
 Recall….what does this mean?

Dorsiflexion & Inversion

Pointing toes out:
EVERSION

Pulling toes up:

DORSIFLEXION

Pointing toes down:

Plantarflexion

Pointing toes in:

Inversion

57
 11/22/2023

Lower Extremity
 Peroneus Longus
 Origin
 Proximal fibula

 Insertion
 Plantar surface of 1st
metatarsal
 Action
 Eversion of ankle

Lower Extremity
 Peroneus Brevis
 Origin
 Distal middle ½ fibula

 Insertion
 Base of 5th metatarsal

 Action
 Eversion of ankle

58
 11/22/2023

Eversion Exercises
 A commonly used
rehab tool are
resistance bands
 Eversion exercises
strengthen the
Peroneus Longus and
Peroneus Brevis

Lower Extremity
 Soleus
 Origin
 Upper tibia

 Posterior fibula

 Insertion
 Calcaneus (Heel Bone)

 Action
 Plantarflexion of ankle

59
 11/22/2023

Lower Extremity
 Gastrocnemius
 Origin
 Medial head-medial
epicondyle of femur
 Lateral head-lateral
epicondyle of femur
 Insertion
 Calcaneus (Heel Bone)
 Action
 Plantarflexion of ankle
 This muscle is SUPERFICIAL
to the Soleus

Gastrocnemius vs. Soleus

To isolate the SOLEUS

To isolate the GASTROC

60
 11/22/2023

Skeletal Muscle
 Make Flash Cards for the
following:
 Tibialis Anterior
 Peroneus Longus
 Peroneus Brevis
 Soleus
 Gastrocnemius

On one side: Name

On opposite side: Origin, Insertion & Action

Skeletal Muscle
List of muscles learned
Name
Origin, Insertion & Action
 Masseter  Tibialis Anterior
 Sternocleidomastoid  Peroneus Longus
 Rectus Abdominus  Peroneus Brevis
 Trapezius  Soleus
 Latissimus Dorsi  Gastrocnemius
 Pectoralis Major  Gluteus Maximus
 Deltoid  Hamstrings
 Anterior  Biceps Femoris
 Middle  Semitendinosus
 Posterior  Semimembranosus
 Supraspinatus  Quads
 Infraspinatus  Rectus Femoris
 Vastus Lateralis
 Teres Minor
 Vastus Medialis
 Subscapularis
 Vastus Intermedialis
 Biceps Brachii
 Triceps Brachii

61
 11/22/2023

Skeletal Muscle

62